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Wang J, Shen S, You J, Wang Z, Li Y, Chen Y, Tuo Y, Chen D, Yu H, Zhang J, Wang F, Pang X, Xiao Z, Lan Q, Wang Y. PRMT6 facilitates EZH2 protein stability by inhibiting TRAF6-mediated ubiquitination degradation to promote glioblastoma cell invasion and migration. Cell Death Dis 2024; 15:524. [PMID: 39043634 PMCID: PMC11266590 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-024-06920-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 07/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
Invasion and migration are the key hallmarks of cancer, and aggressive growth is a major factor contributing to treatment failure and poor prognosis in glioblastoma. Protein arginine methyltransferase 6 (PRMT6), as an epigenetic regulator, has been confirmed to promote the malignant proliferation of glioblastoma cells in previous studies. However, the effects of PRMT6 on glioblastoma cell invasion and migration and its underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Here, we report that PRMT6 functions as a driver element for tumor cell invasion and migration in glioblastoma. Bioinformatics analysis and glioma sample detection results demonstrated that PRMT6 is highly expressed in mesenchymal subtype or invasive gliomas, and is significantly negatively correlated with their prognosis. Inhibition of PRMT6 (using PRMT6 shRNA or inhibitor EPZ020411) reduces glioblastoma cell invasion and migration in vitro, whereas overexpression of PRMT6 produces opposite effects. Then, we identified that PRMT6 maintains the protein stability of EZH2 by inhibiting the degradation of EZH2 protein, thereby mediating the invasion and migration of glioblastoma cells. Further mechanistic investigations found that PRMT6 inhibits the transcription of TRAF6 by activating the histone methylation mark (H3R2me2a), and reducing the interaction between TRAF6 and EZH2 to enhance the protein stability of EZH2 in glioblastoma cells. Xenograft tumor assay and HE staining results showed that the expression of PRMT6 could promote the invasion of glioblastoma cells in vivo, the immunohistochemical staining results of mouse brain tissue tumor sections also confirmed the regulatory relationship between PRMT6, TRAF6, and EZH2. Our findings illustrate that PRMT6 suppresses TRAF6 transcription via H3R2me2a to enhance the protein stability of EZH2 to facilitate glioblastoma cell invasion and migration. Blocking the PRMT6-TRAF6-EZH2 axis is a promising strategy for inhibiting glioblastoma cell invasion and migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Neuroscience, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, 510260, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Shiquan Shen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Neuroscience, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, 510260, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian You
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital, Southwest Medical University, 646000, Luzhou, China
| | - Zhaotao Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Neuroscience, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, 510260, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, 230001, Hefei, China
| | - Yanming Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 215004, Suzhou, China
| | - Yonghua Tuo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Neuroscience, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, 510260, Guangzhou, China
| | - Danmin Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Neuroscience, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, 510260, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haoming Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Neuroscience, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, 510260, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingbo Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Neuroscience, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, 510260, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fangran Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Neuroscience, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, 510260, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Pang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Neuroscience, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, 510260, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zongyu Xiao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 215124, Suzhou, China.
| | - Qing Lan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 215004, Suzhou, China.
| | - Yezhong Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Neuroscience, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, 510260, Guangzhou, China.
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2
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Gregucci F, Beal K, Knisely JPS, Pagnini P, Fiorentino A, Bonzano E, Vanpouille-Box CI, Cisse B, Pannullo SC, Stieg PE, Formenti SC. Biological Insights and Radiation-Immuno-Oncology Developments in Primary and Secondary Brain Tumors. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:2047. [PMID: 38893165 PMCID: PMC11171192 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16112047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Malignant central nervous system (CNS) cancers include a group of heterogeneous dis-eases characterized by a relative resistance to treatments and distinguished as either primary tumors arising in the CNS or secondary tumors that spread from other organs into the brain. Despite therapeutic efforts, they often cause significant mortality and morbidity across all ages. Radiotherapy (RT) remains the main treatment for brain cancers, improving associated symptoms, improving tumor control, and inducing a cure in some. However, the ultimate goal of cancer treatment, to improve a patient's survival, remains elusive for many CNS cancers, especially primary tumors. Over the years, there have thus been many preclinical studies and clinical trials designed to identify and overcome mechanisms of resistance to improve outcomes after RT and other therapies. For example, immunotherapy delivered concurrent with RT, especially hypo-fractionated stereotactic RT, is synergistic and has revolutionized the clinical management and outcome of some brain tumors, in particular brain metastases (secondary brain tumors). However, its impact on gliomas, the most common primary malignant CNS tumors, remains limited. In this review, we provide an overview of radioresistance mechanisms, the emerging strategies to overcome radioresistance, the role of the tumor microenviroment (TME), and the selection of the most significant results of radiation-immuno-oncological investigations. We also identify novel therapeutic opportunities in primary and secondary brain tumors with the purpose of elucidating current knowledge and stimulating further research to improve tumor control and patients' survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Gregucci
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA; (F.G.); (K.B.); (J.P.S.K.); (P.P.); (C.I.V.-B.)
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Miulli General Regional Hospital, Acquaviva delle Fonti, 70021 Bari, Italy;
| | - Kathryn Beal
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA; (F.G.); (K.B.); (J.P.S.K.); (P.P.); (C.I.V.-B.)
| | - Jonathan P. S. Knisely
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA; (F.G.); (K.B.); (J.P.S.K.); (P.P.); (C.I.V.-B.)
| | - Paul Pagnini
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA; (F.G.); (K.B.); (J.P.S.K.); (P.P.); (C.I.V.-B.)
| | - Alba Fiorentino
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Miulli General Regional Hospital, Acquaviva delle Fonti, 70021 Bari, Italy;
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, LUM University, Casamassima, 70010 Bari, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Bonzano
- Department of Radiation Oncology, IRCCS San Matteo Polyclinic Foundation, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
| | - Claire I. Vanpouille-Box
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA; (F.G.); (K.B.); (J.P.S.K.); (P.P.); (C.I.V.-B.)
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Babacar Cisse
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA; (B.C.); (S.C.P.); (P.E.S.)
| | - Susan C. Pannullo
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA; (B.C.); (S.C.P.); (P.E.S.)
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Philip E. Stieg
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA; (B.C.); (S.C.P.); (P.E.S.)
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Silvia C. Formenti
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA; (F.G.); (K.B.); (J.P.S.K.); (P.P.); (C.I.V.-B.)
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
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3
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Teixeira SA, Burim RV, Viapiano MS, Bidinotto LT, Nagashi Marie SK, Fleury Malheiros SM, Oba-Shinjo SM, Andrade AF, Carlotti CG. Alpha2beta1 Integrin Polymorphism in Diffuse Astrocytoma Patients. Front Oncol 2022; 12:914156. [PMID: 35936750 PMCID: PMC9353741 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.914156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrins are heterodimeric transmembrane glycoproteins resulting from the non-covalent association of an α and β chain. The major integrin receptor for collagen/laminin, α2β1 is expressed on a wide variety of cell types and plays an essential role in the adhesion of normal and tumor cells to the extracellular matrix. Integrin-triggered signaling pathways promote the invasion and survival of glioma cells by modifying the brain microenvironment. In this study, we investigated the association of a specific genetic polymorphism of integrin α2β1 with the incidence of diffusely infiltrating astrocytoma and the progression of these tumors. Single-nucleotide polymorphism in intron 7 of the integrin ITGA2 gene was examined in 158 patients and 162 controls using polymerase chain reaction and restriction enzyme analysis. The ITGA2 genotype +/+ (with a BglII restriction site in both alleles) exhibited higher frequency in grade II astrocytoma compared to control (P = 0.02) whereas the genotype -/- (lacking the BglII site) correlated with the poorest survival rate (P = 0.04). In addition, in silico analyses of ITGA2 expression from low-grade gliomas (LGG, n = 515) and glioblastomas (GBM, n = 159) indicated that the higher expression of ITGA2 in LGG was associated with poor overall survival (P < 0.0001). However, the distribution of integrin ITGA2 BglII genotypes (+/+, +/-, -/-) was not significantly different between astrocytoma subgroups III and IV (P = 0.65, 0.24 and 0.33; 0.29, 0.48, 0.25, respectively) compared to control. These results suggest a narrow association between the presence of this SNP and indicate that further studies with larger samples are warranted to analyze the relation between tumor grade and overall survival, highlighting the importance of determining these polymorphisms for prognosis of astrocytomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia A Teixeira
- Department of Surgery and Anatomy, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Regislaine V Burim
- Department of Surgery and Anatomy, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Clinical, Toxicological and Bromatological Analysis, University of São Paulo (USP), Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariano S Viapiano
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States
| | - Lucas T Bidinotto
- Department of Surgery and Anatomy, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, UNESP- Univ. Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, Brazil
- Barretos School of Health Sciences, Dr. Paulo Prata - FACISB, Barretos, Brazil
| | - Suely K Nagashi Marie
- Department of Neurology, Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Suzana M Fleury Malheiros
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sueli M Oba-Shinjo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Augusto F Andrade
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Carlos G Carlotti
- Department of Surgery and Anatomy, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
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Arjun BS, Sitaramgupta VSNV, Aswin S, Rao S, Pandya HJ. A System-based Approach for the Evaluation of Electromechanical Properties of Brain Tumors. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2022; 2022:2585-2591. [PMID: 36086534 DOI: 10.1109/embc48229.2022.9871879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a semi-automated system integrated with MEMS-based electromechanical sensors to characterize human brain tumors. The electrical impedance and elastic moduli of three types of brain tumors and six normal brain regions were evaluated using the system. The impedance and elastic modulus of glioma was found to be significantly lower than the normal region. It was also observed that the white matter tissues had higher impedance and elastic moduli compared with the grey matter of the same neuroanatomic location. There were observable differences in the electromechanical behavior of gliomas, which originate from glial cells to that of schwannoma and meningioma of different cellular origins. Clinical Relevance- The observations suggest that simultaneous electromechanical characterization of brain tumors can serve as an effective tool for tumor delineation. The developed tool can be used alongside gold standard histopathological analysis to better understand human brain tumors.
