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Yuan SS, Li ML, Chen JS, Zhou L, Zhou W. Application of Mono- and Disaccharides in Drug Targeting and Efficacy. ChemMedChem 2018; 13:764-778. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201700762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Si S. Yuan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine; E. 232 University Town, Waihuan Road Panyu Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Mao L. Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine; E. 232 University Town, Waihuan Road Panyu Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Jian S. Chen
- College of Horticulture; South China Agricultural University; 483 Wushan Road Guangzhou 510642 China
| | - Li Zhou
- College of Science; Hunan Agricultural University; Furong Road Changsha 410128 China
| | - Wen Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine; E. 232 University Town, Waihuan Road Panyu Guangzhou 510006 China
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Di Guida F, Pirozzi C, Magliocca S, Santoro A, Lama A, Russo R, Nieddu M, Burrai L, Boatto G, Mollica MP, Sodano F, Lazzarato L, Chegaev K, Meli R, Raso GM, Rimoli MG. Galactosylated Pro-Drug of Ursodeoxycholic Acid: Design, Synthesis, Characterization, and Pharmacological Effects in a Rat Model of Estrogen-Induced Cholestasis. Mol Pharm 2017; 15:21-30. [PMID: 29140706 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.7b00626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) is considered the first-choice therapy for cholestatic disorders. To enhance solubility and exploit specific transporters in liver, we synthesized a new galactosyl pro-drug of UDCA (UDCAgal). Ethinylestradiol (EE)-induced cholestasis was used to study and compare the effects of UDCAgal with UDCA on bile flow, hepatic canalicular efflux transporter expression, and inflammation. UDCAgal resulted quite stable both at pH 7.4 and 1.2 and regenerated the parent drug after incubation in human plasma. Its solubility, higher than UDCA, was pH- and temperature-independent. UDCAgal displayed a higher cell permeation compared to UDCA in liver HepG2 cells. Moreover, in cholestatic rats, UDCAgal showed a higher potency compared to UDCA in reducing serum biomarkers (AST, ALT, and ALP) and cytokines (TNF-α and IL-1β). The higher effect of UDCAgal on the increase in bile salt export pump and multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 transcription indicated an improved spillover of bile acids from the liver. UDCAgal showed a reduction in CCL2, as well as TNF-α, IL-1β, and cyclooxygeanse-2 mRNAs, indicating a reduction in hepatic neutrophil accumulation and inflammation. Moreover, UDCAgal, similarly to UDCA, heightens bile flow and modulates biliary acids secretion. These results indicate that UDCAgal has a potential in the treatment of cholestatic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Di Guida
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II , Naples 80138, Italy
| | - Claudio Pirozzi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II , Naples 80138, Italy
| | - Salvatore Magliocca
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari , Sassari 07100, Italy
| | - Anna Santoro
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II , Naples 80138, Italy
| | - Adriano Lama
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II , Naples 80138, Italy
| | - Roberto Russo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II , Naples 80138, Italy
| | - Maria Nieddu
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari , Sassari 07100, Italy
| | - Lucia Burrai
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari , Sassari 07100, Italy
| | - Gianpiero Boatto
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari , Sassari 07100, Italy
| | - Maria Pina Mollica
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II , Naples 80138, Italy
| | - Federica Sodano
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin , Turin 10124, Italy
| | - Loretta Lazzarato
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin , Turin 10124, Italy
| | - Konstantin Chegaev
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin , Turin 10124, Italy
| | - Rosaria Meli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II , Naples 80138, Italy
| | | | - Maria Grazia Rimoli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II , Naples 80138, Italy
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Kalinichenko OV, Myshunina TM, Tron’ko MD. NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE ACTIVITY AND ITS CONCENTRATION IN THE TISSUES OF HUMAN THYROID CARCINOMAS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 62:9-19. [PMID: 29569867 DOI: 10.15407/fz62.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The study of the activity of the constitutive form of nitric
oxide synthase (cNOS) revealed that in the papillary thyroid
carcinomas it corresponded to that detected in unchanged
extratumoral tissue, while the enzyme activity in follicular
carcinoma was half lesser. At the same time, the activity of
inducible nitric oxide synthase (іNOS) was higher in the
papillary and follicular carcinomas. Such changes in the
enzyme activity were associated with an increase in its level
in papillary carcinomas, and with minor changes in follicular
carcinomas. In medullary carcinomas the parameters under
study corresponded to those in unchanged tissue, and in the
papillary carcinoma metastases without changes in enzyme
activity of nitric oxide formation, the level of the latter was
much higher. Elevated levels of nitric oxide and іNOS activity
in papillary thyroid carcinomas did not depend significantly
on the aggression characteristics of the latter, being however
absent in tumors of T4 category on a background of reduced
cNOS activity and less expressed in tumors surrounded by the
tissue in the presence of a chronic thyroiditis. Furthermore,
in the papillary carcinomas of papillary or follicular structure
nitric oxide level did not differ from the normal range, being
slightly higher in tumors of solid or heterogeneous structure
with presence of solid areas, whereas in carcinomas of
papillary-follicular structure it was twice, and in tissue of solidinsular
structure three times higher. іNOS hyperactivity was
observed in the carcinomas of different structure, except for
tumors of solid structure, in the tumor of which enzyme activity
was within the normal range, and in tumor of solid-insular
structure where it was significantly higher (as well as cNOS
activity) compared with tumors of other structure. Nitric oxide
generating system is involved in the transformation of thyroid
cells and progression of tumor growth, including through
apoptosis regulation, as shown by the results of an analysis
of data obtained both in the present study and previously. The
nature of such involvement in papillary thyroid carcinomas
with different histological structure is different.
