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Kegelman TP, Das SK, Emdad L, Hu B, Menezes ME, Bhoopathi P, Wang XY, Pellecchia M, Sarkar D, Fisher PB. Targeting tumor invasion: the roles of MDA-9/Syntenin. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2014; 19:97-112. [PMID: 25219541 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2014.959495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Melanoma differentiation-associated gene - 9 (MDA-9)/Syntenin has become an increasingly popular focus for investigation in numerous cancertypes. Originally implicated in melanoma metastasis, it has diverse cellular roles and is consistently identified as a regulator of tumor invasion and angiogenesis. As a potential target for inhibiting some of the most lethal aspects of cancer progression, further insight into the function of MDA-9/Syntenin is mandatory. AREAS COVERED Recent literature and seminal articles were reviewed to summarize the latest collective understanding of MDA-9/Syntenin's role in normal and cancerous settings. Insights into its participation in developmental processes are included, as is the functional significance of the N- and C-terminals and PDZ domains of MDA-9/Syntenin. Current reports highlight the clinical significance of MDA-9/Syntenin expression level in a variety of cancers, often correlating directly with reduced patient survival. Also presented are assessments of roles of MDA-9/Syntenin in cancer progression as well as its functions as an intracellular adapter molecule. EXPERT OPINION Multiple studies demonstrate the importance of MDA-9/Syntenin in tumor invasion and progression. Through the use of novel drug design approaches, this protein may provide a worthwhile therapeutic target. As many conventional therapies do not address, or even enhance, tumor invasion, an anti-invasive approach would be a worthwhile addition in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy P Kegelman
- Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics , Richmond, VA , USA
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Sokhi UK, Bacolod MD, Dasgupta S, Emdad L, Das SK, Dumur CI, Miles MF, Sarkar D, Fisher PB. Identification of genes potentially regulated by human polynucleotide phosphorylase (hPNPase old-35) using melanoma as a model. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76284. [PMID: 24143183 PMCID: PMC3797080 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human Polynucleotide Phosphorylase (hPNPaseold-35 or PNPT1) is an evolutionarily conserved 3′→5′ exoribonuclease implicated in the regulation of numerous physiological processes including maintenance of mitochondrial homeostasis, mtRNA import and aging-associated inflammation. From an RNase perspective, little is known about the RNA or miRNA species it targets for degradation or whose expression it regulates; except for c-myc and miR-221. To further elucidate the functional implications of hPNPaseold-35 in cellular physiology, we knocked-down and overexpressed hPNPaseold-35 in human melanoma cells and performed gene expression analyses to identify differentially expressed transcripts. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis indicated that knockdown of hPNPaseold-35 resulted in significant gene expression changes associated with mitochondrial dysfunction and cholesterol biosynthesis; whereas overexpression of hPNPaseold-35 caused global changes in cell-cycle related functions. Additionally, comparative gene expression analyses between our hPNPaseold-35 knockdown and overexpression datasets allowed us to identify 77 potential “direct” and 61 potential “indirect” targets of hPNPaseold-35 which formed correlated networks enriched for cell-cycle and wound healing functional association, respectively. These results provide a comprehensive database of genes responsive to hPNPaseold-35 expression levels; along with the identification new potential candidate genes offering fresh insight into cellular pathways regulated by PNPT1 and which may be used in the future for possible therapeutic intervention in mitochondrial- or inflammation-associated disease phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Upneet K. Sokhi
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Manny D. Bacolod
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Santanu Dasgupta
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Luni Emdad
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Swadesh K. Das
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Catherine I. Dumur
- Department of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Michael F. Miles
- VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Devanand Sarkar
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Paul B. Fisher
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Das SK, Sarkar S, Dash R, Dent P, Wang XY, Sarkar D, Fisher PB. Chapter One---Cancer terminator viruses and approaches for enhancing therapeutic outcomes. Adv Cancer Res 2013; 115:1-38. [PMID: 23021240 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-398342-8.00001-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