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Yang K, Tang XJ, Xu FF, Liu JH, Tan YQ, Gao L, Sun Q, Ding X, Liu BH, Chen QX. PI3K/mTORC1/2 inhibitor PQR309 inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis in human glioblastoma cells. Oncol Rep 2020; 43:773-782. [PMID: 32020210 PMCID: PMC7040887 DOI: 10.3892/or.2020.7472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common type of primary central nervous system tumor in adults, which has high mortality and morbidity rates, and short survival time, namely <15 months after the diagnosis and application of standard therapy, which includes surgery, radiation therapy and chemotherapy; thus, novel therapeutic strategies are imperative. The activation of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway plays an important role in GBM. In the present study, U87 and U251 GBM cells were treated with the PI3K/mTORC1/2 inhibitor PQR309, and its effect on glioma cells was investigated. Cell Counting Kit-8 assay, 5-ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine and colony formation assays revealed dose- and time-dependent cytotoxicity in glioma cells that were treated with PQR309. Flow cytometry and western blotting revealed that PQR309 can significantly induce tumor cell apoptosis and arrest the cell cycle in the G1 phase. Furthermore, the expression levels of AKT, phosphorylated (p)-AKT, Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, Bad, Bax, cyclin D1, cleaved caspase-3, MMP-9 and MMP-2 were altered. In addition, the migration and invasion of glioma cells, as detected by wound healing, migration and Transwell invasion assays, exhibited a marked suppression after treating the cells with PQR309. These results indicated that PQR309 exerts an antitumor effect by inhibiting proliferation, inducing apoptosis, inducing G1 cell cycle arrest, and inhibiting invasion and migration in human glioma cells. The present study provides evidence supportive of further development of PQR309 for adjuvant therapy of GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Xiang-Jun Tang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, P.R. China
| | - Feng-Fei Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Jun-Hui Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Yin-Qiu Tan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Lun Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Qian Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Xiang Ding
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Bao-Hui Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Qian-Xue Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
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6
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Bulboacă AE, Boarescu PM, Melincovici CS, Mihu CM. Microfluidic endothelium-on-a-chip development, from in vivo to in vitro experimental models. ROMANIAN JOURNAL OF MORPHOLOGY AND EMBRYOLOGY = REVUE ROUMAINE DE MORPHOLOGIE ET EMBRYOLOGIE 2020; 61:15-23. [PMID: 32747891 PMCID: PMC7728109 DOI: 10.47162/rjme.61.1.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
In the last years, animal testing in medical research has been a controversial topic because of various reasons, such as ethical considerations and species differences. Therefore, more attention has been given to develop new technologies that can replace animal experiments and create in vitro models. Organ-on-a-chip (OOC) technology is a new and advanced technology based on microfluidic devices that can mimic the structure and function of entire organs and tissues as in vitro models. OOC models are miniature tissues and organs that assign characteristics for three-dimensional (3D) cell culture representation that resemble the original organs, together with their specific microenvironment microfluidic systems and specific biophysical processes, in order to mimic the normal physiological conditions and functionalities of the organs. Existing OOC models, such as liver, pancreas, heart, skin, brain, kidney, vessels, have been developed and designed for a specific function study. This review focuses on the main knowledge concerning OOC research and especially vascular endothelium-on-a-chip (EOC) model, developed in order to offer specific tools for studying vascular functions in physiological and pathological conditions. The field of OOC devices is still at the beginning, but in the future, this technology may have important roles in developing novel therapeutic approaches, offering new therapeutic molecules and providing the first step towards personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Elena Bulboacă
- Discipline of Histology, Department of Morphological Sciences, Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
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7
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Sadeghi Y, Tabatabaei Irani P, Rafiee L, Tajadini M, Amouheidari A, Javanmard SH. Evaluation of rs1982073 polymorphism of transforming growth factor-β1 in glioblastoma. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN MEDICAL SCIENCES 2019; 24:40. [PMID: 31160907 PMCID: PMC6540769 DOI: 10.4103/jrms.jrms_850_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Background Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and invasive form of primary malignant brain tumors, with a survival rate of about 1 year. Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) plays a very important role in tissue homeostasis and cancers. It seems that polymorphism of T29C (L10P, rs1982073, or rs1800470), which has been studied in various cancers such as breast and colon, creates the significant differences plays an important role in GBM prognosis and treatment. In this study, we evaluated the effect of T29C (rs1982073) polymorphism of TGF-β1 gene in GBM. Materials and Methods This study was conducted on 100 cases of GBM including 47 paraffin-embedded brain tissue samples and 53 blood samples from another 53 GBM patients, who was under therapy, and 150 were controls. The TGF-β rs1982073 single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) was identified by the NCBI and genotyping was performed by high-resolution melt (HRM) assay. Melt curves from HRM which suspected to SNP were selected and subjected to direct sequencing. Finally, the collected data were entered into the SPSS software (Version. 20) and mean ± standard deviation or n (%) was used to show the data. Results The mean age in GBM group was 51.63 ± 13.27 years. Accordingly, the two groups were matched in terms of age and gender (P > 0.05). The frequency of GG genotype was significantly higher in GBM patients. In contrast, although the frequency of AG genotype was higher in GBM group, it was not statistically significant. Furthermore, the presence of G allele was significantly more frequent than A allele in GBM patients. Conclusion Findings of the present study supports that the Pro10Leu, rs1982073, or rs1800470 SNP in TGF-β1 is found to be expressed significantly more in GBM patients as it was found in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasaman Sadeghi
- General Medicine, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Pouya Tabatabaei Irani
- General Medicine, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Laleh Rafiee
- Applied Physiology Research Center, Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan, Iran.,Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohamadhasan Tajadini
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Alireza Amouheidari
- Applied Physiology Research Center, Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan, Iran.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Isfahan Milad Hospital, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Shaghayegh Haghjooy Javanmard
- Applied Physiology Research Center, Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan, Iran.,Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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8
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Wang J, Li X, Wu H, Wang H, Yao L, Deng Z, Zhou Y. EMP1 regulates cell proliferation, migration, and stemness in gliomas through PI3K-AKT signaling and CD44. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:17142-17150. [PMID: 31111534 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is an intracranial tumor; the feature is higher malignant and poorer prognosis. The search for therapeutic targets for gliomas has always been a focus of research in the field of neurology. The unusual expression of epithelial membrane protein 1 (EMP1) has been proved in most tumors. In our study, we determined the expression level of EMP1 expression in glioma tissues. There were higher levels of EMP1 in glioma tissues-particularly GBM tissues-than those in normal brain tissues. Then we discovered that silencing EMP1 inhibited glioma cell invasion and proliferation through inhibiting the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway. Subsequently, we investigated the function of EMP1 on glioma stem cells and found that it regulates the expression of CD44 in such cells to promote stemness. Taken together, the new strategies for the treatment of glioma may be provided by these finding, thereby improving the prognosis associated with it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junxiang Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Changshu No. 2 People's Hospital, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xuetao Li
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Haibin Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lin Yao
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhitong Deng
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Youxin Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
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9
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Migration/Invasion of Malignant Gliomas and Implications for Therapeutic Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19041115. [PMID: 29642503 PMCID: PMC5979613 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19041115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Malignant tumors of the central nervous system (CNS) are among cancers with the poorest prognosis, indicated by their association with tumors of high-level morbidity and mortality. Gliomas, the most common primary CNS tumors that arise from neuroglial stem or progenitor cells, have estimated annual incidence of 6.6 per 100,000 individuals in the USA, and 3.5 per 100,000 individuals in Taiwan. Tumor invasion and metastasis are the major contributors to the deaths in cancer patients. Therapeutic goals including cancer stem cells (CSC), phenotypic shifts, EZH2/AXL/TGF-β axis activation, miRNAs and exosomes are relevant to GBM metastasis to develop novel targeted therapeutics for GBM and other brain cancers. Herein, we highlight tumor metastasis in our understanding of gliomas, and illustrate novel exosome therapeutic approaches in glioma, thereby paving the way towards innovative therapies in neuro-oncology.