Key words: nitric oxide; constitutive and inducible nitric oxide
synthase; thyroid carcinoma; apoptosis.
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Luongo E, Russo R, Avagliano C, Santoro A, Melisi D, Orefice NS, Raso GM, Meli R, Magliocca S, Nieddu M, Santiago GMP, Boatto G, Calignano A, Rimoli MG. Galactosyl prodrug of palmitoylethanolamide: synthesis, stability, cell permeation and cytoprotective activity. Eur J Pharm Sci 2014; 62:33-9. [PMID: 24854456 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2014.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Revised: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
N-Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) is emerging as a novel therapeutic agent in the treatment of neuropathic pain and neurodegenerative diseases. Unfortunately, PEA poorly reaches the central nervous system (CNS), after peripheral administration, since it is inactivated through intracellular hydrolysis by lipid amidases. Since prodrug approach is one of the most popular methods used to increase cell permeability, the aim of this paper consists in the synthesis of a new galactosyl prodrug of PEA, the palmitoylethanolamide-succinamyl-D-galactos-6'-yl ester (PEAGAL). Biological experiments both in neuroblastoma and in C6 glioma cells, together with quantitative analyses performed through a LC-MS-MS technique, demonstrate the better efficacy of PEAGAL compared to PEA and its higher cell permeation. Our results encourage further experiments in animal models of neuropathic pain and of neurological disorders and/or neurodegenerative diseases, in order to promote a more effective peripherally administrated derivative of PEA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira Luongo
- Department of Pharmacy, "Federico II" University of Naples, via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Roberto Russo
- Department of Pharmacy, "Federico II" University of Naples, via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Carmen Avagliano
- Department of Pharmacy, "Federico II" University of Naples, via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Santoro
- Department of Pharmacy, "Federico II" University of Naples, via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Daniela Melisi
- Department of Pharmacy, "Federico II" University of Naples, via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Nicola Salvatore Orefice
- Department of Pharmacy, "Federico II" University of Naples, via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Mattace Raso
- Department of Pharmacy, "Federico II" University of Naples, via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Rosaria Meli
- Department of Pharmacy, "Federico II" University of Naples, via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Salvatore Magliocca
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, via Muroni 23/a, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Maria Nieddu
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, via Muroni 23/a, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Gilvandete Maria Pinheiro Santiago
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal do Ceará (UFC), Rua Capitão Francisco Pedro 1210, 60430-370 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Gianpiero Boatto
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, via Muroni 23/a, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Antonio Calignano
- Department of Pharmacy, "Federico II" University of Naples, via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Rimoli
- Department of Pharmacy, "Federico II" University of Naples, via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
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The galactosylation of N(ω)-nitro-L-arginine enhances its anti-nocifensive or anti-allodynic effects by targeting glia in healthy and neuropathic mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2011; 656:52-62. [PMID: 21296071 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.01.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2010] [Revised: 01/24/2011] [Accepted: 01/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This study has investigated whether the galactosyl ester prodrug of N(ω)-nitro-L-arginine (NAGAL), shows enhanced analgesic efficacy in healthy mice and in models of visceral and neuropathic pain: the writhing test and the spared nerve injury (SNI), respectively. NAGAL was compared to methyl ester pro-drug of N(ω)-nitro-l-arginine (L-NAME), a widely exploited non-specific nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor, for analgesic potential. The writhing test revealed that the ED(50) value, along with the 95% confidence limit (CL) was 3.82 (1.77-6.04) mg/kg for NAGAL and, 36.75 (20.07-68.37) mg/kg for L-NAME. Notably, NAGAL elicited a greater anti-allodynic effect than L-NAME did in neuropathic mice. Biomolecular and morphological studies revealed that spared nerve injury increased the expressions of pro-inflammatory enzymes (caspase-1) and two glial cell biomarkers: integrin alpha M (ITGAM) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in the spinal cord. Finally, GLUT-3, an isoform of the hexose transporters capable to bind NAGAL and inducible NOS (iNOS), were found to be over-expressed in the activated astrocytes of the spinal cord of neuropathic mice. NAGAL administration normalized expression levels of these biomarkers. NAGAL showed a greater efficacy in inhibiting visceral pain and allodynia than L-NAME possibly by a greater cell permeation through the hexose transporter which is highly over-expressed by activated glia.
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