No single or combinatorial therapeutic approach has proven effective in decreasing morbidity or engendering a cure of metastatic cancer. In principle, conditionally replication-competent adenoviruses that induce tumor oncolysis through cancer-specific replication hold promise for cancer therapy. However, a single-agent approach may not be adequate to completely eradicate cancer in a patient because most cancers arise from abnormalities in multiple genetic and signal transduction pathways and targeting disseminated metastases is difficult to achieve. Based on these considerations, a novel class of cancer destroying adenoviruses have been produced, cancer terminator viruses (CTVs), in which cancer-specific replication is controlled by the progression-elevated gene-3 promoter and replicating viruses produce a second transgene encoding an apoptosis-inducing and immunomodulatory cytokine, either melanoma differentiation-associated gene-7/interleukin-24 (mda-7/IL-24) or interferon-γ. This review focuses on these viruses and ways to improve their delivery systemically and enhance their therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swadesh K Das
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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Abstract
The protein kinase C (PKC) family of serine/threonine protein kinases is a heterogeneous group of enzymes receiving and integrating signals involved in both normal melanocyte biology and melanoma pathology. Alterations in PKC enzyme expression and activation contribute to the malignant phenotype of melanoma in both oncogenic and tumor suppressive roles. Delineating the diverse and often context-dependent functions of PKC enzymes in melanocyte/melanoma biology is key to capitalize on these kinases as drug targets. This review summarizes several of the diverse functions of PKC in melanocyte and melanoma biology with a focus on PKC enzyme regulation and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell F Denning
- Department of Pathology and the Oncology Institute, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, USA.
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Huynh KM, Soh JW, Dash R, Sarkar D, Fisher PB, Kang D. FOXM1 expression mediates growth suppression during terminal differentiation of HO-1 human metastatic melanoma cells. J Cell Physiol 2010; 226:194-204. [PMID: 20658516 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Induction of terminal differentiation represents a potentially less toxic cancer therapy. Treatment of HO-1 human metastatic melanoma cells with IFN-β plus mezerein (MEZ) promotes terminal differentiation with an irreversible loss of growth potential. During this process, the transcription factor FOXM1 is down-regulated potentially inhibiting transactivation of target genes including those involved in G(2)/M progression and cell proliferation. We investigated the mechanism of FOXM1 down-regulation and its physiological role in terminal differentiation. Genetic and pharmacological studies revealed that FOXM1 down-regulation was primarily caused by MEZ activation of PKCα and co-treatment with IFN-β plus MEZ augmented the effect of PKCα. Promoter analysis with a mutated E-box on the FOXM1 promoter, and in vitro and in vivo binding assays confirm a direct role of c-Myc on FOXM1 expression. Reduction of c-Myc and overexpression of Mad1 by IFN-β plus MEZ treatment should cause potent and persistent reduction of FOXM1 expression during terminal differentiation. Overexpression of FOXM1 restored expression of cell cycle-associated genes and increased the proportion of cells in the S phase. Our experiments support a model for terminal differentiation in which FOXM1 down-regulation via activation of PKCα followed by suppression of c-Myc expression, are causal events in promoting growth inhibition during terminal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Mai Huynh
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, Kyonggi-do, Republic of Korea
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Sauane M, Su ZZ, Dash R, Liu X, Norris JS, Sarkar D, Lee SG, Allegood JC, Dent P, Spiegel S, Fisher PB. Ceramide plays a prominent role in MDA-7/IL-24-induced cancer-specific apoptosis. J Cell Physiol 2010; 222:546-55. [PMID: 19937735 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma differentiation associated gene-7/interleukin-24 (mda-7/IL-24) uniquely displays broad cancer-specific apoptosis-inducing activity through induction of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. We hypothesize that ceramide, a promoter of apoptosis, might contribute to mda-7/IL-24 induction of apoptosis. Ad.mda-7-infected tumor cells, but not normal cells, showed increased ceramide accumulation. Infection with Ad.mda-7 induced a marked increase in various ceramides (C16, C24, C24:1) selectively in prostate cancer cells. Inhibiting the enzyme serine palmitoyltransferase (SPT) using the potent SPT inhibitor myriocin (ISP1), impaired mda-7/IL-24-induced apoptosis and ceramide production, suggesting that ceramide formation caused by Ad.mda-7 occurs through de novo synthesis of ceramide and that ceramide is required for mda-7/IL-24-induced cell death. Fumonisin B1 (FB1) elevated ceramide formation as well as apoptosis induced by Ad.mda-7, suggesting that ceramide formation may also occur through the salvage pathway. Additionally, Ad.mda-7 infection enhanced expression of acid sphingomyelinase (ASMase) with a concomitant increase in ASMase activity and decreased sphingomyelin in cancer cells. ASMase silencing by RNA interference inhibited the decreased cell viability and ceramide formation after Ad.mda-7 infection. Ad.mda-7 activated protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) and promoted dephosphorylation of the anti-apoptotic molecule BCL-2, a downstream ceramide-mediated pathway of mda-7/IL-24 action. Pretreatment of cells with FB1 or ISP-1 abolished the induction of ER stress markers (BiP/GRP78, GADD153 and pospho-eIF2alpha) triggered by Ad.mda-7 infection indicating that ceramide mediates ER stress induction by Ad.mda-7. Additionally, recombinant MDA-7/IL-24 protein induced cancer-specific production of ceramide. These studies define ceramide as a key mediator of an ER stress pathway that may underlie mda-7/IL-24 induction of cancer-specific killing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moira Sauane
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia
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Yacoub A, Liu R, Park MA, Hamed HA, Dash R, Schramm DN, Sarkar D, Dimitriev IP, Bell JK, Grant S, Farrell NP, Curiel DT, Fisher PB, Dent P. Cisplatin enhances protein kinase R-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase- and CD95-dependent melanoma differentiation-associated gene-7/interleukin-24-induced killing in ovarian carcinoma cells. Mol Pharmacol 2009; 77:298-310. [PMID: 19910452 DOI: 10.1124/mol.109.061820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma differentiation associated gene-7/interleukin 24 (mda-7/IL-24) is a unique interleukin (IL)-10 family cytokine displaying selective apoptosis-inducing activity in transformed cells without harming normal cells. The present studies focused on defining the mechanism(s) by which recombinant adenoviral delivery of MDA-7/IL-24 inhibits cell survival of human ovarian carcinoma cells. Expression of MDA-7/IL-24 induced phosphorylation of protein kinase R-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK) and eukaryotic initiation factor2alpha (eIF2alpha). In a PERK-dependent fashion, MDA-7/IL-24 reduced ERK1/2 and AKT phosphorylation and activated c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase (JNK) 1/2 and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). MDA-7/IL-24 reduced MCL-1 and BCL-XL and increased BAX levels via PERK signaling; cell-killing was mediated via the intrinsic pathway, and cell killing was primarily necrotic as judged using Annexin V/propidium iodide staining. Inhibition of p38 MAPK and JNK1/2 abolished MDA-7/IL-24 toxicity and blocked BAX and BAK activation, whereas activation of mitogen-activated extracellular-regulated kinase (MEK) 1/2 or AKT suppressed enhanced killing and JNK1/2 activation. MEK1/2 signaling increased expression of the MDA-7/IL-24 and PERK chaperone BiP/78-kDa glucose regulated protein (GRP78), and overexpression of BiP/GRP78 suppressed MDA-7/IL-24 toxicity. MDA-7/IL-24-induced LC3-green fluorescent protein vesicularization and processing of LC3; and knockdown of ATG5 suppressed MDA-7/IL-24-mediated toxicity. MDA-7/IL-24 and cisplatin interacted in a greater than additive fashion to kill tumor cells that was dependent on a further elevation of JNK1/2 activity and recruitment of the extrinsic CD95 pathway. MDA-7/IL-24 toxicity was enhanced in a weak additive fashion by paclitaxel; paclitaxel enhanced MDA-7/IL-24 + cisplatin lethality in a greater than additive fashion via BAX. Collectively, our data demonstrate that MDA-7/IL-24 induces an endoplasmic reticulum stress response that activates multiple proapoptotic pathways, culminating in decreased ovarian tumor cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adly Yacoub
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0035, USA
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Huynh KM, Kim G, Kim DJ, Yang SJ, Park SM, Yeom YI, Fisher PB, Kang D. Gene expression analysis of terminal differentiation of human melanoma cells highlights global reductions in cell cycle-associated genes. Gene 2009; 433:32-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2008.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2008] [Revised: 11/11/2008] [Accepted: 11/11/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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