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Chung LK, Pelargos PE, Chan AM, Demos JV, Lagman C, Sheppard JP, Nguyen T, Chang YL, Hojat SA, Prins RM, Liau LM, Nghiemphu L, Lai A, Cloughesy TF, Yong WH, Gordon LK, Wadehra M, Yang I. Tissue microarray analysis for epithelial membrane protein-2 as a novel biomarker for gliomas. Brain Tumor Pathol 2017; 35:1-9. [PMID: 28887715 DOI: 10.1007/s10014-017-0300-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial membrane protein-2 (EMP2) expression is noted in many human cancers. We evaluated EMP2 as a biomarker in gliomas. A large tissue microarray of lower grade glioma (WHO grades II-III, n = 19 patients) and glioblastoma (GBM) (WHO grade IV, n = 50 patients) was stained for EMP2. EMP2 expression was dichotomized to low or high expression scores and correlated with clinical data. The mean EMP2 expression was 1.68 in lower grade gliomas versus 2.20 in GBMs (P = 0.01). The percentage of samples with high EMP2 expression was greater in GBMs than lower grade gliomas (90.0 vs. 52.6%, P = 0.001). No significant difference was found between median survival among patients with GBM tumors exhibiting high EMP2 expression and survival of those with low EMP2 expression (8.38 vs. 10.98 months, P = 0.39). However, EMP2 expression ≥2 correlated with decreased survival (r = -0.39, P = 0.001). The EMP2 expression level also correlated with Ki-67 positivity (r = 0.34, P = 0.008). The mortality hazard ratio for GBM patients with EMP2 score of 3 or higher was 1.92 (CI 0.69-5.30). Our findings suggest that elevated EMP2 expression is associated with GBM. With other biomarkers, EMP2 may have use as a molecular target for the diagnosis and treatment of gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrance K Chung
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, Los Angeles, 300 Stein Plaza, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Panayiotis E Pelargos
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, Los Angeles, 300 Stein Plaza, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Ann M Chan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 924 Westwood Blvd, Seventh Floor, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Joanna V Demos
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, Los Angeles, 300 Stein Plaza, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Carlito Lagman
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, Los Angeles, 300 Stein Plaza, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - John P Sheppard
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, Los Angeles, 300 Stein Plaza, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Thien Nguyen
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, Los Angeles, 300 Stein Plaza, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Yu-Ling Chang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 924 Westwood Blvd, Seventh Floor, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Seyed A Hojat
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 924 Westwood Blvd, Seventh Floor, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Robert M Prins
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, Los Angeles, 300 Stein Plaza, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Linda M Liau
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, Los Angeles, 300 Stein Plaza, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, 8-684 Factor Building, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Leia Nghiemphu
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, 710 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Albert Lai
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, 710 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Timothy F Cloughesy
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, 710 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - William H Yong
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 924 Westwood Blvd, Seventh Floor, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Lynn K Gordon
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Los Angeles, 100 Stein Plaza, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Madhuri Wadehra
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 924 Westwood Blvd, Seventh Floor, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, 8-684 Factor Building, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Isaac Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, Los Angeles, 300 Stein Plaza, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, 8-684 Factor Building, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
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11
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Fung S, Xu C, Hamel E, Wager-Miller JB, Woodruff G, Miller A, Sanford C, Mackie K, Stella N. Novel indole-based compounds that differentiate alkylindole-sensitive receptors from cannabinoid receptors and microtubules: Characterization of their activity on glioma cell migration. Pharmacol Res 2016; 115:233-241. [PMID: 27832960 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Indole-based compounds, such as the alkyl-indole (AI) compound WIN55212-2, activate the cannabinoid receptors, CB1 and CB2, two well-characterized G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR). Reports indicate that several indole-based cannabinoid agonists, including WIN55212-2, lack selectivity and interact with at least two additional targets: AI-sensitive GPCRs and microtubules. Studying how indole-based compounds modulate the activity of these 4 targets has been difficult as selective chemical tools were not available. Here we report the pharmacological characterization of six newly-developed indole-based compounds (ST-11, ST-23, ST-25, ST-29, ST-47 and ST-48) that exhibit distinct binding affinities at AI-sensitive receptors, cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptors and the colchicine site of tubulin. Several compounds exhibit some level of selectivity for AI-sensitive receptors, including ST-11 that binds AI-sensitive receptors with a Kd of 52nM and appears to have a weaker affinity for the colchicine site of tubulin (Kd=3.2μM) and does not bind CB1/CB2 receptors. Leveraging these characteristics, we show that activation of AI-sensitive receptors with ST-11 inhibits both the basal and stimulated migration of the Delayed Brain Tumor (DBT) mouse glioma cell line. Our study describes a new series of indole-based compounds that enable the pharmacological and functional differentiation of alkylindole-sensitive receptors from cannabinoid receptors and microtubules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Fung
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Way, Seattle, WA, United States; Graduate Program in Neurobiology and Behavior, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific St., Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Cong Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Way, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Ernest Hamel
- Screening Technologies Branch, Developmental Therapeutics Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, United States
| | - James B Wager-Miller
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Way, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Grace Woodruff
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Way, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Aaron Miller
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Way, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Christina Sanford
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Way, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Ken Mackie
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Way, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Nephi Stella
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Way, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, 702 N. Walnut Grove Ave, Bloomington, IN 47405, United States.
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12
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Madan E, Dikshit B, Gowda SH, Srivastava C, Sarkar C, Chattopadhyay P, Sinha S, Chosdol K. FAT1 is a novel upstream regulator of HIF1α and invasion of high grade glioma. Int J Cancer 2016; 139:2570-82. [PMID: 27536856 PMCID: PMC6585695 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.30386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The hypoxic microenvironment is an important contributor of glioblastoma (GBM) aggressiveness via HIF1α, while tumour inflammation is profoundly influenced by FAT Atypical Cadherin (FAT1). This study was designed to explore the functional interaction and significance of FAT1 and HIF1α under severe hypoxia‐mimicking tumour microenvironment in primary human tumours. We first identified a positive correlation of FAT1 with HIF1α and its target genes in GBM tumour specimens, revealing the significance of the FAT1‐HIF1α axis in glioma cells. We found that severe hypoxia leads to an increased expression of FAT1 and HIF1α in U87MG and U373MG cells. To reveal the relevance of FAT1 under hypoxic conditions, we depleted endogenous FAT1 under hypoxia and found a substantial reduction in the expression of HIF1α and its downstream target genes like CA9, GLUT1, VEGFA, MCT4, HK2, BNIP3 and REDD1, as well as a significant reduction in the invasiveness in GBM cells. At the molecular level, under hypoxia the FAT1 depletion‐associated reduction in HIF1α was due to compromised EGFR‐Akt signaling as well as increased VHL‐dependent proteasomal degradation of HIF1α. In brief, for the first time, these results reveal an upstream master regulatory role of FAT1 in the expression and role of HIF1α under hypoxic conditions and that FAT1‐HIF1α axis controls the invasiveness of GBM. Hence, FAT1 represents a novel potential therapeutic target for GBM. What's new? The hypoxic microenvironment is an important contributor of glioblastoma aggressiveness via HIF1α while tumor inflammation is profoundly influenced by FAT Atypical Cadherin (FAT1). This study explores the functional interaction of FAT1 and HIF1α in severe hypoxia‐mimicking tumor microenvironments. The results show that FAT1 upregulation is critical for enhancing and maintaining high HIFIα levels in tumors with severe hypoxia. FAT1 both increases HIFIα transcription and decreases HIFIα degradation in glioblastoma multiforme cell lines under hypoxic conditions. With FAT1 regulating the activity of HIF1α under hypoxic condition and the FAT1‐HIF1α axis controlling the invasiveness of glioblastoma, FAT1 represents a novel potential therapeutic target for glioblastomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evanka Madan
- Department of Biochemistry, AIIMS, New Delhi, India
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Subrata Sinha
- Department of Biochemistry, AIIMS, New Delhi, India. .,Director, National Brain Research Center, Manesar, Gurgaon, India.
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13
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Gupta MK, Jayaram S, Reddy DN, Polisetty RV, Sirdeshmukh R. Transcriptomic and Proteomic Data Integration and Two-Dimensional Molecular Maps with Regulatory and Functional Linkages: Application to Cell Proliferation and Invasion Networks in Glioblastoma. J Proteome Res 2015; 14:5017-27. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.5b00765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Kumar Gupta
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International
Tech Park, Bangalore 560066, India
- Manipal University, Madhav Nagar, Manipal 576104, India
| | - Savita Jayaram
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International
Tech Park, Bangalore 560066, India
- Manipal University, Madhav Nagar, Manipal 576104, India
| | - Divijendra Natha Reddy
- Neuro-Oncology,
Mazumdar Shaw Centre for Translational Research, Mazumdar Shaw Medical
Foundation, Narayana Health, Bangalore 560099, India
| | | | - Ravi Sirdeshmukh
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International
Tech Park, Bangalore 560066, India
- Neuro-Oncology,
Mazumdar Shaw Centre for Translational Research, Mazumdar Shaw Medical
Foundation, Narayana Health, Bangalore 560099, India
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14
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Ahn BY, Saldanha-Gama RFG, Rahn JJ, Hao X, Zhang J, Dang NH, Alshehri M, Robbins SM, Senger DL. Glioma invasion mediated by the p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75(NTR)/CD271) requires regulated interaction with PDLIM1. Oncogene 2015; 35:1411-22. [PMID: 26119933 PMCID: PMC4800290 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The invasive nature of glioblastoma renders them incurable by current therapeutic interventions. Using a novel invasive human glioma model, we previously identified the neurotrophin receptor p75NTR (aka CD271) as a mediator of glioma invasion. Herein, we provide evidence that preventing phosphorylation of p75NTR on S303 by pharmacological inhibition of PKA, or by a mutational strategy (S303G), cripples p75NTR-mediated glioma invasion resulting in serine phosphorylation within the C-terminal PDZ-binding motif (SPV) of p75NTR. Consistent with this, deletion (ΔSPV) or mutation (SPM) of the PDZ motif results in abrogation of p75NTR-mediated invasion. Using a peptide-based strategy, we identified PDLIM1 as a novel signaling adaptor for p75NTR and provide the first evidence for a regulated interaction via S425 phosphorylation. Importantly, PDLIM1 was shown to interact with p75NTR in highly invasive patient-derived glioma stem cells/tumor-initiating cells and shRNA knockdown of PDLIM1 in vitro and in vivo results in complete ablation of p75NTR-mediated invasion. Collectively, these data demonstrate a requirement for a regulated interaction of p75NTR with PDLIM1 and suggest that targeting either the PDZ domain interactions and/or the phosphorylation of p75NTR by PKA could provide therapeutic strategies for patients with glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Y Ahn
- Southern Alberta Cancer Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Hughes Childhood Cancer Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Oncology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - R F G Saldanha-Gama
- Southern Alberta Cancer Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Oncology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Clark H. Smith Brain Tumour Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - J J Rahn
- Southern Alberta Cancer Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Hughes Childhood Cancer Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Oncology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - X Hao
- Southern Alberta Cancer Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Hughes Childhood Cancer Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Oncology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - J Zhang
- Southern Alberta Cancer Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Clark H. Smith Brain Tumour Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - N-H Dang
- Southern Alberta Cancer Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Oncology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Clark H. Smith Brain Tumour Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - M Alshehri
- Southern Alberta Cancer Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Oncology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Clark H. Smith Brain Tumour Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - S M Robbins
- Southern Alberta Cancer Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Hughes Childhood Cancer Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Oncology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Clark H. Smith Brain Tumour Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - D L Senger
- Southern Alberta Cancer Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Hughes Childhood Cancer Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Oncology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Clark H. Smith Brain Tumour Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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15
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Kegelman TP, Hu B, Emdad L, Das SK, Sarkar D, Fisher PB. In vivo modeling of malignant glioma: the road to effective therapy. Adv Cancer Res 2015; 121:261-330. [PMID: 24889534 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800249-0.00007-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Despite an increased emphasis on developing new therapies for malignant gliomas, they remain among the most intractable tumors faced today as they demonstrate a remarkable ability to evade current treatment strategies. Numerous candidate treatments fail at late stages, often after showing promising preclinical results. This disconnect highlights the continued need for improved animal models of glioma, which can be used to both screen potential targets and authentically recapitulate the human condition. This review examines recent developments in the animal modeling of glioma, from more established rat models to intriguing new systems using Drosophila and zebrafish that set the stage for higher throughput studies of potentially useful targets. It also addresses the versatility of mouse modeling using newly developed techniques recreating human protocols and sophisticated genetically engineered approaches that aim to characterize the biology of gliomagenesis. The use of these and future models will elucidate both new targets and effective combination therapies that will impact on disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy P Kegelman
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Bin Hu
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Luni Emdad
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA; VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA; VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Swadesh K Das
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA; VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Devanand Sarkar
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA; VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA; VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Paul B Fisher
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA; VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA; VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA.
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16
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Teodorczyk M, Schmidt MHH. Notching on Cancer's Door: Notch Signaling in Brain Tumors. Front Oncol 2015; 4:341. [PMID: 25601901 PMCID: PMC4283135 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Notch receptors play an essential role in the regulation of central cellular processes during embryonic and postnatal development. The mammalian genome encodes for four Notch paralogs (Notch 1–4), which are activated by three Delta-like (Dll1/3/4) and two Serrate-like (Jagged1/2) ligands. Further, non-canonical Notch ligands such as epidermal growth factor like protein 7 (EGFL7) have been identified and serve mostly as antagonists of Notch signaling. The Notch pathway prevents neuronal differentiation in the central nervous system by driving neural stem cell maintenance and commitment of neural progenitor cells into the glial lineage. Notch is therefore often implicated in the development of brain tumors, as tumor cells share various characteristics with neural stem and progenitor cells. Notch receptors are overexpressed in gliomas and their oncogenicity has been confirmed by gain- and loss-of-function studies in vitro and in vivo. To this end, special attention is paid to the impact of Notch signaling on stem-like brain tumor-propagating cells as these cells contribute to growth, survival, invasion, and recurrence of brain tumors. Based on the outcome of ongoing studies in vivo, Notch-directed therapies such as γ-secretase inhibitors and blocking antibodies have entered and completed various clinical trials. This review summarizes the current knowledge on Notch signaling in brain tumor formation and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Teodorczyk
- Molecular Signal Transduction Laboratories, Institute for Microscopic Anatomy and Neurobiology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), Rhine Main Neuroscience Network (rmn2), Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz School of Medicine , Mainz , Germany
| | - Mirko H H Schmidt
- Molecular Signal Transduction Laboratories, Institute for Microscopic Anatomy and Neurobiology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), Rhine Main Neuroscience Network (rmn2), Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz School of Medicine , Mainz , Germany
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17
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Lötsch D, Steiner E, Holzmann K, Spiegl-Kreinecker S, Pirker C, Hlavaty J, Petznek H, Hegedus B, Garay T, Mohr T, Sommergruber W, Grusch M, Berger W. Major vault protein supports glioblastoma survival and migration by upregulating the EGFR/PI3K signalling axis. Oncotarget 2014; 4:1904-18. [PMID: 24243798 PMCID: PMC3875758 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.1264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite their ubiquitous expression and high conservation during evolution, precise cellular functions of vault ribonucleoparticles, mainly built of multiple major vault protein (MVP) copies, are still enigmatic. With regard to cancer, vaults were shown to be upregulated during drug resistance development as well as malignant transformation and progression. Such in a previous study we demonstrated that human astrocytic brain tumours including glioblastoma are generally high in vault levels while MVP expression in normal brain is comparably low. However a direct contribution to the malignant phenotype in general and that of glioblastoma in particular has not been established so far. Thus we address the questions whether MVP itself has a pro-tumorigenic function in glioblastoma. Based on a large tissue collection, we re-confirm strong MVP expression in gliomas as compared to healthy brain. Further, the impact of MVP on human glioblastoma aggressiveness was analysed by using gene transfection, siRNA knock-down and dominant-negative genetic approaches. Our results demonstrate that MVP/vaults significantly support migratory and invasive competence as well as starvation resistance of glioma cells in vitro and in vivo. The enhanced aggressiveness was based on MVP-mediated stabilization of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)/phosphatidyl-inositol-3-kinase (PI3K) signalling axis. Consequently, MVP overexpression resulted in enhanced growth and brain invasion in human glioblastoma xenograft models. Our study demonstrates, for the first time, that vaults have a tumour-promoting potential by stabilizing EGFR/PI3K-mediated migration and survival pathways in human glioblastoma.
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18
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Gao X, Mi Y, Ma Y, Jin W. LEF1 regulates glioblastoma cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and cancer stem-like cell self-renewal. Tumour Biol 2014; 35:11505-11. [PMID: 25128061 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-2466-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM; WHO grade IV) is one of the most common primary tumors of the central nervous system. This disease remains one of the incurable human malignancies because the molecular mechanism driving the GBM development and recurrence is still largely unknown. Here, we show that knockdown of lymphocyte enhancer factor-1 (LEF1), a major transcription factor of Wnt pathway, inhibits U251 cell migration, invasion, and proliferation. Furthermore, downregulation of LEF1 expression inhibits the self-renewal capacity of U251 GBM stem-like cells and decreases the expression level of the GBM stem-like cell (GSC) markers such as CD133 and nestin. Our findings reveal that LEF1 maintains the GBM cell proliferation, migration, and GBM stem-like cell self-renewal. Taken together, these results suggest that LEF1 may be a novel therapeutic target for GBM suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingchun Gao
- Institute of Basic Medicine Science, Xi'an Medical University, 1 Xin Wang Road, Xi'an, 710021, China,
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19
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Gao X, Jin W. The emerging role of tumor-suppressive microRNA-218 in targeting glioblastoma stemness. Cancer Lett 2014; 353:25-31. [PMID: 25042866 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Revised: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is by far the most common and most aggressive malignant primary tumor in humans and has poor outcomes despite many advances in treatment using combinations of surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Recent studies demonstrate that GBM contains a subpopulation of cancer cells with stem cell characteristics, including self-renewal and multipotentiality, and that these cancer stem cells contribute to disease progression. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding regulatory RNA molecules that regulate a variety of cellular processes, including stem cell maintenance. An accumulating body of evidence shows that miR-218 may act as a tumor suppressor by inhibiting glioblastoma invasion, migration, proliferation and stemness through its different targets, indicating the great potential and relevance of miR-218 as a novel class of therapeutic target in glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingchun Gao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an 710021, China; Institute of Nano Biomedicine and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology of the Ministry of Education, Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electronic Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Weilin Jin
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an 710021, China; Institute of Nano Biomedicine and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology of the Ministry of Education, Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electronic Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China; School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
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20
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Sangar V, Funk CC, Kusebauch U, Campbell DS, Moritz RL, Price ND. Quantitative proteomic analysis reveals effects of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) on invasion-promoting proteins secreted by glioblastoma cells. Mol Cell Proteomics 2014; 13:2618-31. [PMID: 24997998 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m114.040428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme is a highly invasive and aggressive brain tumor with an invariably poor prognosis. The overexpression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a primary influencer of invasion and proliferation in tumor cells and the constitutively active EGFRvIII mutant, found in 30-65% of Glioblastoma multiforme, confers more aggressive invasion. To better understand how EGFR contributes to tumor aggressiveness, we investigated the effect of EGFR on the secreted levels of 65 rationally selected proteins involved in invasion. We employed selected reaction monitoring targeted mass spectrometry using stable isotope labeled internal peptide standards to quantity proteins in the secretome from five GBM (U87) isogenic cell lines in which EGFR, EGFRvIII, and/or PTEN were expressed. Our results show that cell lines with EGFR overexpression and constitutive EGFRvIII expression differ remarkably in the expression profiles for both secreted and intracellular signaling proteins, and alterations in EGFR signaling result in reproducible changes in concentrations of secreted proteins. Furthermore, the EGFRvIII-expressing mutant cell line secretes the majority of the selected invasion-promoting proteins at higher levels than other cell lines tested. Additionally, the intracellular and extracellular protein measurements indicate elevated oxidative stress in the EGFRvIII-expressing cell line. In conclusion, the results of our study demonstrate that EGFR signaling has a significant effect on the levels of secreted invasion-promoting proteins, likely contributing to the aggressiveness of Glioblastoma multiforme. Further characterization of these proteins may provide candidates for new therapeutic strategies and targets as well as biomarkers for this aggressive disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vineet Sangar
- From the ‡Institute for Systems Biology, 401 Terry Ave N, Seattle, Washington, 98109
| | - Cory C Funk
- From the ‡Institute for Systems Biology, 401 Terry Ave N, Seattle, Washington, 98109
| | - Ulrike Kusebauch
- From the ‡Institute for Systems Biology, 401 Terry Ave N, Seattle, Washington, 98109
| | - David S Campbell
- From the ‡Institute for Systems Biology, 401 Terry Ave N, Seattle, Washington, 98109
| | - Robert L Moritz
- From the ‡Institute for Systems Biology, 401 Terry Ave N, Seattle, Washington, 98109
| | - Nathan D Price
- From the ‡Institute for Systems Biology, 401 Terry Ave N, Seattle, Washington, 98109
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21
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Combined PDK1 and CHK1 inhibition is required to kill glioblastoma stem-like cells in vitro and in vivo. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1223. [PMID: 24810059 PMCID: PMC4047898 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Revised: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and deadly adult brain tumor. Despite aggressive surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy, the life expectancy of patients diagnosed with GBM is ∼14 months. The extremely aggressive nature of GBM results from glioblastoma stem-like cells (GSCs) that sustain GBM growth, survive intensive chemotherapy, and give rise to tumor recurrence. There is accumulating evidence revealing that GSC resilience is because of concomitant activation of multiple survival pathways. In order to decode the signal transduction networks responsible for the malignant properties of GSCs, we analyzed a collection of GSC lines using a dual, but complementary, experimental approach, that is, reverse-phase protein microarrays (RPPMs) and kinase inhibitor library screening. We treated GSCs in vitro with clinically relevant concentrations of temozolomide (TMZ) and performed RPPM to detect changes in phosphorylation patterns that could be associated with resistance. In addition, we screened GSCs in vitro with a library of protein and lipid kinase inhibitors to identify specific targets involved in GSC survival and proliferation. We show that GSCs are relatively insensitive to TMZ treatment in terms of pathway activation and, although displaying heterogeneous individual phospho-proteomic profiles, most GSCs are resistant to specific inhibition of the major signaling pathways involved in cell survival and proliferation. However, simultaneous multipathway inhibition by the staurosporin derivative UCN-01 results in remarkable inhibition of GSC growth in vitro. The activity of UCN-01 on GSCs was confirmed in two in vivo models of GBM growth. Finally, we used RPPM to study the molecular and functional effects of UCN-01 and demonstrated that the sensitivity to UCN-01 correlates with activation of survival signals mediated by PDK1 and the DNA damage response initiated by CHK1. Taken together, our results suggest that a combined inhibition of PDK1 and CHK1 represents a potentially effective therapeutic approach to reduce the growth of human GBM.
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22
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Bayin NS, Modrek AS, Placantonakis DG. Glioblastoma stem cells: Molecular characteristics and therapeutic implications. World J Stem Cells 2014; 6:230-238. [PMID: 24772249 PMCID: PMC3999780 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v6.i2.230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2014] [Revised: 01/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM) is a grade IV astrocytoma, with a median survival of 14.6 mo. Within GBM, stem-like cells, namely glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs), have the ability to self-renew, differentiate into distinct lineages within the tumor and initiate tumor xenografts in immunocompromised animal models. More importantly, GSCs utilize cell-autonomous and tumor microenvironment-mediated mechanisms to overcome current therapeutic approaches. They are, therefore, very important therapeutic targets. Although the functional criteria defining GSCs are well defined, their molecular characteristics, the mechanisms whereby they establish the cellular hierarchy within tumors, and their contribution to tumor heterogeneity are not well understood. This review is aimed at summarizing current findings about GSCs and their therapeutic importance from a molecular and cellular point of view. A better characterization of GSCs is crucial for designing effective GSC-targeted therapies.
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Qin Y, Fu M, Takahashi M, Iwanami A, Kuga D, Rao RG, Sudhakar D, Huang T, Kiyohara M, Torres K, Dillard C, Inagaki A, Kasahara N, Goodglick L, Braun J, Mischel PS, Gordon LK, Wadehra M. Epithelial membrane protein-2 (EMP2) activates Src protein and is a novel therapeutic target for glioblastoma. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:13974-85. [PMID: 24644285 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.543728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite recent advances in molecular classification, surgery, radiotherapy, and targeted therapies, the clinical outcome of patients with malignant brain tumors remains extremely poor. In this study, we have identified the tetraspan protein epithelial membrane protein-2 (EMP2) as a potential target for glioblastoma (GBM) killing. EMP2 had low or undetectable expression in normal brain but was highly expressed in GBM as 95% of patients showed some expression of the protein. In GBM cells, EMP2 enhanced tumor growth in vivo in part by up-regulating αvβ3 integrin surface expression, activating focal adhesion kinase and Src kinases, and promoting cell migration and invasion. Consistent with these findings, EMP2 expression significantly correlated with activated Src kinase in patient samples and promoted tumor cell invasion using intracranial mouse models. As a proof of principle to determine whether EMP2 could serve as a target for therapy, cells were treated using specific anti-EMP2 antibody reagents. These reagents were effective in killing GBM cells in vitro and in reducing tumor load in subcutaneous mouse models. These results support the role of EMP2 in the pathogenesis of GBM and suggest that anti-EMP2 treatment may be a novel therapeutic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Qin
- From the Departments of Ophthalmology and
| | | | - Masamichi Takahashi
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095 and
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Akihito Inagaki
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095 and
| | - Noriyuki Kasahara
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095 and
| | - Lee Goodglick
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, and
| | - Jonathan Braun
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, and
| | - Paul S Mischel
- the Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Department of Pathology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | | | - Madhuri Wadehra
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, and
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A novel PTEN/mutant p53/c-Myc/Bcl-XL axis mediates context-dependent oncogenic effects of PTEN with implications for cancer prognosis and therapy. Neoplasia 2014; 15:952-65. [PMID: 23908595 DOI: 10.1593/neo.13376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Revised: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphatase and tensin homolog located on chromosome 10 (PTEN) is one of the most frequently mutated tumor suppressors in human cancer including in glioblastoma. Here, we show that PTEN exerts unconventional oncogenic effects in glioblastoma through a novel PTEN/mutant p53/c-Myc/Bcl-XL molecular and functional axis. Using a wide array of molecular, genetic, and functional approaches, we demonstrate that PTEN enhances a transcriptional complex containing gain-of-function mutant p53, CBP, and NFY in human glioblastoma cells and tumor tissues. The mutant p53/CBP/NFY complex transcriptionally activates the oncogenes c-Myc and Bcl-XL, leading to increased cell proliferation, survival, invasion, and clonogenicity. Disruption of the mutant p53/c-Myc/Bcl-XL axis or mutant p53/CBP/NFY complex reverses the transcriptional and oncogenic effects of PTEN and unmasks its tumor-suppressive function. Consistent with these data, we find that PTEN expression is associated with worse patient survival than PTEN loss in tumors harboring mutant p53 and that a small molecule modulator of p53 exerts greater antitumor effects in PTEN-expressing cancer cells. Altogether, our study describes a new signaling pathway that mediates context-dependent oncogenic/tumor-suppressive role of PTEN. The data also indicate that the combined mutational status of PTEN and p53 influences cancer prognosis and anticancer therapies that target PTEN and p53.
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Sayegh ET, Kaur G, Bloch O, Parsa AT. Systematic review of protein biomarkers of invasive behavior in glioblastoma. Mol Neurobiol 2013; 49:1212-44. [PMID: 24271659 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-013-8593-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is an aggressive and incurable brain tumor with a grave prognosis. Recurrence is inevitable even with maximal surgical resection, in large part because GBM is a highly invasive tumor. Invasiveness also contributes to the failure of multiple cornerstones of GBM therapy, including radiotherapy, temozolomide chemotherapy, and vascular endothelial growth factor blockade. In recent years there has been significant progress in the identification of protein biomarkers of invasive phenotype in GBM. In this article, we comprehensively review the literature and survey a broad spectrum of biomarkers, including proteolytic enzymes, extracellular matrix proteins, cell adhesion molecules, neurodevelopmental factors, cell signaling and transcription factors, angiogenic effectors, metabolic proteins, membrane channels, and cytokines and chemokines. In light of the marked variation seen in outcomes in GBM patients, the systematic use of these biomarkers could be used to form a framework for better prediction, prognostication, and treatment selection, as well as the identification of molecular targets for further laboratory investigation and development of nascent, directed therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eli T Sayegh
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 676 N. St. Clair Street, Suite 2210, Chicago, IL, 60611-2911, USA
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26
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Coniglio SJ, Segall JE. Review: molecular mechanism of microglia stimulated glioblastoma invasion. Matrix Biol 2013; 32:372-80. [PMID: 23933178 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2013.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Revised: 07/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme is one of the deadliest human cancers and is characterized by a high degree of microglia and macrophage infiltration. The role of these glioma infiltrating macrophages (GIMs) in disease progression has been the subject of recent investigation. While initially thought to reflect an immune response to the tumor, the balance of evidence clearly suggests GIMs can have potent tumor-tropic functions and assist in glioma cell growth and infiltration into normal brain. In this review, we focus on the evidence for GIMs aiding mediating glioblastoma motility and invasion. We survey the literature for molecular pathways that are involved in paracrine interaction between glioma cells and GIMs and assess which of these might serve as attractive targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore J Coniglio
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Bronx, NY 10461, United States.
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Initiation of GalNAc-type O-glycosylation in the endoplasmic reticulum promotes cancer cell invasiveness. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:E3152-61. [PMID: 23912186 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1305269110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 330] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasiveness underlies cancer aggressiveness and is a hallmark of malignancy. Most malignant tumors have elevated levels of Tn, an O-GalNAc glycan. Mechanisms underlying Tn up-regulation and its effects remain unclear. Here we show that Golgi-to-endoplasmic reticulum relocation of polypeptide N-acetylgalactosamine-transferases (GalNAc-Ts) drives high Tn levels in cancer cell lines and in 70% of malignant breast tumors. This process stimulates cell adhesion to the extracellular matrix, as well as migration and invasiveness. The GalNAc-Ts lectin domain, mediating high-density glycosylation, is critical for these effects. Interfering with the lectin domain function inhibited carcinoma cell migration in vitro and metastatic potential in mice. We also show that stimulation of cell migration is dependent on Tn-bearing proteins present in lamellipodia of migrating cells. Our findings suggest that relocation of GalNAc-Ts to the endoplasmic reticulum frequently occurs upon cancerous transformation to enhance tumor cell migration and invasiveness through modification of cell surface proteins.
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Jahnke HG, Heimann A, Azendorf R, Mpoukouvalas K, Kempski O, Robitzki AA, Charalampaki P. Impedance spectroscopy--an outstanding method for label-free and real-time discrimination between brain and tumor tissue in vivo. Biosens Bioelectron 2013; 46:8-14. [PMID: 23500470 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2013.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Revised: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Until today, brain tumors especially glioblastoma are difficult to treat and therefore, results in a poor survival rate of 0-14% over five years. To overcome this problem, the development of novel therapeutics as well as optimization of neurosurgical procedures to remove the tumor tissue are subject of intensive research. The main problem of the tumor excision, as the primary clinical intervention is the diffuse infiltration of the tumor cells in unaltered brain tissue that complicates the complete removal of residual tumor cells. In this context, we are developing novel approaches for the label-free discrimination between tumor tissue and unaltered brain tissue in real-time during the surgical process. Using our impedance spectroscopy-based measurement system in combination with flexible microelectrode arrays we could successfully demonstrate the discrimination between a C6-glioma and unaltered brain tissue in an in vivo rat model. The analysis of the impedance spectra revealed specific impedance spectrum shape characteristics of physiologic neuronal tissue in the frequency range of 10-500 kHz that were significantly different from the tumor tissue. Moreover, we used an adapted equivalent circuit model to get a deeper understanding for the nature of the observed effects. The impedimetric label-free and real-time discrimination of tumor from unaltered brain tissue offers the possibility for the implementation in surgical instruments to support surgeons to decide, which tissue areas should be removed and which should be remained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heinz-Georg Jahnke
- Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine (BBZ), Deutscher Platz 5, Leipzig, Germany.
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29
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Blockade of EGFR signaling promotes glioma stem-like cell invasiveness by abolishing ID3-mediated inhibition of p27KIP1 and MMP3 expression. Cancer Lett 2013; 328:235-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2012.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2012] [Revised: 09/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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TGF-β as a therapeutic target in high grade gliomas - promises and challenges. Biochem Pharmacol 2012; 85:478-85. [PMID: 23159669 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2012.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Revised: 11/08/2012] [Accepted: 11/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is a cytokine with a key role in tissue homeostasis and cancer. TGF-β elicits both tumor suppressive and tumor promoting functions during cancer progression, in a wide range of cancers. Here, we review the tumor promoting function of TGF-β and its possible promise as a therapeutic target in high grade gliomas, including glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), a disease with very poor prognosis. TGF-β signaling is highly active in high grade gliomas and elevated TGF-β activity has been associated with poor clinical outcome in this deadly disease. Common features of GBMs include fast cell proliferation, invasion into normal brain parenchyma, hypoxia, high angiogenic - and immunosuppressive activity, characteristics that all have been linked to activation of the TGF-β pathway. TGF-β signaling has also been connected with the cancer stem cell (CSC) phenotype in GBM. CSCs represent a subset of GBM cells thought to be responsible for tumor initiation, progression and relapse of disease. Following the description of these different properties of TGF-β signaling and the underlying mechanisms identified thus far, the promise of TGF-β targeted therapy in malignant gliomas is discussed. Several drugs targeting TGF-β signaling have been developed that showed potent antitumor activity in preclinical models. A number of agents are currently evaluated in early clinical studies in glioma patients. Available results of these studies are highlighted and a perspective on the promise of TGF-β-targeted therapy is given.
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31
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Qutaish MQ, Sullivant KE, Burden-Gulley SM, Lu H, Roy D, Wang J, Basilion JP, Brady-Kalnay SM, Wilson DL. Cryo-image analysis of tumor cell migration, invasion, and dispersal in a mouse xenograft model of human glioblastoma multiforme. Mol Imaging Biol 2012; 14:572-83. [PMID: 22125093 PMCID: PMC3444683 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-011-0525-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The goals of this study were to create cryo-imaging methods to quantify characteristics (size, dispersal, and blood vessel density) of mouse orthotopic models of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) and to enable studies of tumor biology, targeted imaging agents, and theranostic nanoparticles. PROCEDURES Green fluorescent protein-labeled, human glioma LN-229 cells were implanted into mouse brain. At 20-38 days, cryo-imaging gave whole brain, 4-GB, 3D microscopic images of bright field anatomy, including vasculature, and fluorescent tumor. Image analysis/visualization methods were developed. RESULTS Vessel visualization and segmentation methods successfully enabled analyses. The main tumor mass volume, the number of dispersed clusters, the number of cells/cluster, and the percent dispersed volume all increase with age of the tumor. Histograms of dispersal distance give a mean and median of 63 and 56 μm, respectively, averaged over all brains. Dispersal distance tends to increase with age of the tumors. Dispersal tends to occur along blood vessels. Blood vessel density did not appear to increase in and around the tumor with this cell line. CONCLUSION Cryo-imaging and software allow, for the first time, 3D, whole brain, microscopic characterization of a tumor from a particular cell line. LN-229 exhibits considerable dispersal along blood vessels, a characteristic of human tumors that limits treatment success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Q Qutaish
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Room 319 Wickenden Bldg., 2071 Martin Luther King Jr. Drive, Cleveland, OH 44106-7207, USA
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Dikshit B, Irshad K, Madan E, Aggarwal N, Sarkar C, Chandra PS, Gupta DK, Chattopadhyay P, Sinha S, Chosdol K. FAT1 acts as an upstream regulator of oncogenic and inflammatory pathways, via PDCD4, in glioma cells. Oncogene 2012; 32:3798-808. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2012.393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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33
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Loftus JC, Ross JTD, Paquette KM, Paulino VM, Nasser S, Yang Z, Kloss J, Kim S, Berens ME, Tran NL. miRNA expression profiling in migrating glioblastoma cells: regulation of cell migration and invasion by miR-23b via targeting of Pyk2. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39818. [PMID: 22745829 PMCID: PMC3382150 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2012] [Accepted: 05/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glioblastoma (GB) is the most common and lethal type of primary brain tumor. Clinical outcome remains poor and is essentially palliative due to the highly invasive nature of the disease. A more thorough understanding of the molecular mechanisms that drive glioma invasion is required to limit dispersion of malignant glioma cells. Methodology/Principal Findings We investigated the potential role of differential expression of microRNAs (miRNA) in glioma invasion by comparing the matched large-scale, genome-wide miRNA expression profiles of migrating and migration-restricted human glioma cells. Migratory and migration-restricted cell populations from seven glioma cell lines were isolated and profiled for miRNA expression. Statistical analyses revealed a set of miRNAs common to all seven glioma cell lines that were significantly down regulated in the migrating cell population relative to cells in the migration-restricted population. Among the down-regulated miRNAs, miR-23b has been reported to target potential drivers of cell migration and invasion in other cell types. Over-expression of miR-23b significantly inhibited glioma cell migration and invasion. A bioinformatics search revealed a conserved target site within the 3′ untranslated region (UTR) of Pyk2, a non-receptor tyrosine kinase previously implicated in the regulation of glioma cell migration and invasion. Increased expression of miR-23b reduced the protein expression level of Pyk2 in glioma cells but did not significantly alter the protein expression level of the related focal adhesion kinase FAK. Expression of Pyk2 via a transcript variant missing the 3′UTR in miR-23b-expressing cells partially rescued cell migration, whereas expression of Pyk2 via a transcript containing an intact 3′UTR failed to rescue cell migration. Conclusions/Significance Reduced expression of miR-23b enhances glioma cell migration in vitro and invasion ex vivo via modulation of Pyk2 protein expression. The data suggest that specific miRNAs may regulate glioma migration and invasion to influence the progression of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph C. Loftus
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, Arizona, United States of America
- * E-mail: (NLT); (JCL)
| | - Julianna T. D. Ross
- Cancer and Cell Biology Division, The Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Kimberly M. Paquette
- Cancer and Cell Biology Division, The Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Vincent M. Paulino
- Cancer and Cell Biology Division, The Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Sara Nasser
- Computational Biology Division, The Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Zhongbo Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Jean Kloss
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Seungchan Kim
- Computational Biology Division, The Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Michael E. Berens
- Cancer and Cell Biology Division, The Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Nhan L. Tran
- Cancer and Cell Biology Division, The Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
- * E-mail: (NLT); (JCL)
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Dunn GP, Rinne ML, Wykosky J, Genovese G, Quayle SN, Dunn IF, Agarwalla PK, Chheda MG, Campos B, Wang A, Brennan C, Ligon KL, Furnari F, Cavenee WK, Depinho RA, Chin L, Hahn WC. Emerging insights into the molecular and cellular basis of glioblastoma. Genes Dev 2012. [PMID: 22508724 DOI: 10.1101/gad.187922.112.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma is both the most common and lethal primary malignant brain tumor. Extensive multiplatform genomic characterization has provided a higher-resolution picture of the molecular alterations underlying this disease. These studies provide the emerging view that "glioblastoma" represents several histologically similar yet molecularly heterogeneous diseases, which influences taxonomic classification systems, prognosis, and therapeutic decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin P Dunn
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Dunn GP, Rinne ML, Wykosky J, Genovese G, Quayle SN, Dunn IF, Agarwalla PK, Chheda MG, Campos B, Wang A, Brennan C, Ligon KL, Furnari F, Cavenee WK, Depinho RA, Chin L, Hahn WC. Emerging insights into the molecular and cellular basis of glioblastoma. Genes Dev 2012; 26:756-84. [PMID: 22508724 DOI: 10.1101/gad.187922.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 415] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma is both the most common and lethal primary malignant brain tumor. Extensive multiplatform genomic characterization has provided a higher-resolution picture of the molecular alterations underlying this disease. These studies provide the emerging view that "glioblastoma" represents several histologically similar yet molecularly heterogeneous diseases, which influences taxonomic classification systems, prognosis, and therapeutic decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin P Dunn
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Berendsen S, Broekman M, Seute T, Snijders T, van Es C, de Vos F, Regli L, Robe P. Valproic acid for the treatment of malignant gliomas: review of the preclinical rationale and published clinical results. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2012; 21:1391-415. [DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2012.694425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Pierre Robe
- UMC Utrecht,
Utrecht, Netherlands
- University of Liège,
Liège, Belgium
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Nageswara Rao AA, Scafidi J, Wells EM, Packer RJ. Biologically targeted therapeutics in pediatric brain tumors. Pediatr Neurol 2012; 46:203-11. [PMID: 22490764 PMCID: PMC3654250 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2012.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2011] [Accepted: 02/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Pediatric brain tumors are often difficult to cure and involve significant morbidity when treated with traditional treatment modalities, including neurosurgery, conventional chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. During the past two decades, a clearer understanding of tumorigenesis, molecular growth pathways, and immune mechanisms in the pathogenesis of cancer has opened up promising avenues for therapy. Pediatric clinical trials with novel biologic agents are underway to treat various pediatric brain tumors, including high and low grade gliomas and embryonal tumors. As the therapeutic potential of these agents undergoes evaluation, their toxicity profiles are also becoming better understood. These agents have potentially better central nervous system penetration and lower toxicity profiles compared with conventional chemotherapy. In infants and younger children, biologic agents may prove to be of equal or greater efficacy compared with traditional chemotherapy and radiation therapy, and may reduce the deleterious side effects of traditional therapeutics on the developing brain. Molecular pathways implicated in pediatric brain tumors, agents that target these pathways, and current clinical trials are reviewed. Associated neurologic toxicities will be discussed subsequently. Considerable work is needed to establish the efficacy of these agents alone and in combination, but pediatric neurologists should be aware of these agents and their rationale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amulya A. Nageswara Rao
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota,Department of Neurology and Pediatrics, George Washington University, Washington, DC,Brain Tumor Institute, Children’s National Medical Center, Washington, DC,Center for Neuroscience and Behavioral Medicine, Children’s National Medical Center, Washington, DC
| | - Joseph Scafidi
- Department of Neurology and Pediatrics, George Washington University, Washington, DC,Brain Tumor Institute, Children’s National Medical Center, Washington, DC,Center for Neuroscience and Behavioral Medicine, Children’s National Medical Center, Washington, DC
| | - Elizabeth M. Wells
- Department of Neurology and Pediatrics, George Washington University, Washington, DC,Brain Tumor Institute, Children’s National Medical Center, Washington, DC,Center for Neuroscience and Behavioral Medicine, Children’s National Medical Center, Washington, DC
| | - Roger J. Packer
- Department of Neurology and Pediatrics, George Washington University, Washington, DC,Brain Tumor Institute, Children’s National Medical Center, Washington, DC,Center for Neuroscience and Behavioral Medicine, Children’s National Medical Center, Washington, DC,Communications should be addressed to: Dr. Packer; Department of Neurology; Children’s National Medical Center; 111 Michigan Avenue NW; Washington, DC 20010.
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Delic S, Lottmann N, Jetschke K, Reifenberger G, Riemenschneider MJ. Identification and functional validation of CDH11, PCSK6 and SH3GL3 as novel glioma invasion-associated candidate genes. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2012; 38:201-12. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2990.2011.01207.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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39
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da Fonseca A, Romão L, Amaral R, Assad Kahn S, Lobo D, Martins S, Marcondes de Souza J, Moura-Neto V, Lima F. Microglial stress inducible protein 1 promotes proliferation and migration in human glioblastoma cells. Neuroscience 2012; 200:130-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2011] [Revised: 10/10/2011] [Accepted: 10/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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40
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The role of lipid rafts in cancer cell adhesion and migration. Int J Cell Biol 2011; 2012:763283. [PMID: 22253629 PMCID: PMC3255102 DOI: 10.1155/2012/763283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2011] [Revised: 09/20/2011] [Accepted: 09/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipid rafts are cholesterol-enriched microdomains of the cell membrane and possess a highly dynamic nature. They have been involved in various cellular functions including the regulation of cell adhesion and membrane signaling through proteins within lipid rafts. The dynamic features of the cancer cell surface may modulate the malignant phenotype of cancer, including adhesion disorders and aggressive phenotypes of migration and invasion. Recently, it was demonstrated that lipid rafts play critical roles in cancer cell adhesion and migration. This article summarizes the important roles of lipid rafts in cancer cell adhesion and migration, with a focus on the current state of knowledge. This article will improve the understanding of cancer progression and lead to the development of novel targets for cancer therapy.
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Kijima N, Hosen N, Kagawa N, Hashimoto N, Nakano A, Fujimoto Y, Kinoshita M, Sugiyama H, Yoshimine T. CD166/activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule is expressed on glioblastoma progenitor cells and involved in the regulation of tumor cell invasion. Neuro Oncol 2011; 14:1254-64. [PMID: 22166264 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nor202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
For improvement of prognosis for glioblastoma patients, which remains poor, identification and targeting of glioblastoma progenitor cells are crucial. In this study, we found that the cluster of differentiation (CD)166/activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule (ALCAM) was highly expressed on CD133+ glioblastoma progenitor cells. ALCAM+ CD133+ cells were highly enriched with tumor sphere-initiating cells in vitro. Among gliomas with isocitrate dehydrogenase-1/R132H mutation, the frequencies of ALCAM+ cells were significantly higher for glioblastomas than for World Health Organization grade II or III gliomas. The function of ALCAM in glioblastoma was then investigated. An in vitro invasion assay showed that transfection of ALCAM small interfering RNA or small hairpin RNA into glioblastoma cells significantly increased cell invasion without affecting cell proliferation. A soluble isoform of ALCAM (sALCAM) was also expressed in all glioblastoma samples and at levels that correlated well with ALCAM expression levels. In vitro invasion of glioblastoma cells was significantly enhanced by administration of purified sALCAM. Furthermore, overexpression of sALCAM in U87MG glioblastoma cells promoted tumor progression in i.c. transplants into immune-deficient mice. In summary, we were able to show that ALCAM constitutes a novel glioblastoma progenitor cell marker. We could also demonstrate that ALCAM and its soluble isoform are involved in the regulation of glioblastoma invasion and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyuki Kijima
- Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
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42
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Velpula KK, Dasari VR, Tsung AJ, Dinh DH, Rao JS. Transcriptional repression of Mad-Max complex by human umbilical cord blood stem cells downregulates extracellular signal-regulated kinase in glioblastoma. Stem Cells Dev 2011; 21:1779-93. [PMID: 21933022 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2011.0424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we have shown that human umbilical cord blood stem cell (hUCBSC) treatment downregulate cyclin D1 in glioma cells. To study the cell cycle progression and investigate the upstream molecules regulating cyclin D1 expression, we analyzed the involvement of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and its functionality after treatment with hUCBSC. We observed downregulation of pERK after hUCBSC treatment at both transcriptional and translational levels. Increased translocation of ERK from cytoplasm to the nucleus was observed in glioma cells, whereas hUCBSC cocultures with glioma cells showed suppressed nuclear translocation. This finding suggests that hUCBSC regulates ERK by suppressing its phosphorylation at phospho-Thr(202)/Tyr(204) retarding pERK nuclear translocation. ERK promoter analysis has shown c-Myc binding sites, indicative of possible transcriptional interactions that regulate cyclin D1 and ERK expression levels. Treatment of U251 and 5310 glioma cells with U0126, a MEK/ERK inhibitor receded pERK and c-Myc levels. In another experiment, U251 and 5310 cells treated with 10074-G5, c-Myc/Max inhibitor displayed reduction in pERK and c-Myc levels suggestive of a positive feedback loop between ERK/c-Myc/Max molecules. In the present study, we show that glioma cells exhibit abundant c-Myc expression and increased c-Myc/Max activity. In contrast, the glioma cells cocultured with hUCBSC demonstrated high Mad1 expression that competitively binds to Max to repress the c-Myc/Max mediated gene transcription. Our studies thus elucidate the potential role of hUCBSC in controlling glioma cell cycle progression and invasion by limiting Max binding to c-Myc, thus regulating the expression of glioma cell cycle and invasion associated molecules such as ERK, integrins via increased levels of Mad1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Kumar Velpula
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, IL 61656, USA
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43
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Alves TR, Lima FRS, Kahn SA, Lobo D, Dubois LGF, Soletti R, Borges H, Neto VM. Glioblastoma cells: A heterogeneous and fatal tumor interacting with the parenchyma. Life Sci 2011; 89:532-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2011.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2010] [Revised: 04/19/2011] [Accepted: 04/27/2011] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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44
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Clavreul A, Etcheverry A, Chassevent A, Quillien V, Avril T, Jourdan ML, Michalak S, François P, Carré JL, Mosser J, Menei P. Isolation of a new cell population in the glioblastoma microenvironment. J Neurooncol 2011; 106:493-504. [DOI: 10.1007/s11060-011-0701-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2011] [Accepted: 08/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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45
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Crosstalk between the urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor and EGF receptor variant III supports survival and growth of glioblastoma cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:15984-9. [PMID: 21896743 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1113416108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A truncated and constitutively active form of the EGF receptor, variant III (EGFRvIII), is a major determinant of tumor growth and progression in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). Extensive bidirectional crosstalk occurs in the cell-signaling pathways downstream of the EGFR and the urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR); however, crosstalk between EGFRvIII and uPAR has not been examined. Here, we show that uPAR does not regulate ERK activation in EGFRvIII-expressing GBM cells; however, in GBM cells isolated from four separate xenografts in which EGFRvIII expression was down-regulated in vivo, uPAR assumed a major role in sustaining ERK activation. Phosphorylation of Tyr-845 in the EGFR, which is mediated by Src family kinases, depended on uPAR in EGFRvIII-expressing GBM cells. Activation of the mitogenic and prosurvival transcription factor, STAT5b, downstream of EGFRvIII, also required uPAR. The EGFR-selective tyrosine kinase inhibitors, erlotinib and gefitinib, blocked not only EGFRvIII signaling to ERK but also uPAR-dependent STAT5b activation. uPAR gene silencing in EGFRvIII-expressing GBM cells and in cells from tumors that escaped dependency on EGFRvIII decreased cell survival and proliferation. Xenografts of EGFRvIII-expressing cancer cell lines and a human GBM, which was propagated as a xenograft, were robustly immunopositive for uPAR and phospho-Tyr-845 by immunohistochemistry. A human GBM in which the EGFR gene was amplified without truncation was immunonegative for both uPAR and phospho-Tyr-845. These studies identify distinct cell-signaling activities for uPAR in GBM cells that express EGFRvIII and in cells released from dormancy when EGFRvIII is neutralized. uPAR and its crosstalk pathways with EGFRvIII emerge as logical targets for therapeutics development in GBM.
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46
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Burden-Gulley SM, Qutaish MQ, Sullivant KE, Lu H, Wang J, Craig SEL, Basilion JP, Wilson DL, Brady-Kalnay SM. Novel cryo-imaging of the glioma tumor microenvironment reveals migration and dispersal pathways in vivid three-dimensional detail. Cancer Res 2011; 71:5932-40. [PMID: 21862632 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-11-1553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Traditional methods of imaging cell migration in the tumor microenvironment include serial sections of xenografts and standard histologic stains. Current molecular imaging techniques suffer from low resolution and difficulty in imaging through the skull. Here we show how computer algorithms can be used to reconstruct images from tissue sections obtained from mouse xenograft models of human glioma and can be rendered into three-dimensional images offering exquisite anatomic detail of tumor cell dispersal. Our findings identify human LN-229 and rodent CNS-1 glioma cells as valid systems to study the highly dispersive nature of glioma tumor cells along blood vessels and white matter tracts in vivo. This novel cryo-imaging technique provides a valuable tool to evaluate therapeutic interventions targeted at limiting tumor cell invasion and dispersal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan M Burden-Gulley
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Biomedical Engineering, Neuroscience, NFCR Center for Molecular Imaging, and Radiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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47
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Lu C, Cheng SY. Extranuclear signaling of mutated thyroid hormone receptors in promoting metastatic spread in thyroid carcinogenesis. Steroids 2011; 76:885-91. [PMID: 21473875 PMCID: PMC3129395 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2011.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2010] [Revised: 02/25/2011] [Accepted: 03/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone receptors (TRs) mediate the critical activities of the thyroid hormone (T3) in growth, development, and differentiation. Decreased expression and/or somatic mutations of TRs have been shown to be associated with several types of human cancers including liver, breast, lung, and thyroid. A direct demonstration that TRβ mutants could function as oncogenes is evidenced by the spontaneous development of follicular thyroid carcinoma similar to human cancer in a knockin mouse model harboring a mutated TRβ (denoted as PV; Thrb(PV/PV) mice). PV is a dominant negative mutation identified in a patient with resistance to thyroid hormone. Analysis of altered gene expression and molecular studies of thyroid carcinogenesis in Thrb(PV/PV) mice show that the oncogenic activity of PV is mediated by both nucleus-initiated transcription and extranuclear actions to alter gene expression and signaling transduction activity. This article focuses on recent findings of novel extranuclear actions of PV that affect signaling cascades and thereby the invasiveness, migration, and motility of thyroid tumor cells. These findings have led to identification of potential molecular targets for treatment of metastatic thyroid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changxue Lu
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-4264, USA
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48
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Phillips-Mason PJ, Kaur H, Burden-Gulley SM, Craig SEL, Brady-Kalnay SM. Identification of phospholipase C gamma1 as a protein tyrosine phosphatase mu substrate that regulates cell migration. J Cell Biochem 2011; 112:39-48. [PMID: 20506511 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase PTPµ has a cell-adhesion molecule-like extracellular segment and a catalytically active intracellular segment. This structure gives PTPµ the ability to transduce signals in response to cell-cell adhesion. Full-length PTPµ is down-regulated in glioma cells by proteolysis which is linked to increased migration of these cells in the brain. To gain insight into the substrates PTPµ may be dephosphorylating to suppress glioma cell migration, we used a substrate trapping method to identify PTPµ substrates in tumor cell lines. We identified both PKCδ and PLCγ1 as PTPµ substrates. As PLCγ1 activation is linked to increased invasion of cancer cells, we set out to determine whether PTPµ may be upstream of PLCγ1 in regulating glioma cell migration. We conducted brain slice assays using U87-MG human glioma cells in which PTPµ expression was reduced by shRNA to induce migration. Treatment of the same cells with PTPµ shRNA and a PLCγ1 inhibitor prevented migration of the cells within the brain slice. These data suggest that PLCγ1 is downstream of PTPµ and that dephosphorylation of PLCγ1 is likely to be a major pathway through which PTPµ suppresses glioma cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polly J Phillips-Mason
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106-4960, USA
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49
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Mimeault M, Batra SK. Complex oncogenic signaling networks regulate brain tumor-initiating cells and their progenies: pivotal roles of wild-type EGFR, EGFRvIII mutant and hedgehog cascades and novel multitargeted therapies. Brain Pathol 2011; 21:479-500. [PMID: 21615592 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3639.2011.00505.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Complex signaling cross-talks between different growth factor cascades orchestrate the primary brain cancer development. Among the frequent deregulated oncogenic pathways, the ligand-activated wild-type epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), constitutively activated EGFRvIII mutant and sonic hedgehog pathways have attracted much attention because of their pivotal roles in pediatric medulloblastomas and adult glioblastoma multiformes (GBM) brain tumors. The enhanced expression levels and activation of EGFR, EGFRvIII mutant and hedgehog signaling elements can provide key roles for the sustained growth, migration and local invasion of brain tumor-initiating cells (BTICs) and their progenies, resistance to current therapies and disease relapse. These tumorigenic cascades also can cooperate with Wnt/β-catenin, Notch, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)/PDGF receptors (PDGFRs), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)/c-Met receptor and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)/VEGF receptors (VEGFRs) for the acquisition of a more malignant behavior and survival advantages by brain tumor cells during disease progression. Therefore, the simultaneous targeting of these oncogenic signaling components including wild-type EGFR, EGFRvIII mutant and hedgehog pathways may constitute a potential therapeutic approach of great clinical interest to eradicate BTICs and improve the efficacy of current clinical treatments by radiation and/or chemotherapy against aggressive and recurrent medulloblastomas and GBMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murielle Mimeault
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Eppley Cancer Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Neb. 68198-5870, USA.
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50
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Phillips-Mason PJ, Craig SEL, Brady-Kalnay SM. Should I stay or should I go? Shedding of RPTPs in cancer cells switches signals from stabilizing cell-cell adhesion to driving cell migration. Cell Adh Migr 2011; 5:298-305. [PMID: 21785275 DOI: 10.4161/cam.5.4.16970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Dissolution of cell-cell adhesive contacts and increased cell-extracellular matrix adhesion are hallmarks of the migratory and invasive phenotype of cancer cells. These changes are facilitated by growth factor binding to receptor protein tyrosine kinases (RTKs). In normal cells, cell-cell adhesion molecules (CAMs), including some receptor protein tyrosine phosphatases (RPTPs), antagonize RTK signaling by promoting adhesion over migration. In cancer, RTK signaling is constitutive due to mutated or amplified RTKs, which leads to growth factor independence, or autonomy. An alternative route for a tumor cell to achieve autonomy is to inactivate cell-cell CAMs such as RPTPs. RPTPs directly mediate cell adhesion and regulate both cadherin-dependent adhesion and signaling. In addition, RPTPs antagonize RTK signaling by dephosphorylating molecules activated following ligand binding. Both RPTPs and cadherins are downregulated in tumor cells by cleavage at the cell surface. This results in shedding of the extracellular, adhesive segment and displacement of the intracellular segment, altering its subcellular localization and access to substrates or binding partners. In this commentary we discuss the signals that are altered following RPTP and cadherin cleavage to promote cell migration. Tumor cells both step on the gas (RTKs) and disconnect the brakes (RPTPs and cadherins) during their invasive and metastatic journey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polly J Phillips-Mason
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology; School of Medicine; Case Western Reserve University; Cleveland, OH USA
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