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Exploring the dermotoxicity of the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol: combined morphologic and proteomic profiling of human epidermal cells reveals alteration of lipid biosynthesis machinery and membrane structural integrity relevant for skin barrier function. Arch Toxicol 2021; 95:2201-2221. [PMID: 33890134 PMCID: PMC8166681 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-021-03042-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (vomitoxin, DON) is a secondary metabolite produced by Fusarium spp. fungi and it is one of the most prevalent mycotoxins worldwide. Crop infestation results not only in food and feed contamination, but also in direct dermal exposure, especially during harvest and food processing. To investigate the potential dermotoxicity of DON, epidermoid squamous cell carcinoma cells A431 were compared to primary human neonatal keratinocytes (HEKn) cells via proteome/phosphoproteome profiling. In A431 cells, 10 µM DON significantly down-regulated ribosomal proteins, as well as mitochondrial respiratory chain elements (OXPHOS regulation) and transport proteins (TOMM22; TOMM40; TOMM70A). Mitochondrial impairment was reflected in altered metabolic competence, apparently combined with interference of the lipid biosynthesis machinery. Functional effects on the cell membrane were confirmed by live cell imaging and membrane fluidity assays (0.1–10 µM DON). Moreover, a common denominator for both A431 and HEKn cells was a significant downregulation of the squalene synthase (FDFT1). In sum, proteome alterations could be traced back to the transcription factor Klf4, a crucial regulator of skin barrier function. Overall, these results describe decisive molecular events sustaining the capability of DON to impair skin barrier function. Proteome data generated in the study are fully accessible via ProteomeXchange with the accession numbers PXD011474 and PXD013613.
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Holz O, Apel D, Steinmetz P, Lange E, Hopfenmüller S, Ohler K, Sudhop S, Hassel M. Bud detachment in hydra requires activation of fibroblast growth factor receptor and a Rho-ROCK-myosin II signaling pathway to ensure formation of a basal constriction. Dev Dyn 2017; 246:502-516. [PMID: 28411398 PMCID: PMC5518445 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background:Hydra propagates asexually by exporting tissue into a bud, which detaches 4 days later as a fully differentiated young polyp. Prerequisite for detachment is activation of fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) signaling. The mechanism which enables constriction and tissue separation within the monolayered ecto‐ and endodermal epithelia is unknown. Results: Histological sections and staining of F‐actin by phalloidin revealed conspicuous cell shape changes at the bud detachment site indicating a localized generation of mechanical forces and the potential enhancement of secretory functions in ectodermal cells. By gene expression analysis and pharmacological inhibition, we identified a candidate signaling pathway through Rho, ROCK, and myosin II, which controls bud base constriction and rearrangement of the actin cytoskeleton. Specific regional myosin phosphorylation suggests a crucial role of ectodermal cells at the detachment site. Inhibition of FGFR, Rho, ROCK, or myosin II kinase activity is permissive for budding, but represses myosin phosphorylation, rearrangement of F‐actin and constriction. The young polyp remains permanently connected to the parent by a broad tissue bridge. Conclusions: Our data suggest an essential role of FGFR and a Rho‐ROCK‐myosin II pathway in the control of cell shape changes required for bud detachment. Developmental Dynamics 246:502–516, 2017. © 2017 The Authors Developmental Dynamics published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Association of Anatomists Hydra bud detachment involves the separation of two intact epithelia without cell death. Remarkable cell shape changes and multicellular rosettes at the bud base indicate functional specification and strong mechanical forces. mRNA colocalization, phospho‐myosin analysis and similar phenotypes obtained by pharmacological inhibition suggest a tight correlation between FGFR and a Rho‐ROCK‐Myosin II candidate signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Holz
- Philipps-Universität Marburg, Faculty of Biology, Morphology and Evolution of Invertebrates, Marburg, Germany
| | - David Apel
- Philipps-Universität Marburg, Faculty of Biology, Morphology and Evolution of Invertebrates, Marburg, Germany
| | - Patrick Steinmetz
- Sars International Centre for Marine Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ellen Lange
- Philipps-Universität Marburg, Faculty of Biology, Morphology and Evolution of Invertebrates, Marburg, Germany
| | - Simon Hopfenmüller
- Philipps-Universität Marburg, Faculty of Biology, Morphology and Evolution of Invertebrates, Marburg, Germany
| | - Kerstin Ohler
- Philipps-Universität Marburg, Faculty of Biology, Morphology and Evolution of Invertebrates, Marburg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Sudhop
- Center for Applied Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (CANTER), Munich University of Applied Sciences, Munich, Germany
| | - Monika Hassel
- Philipps-Universität Marburg, Faculty of Biology, Morphology and Evolution of Invertebrates, Marburg, Germany
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Rho-Associated Kinase Inhibitor (Y-27632) Attenuates Doxorubicin-Induced Apoptosis of Human Cardiac Stem Cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144513. [PMID: 26645568 PMCID: PMC4672899 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recent clinical trials using c-kit+ human cardiac stem cells (CSCs) demonstrated promising results in increasing cardiac function and improving quality of life. However, CSC efficiency is low, likely due to limited cell survival and engraftment after transplantation. The Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) inhibitor, Y-27632, significantly increased cell survival rate, adhesion, and migration in numerous types of cells, including stem cells, suggesting a common feature of the ROCK-mediated apoptotic pathway that may also exist in human CSCs. In this study, we examine the hypothesis that pretreatment of human CSCs with Y-27632 protects cells from Doxorubicin (Dox) induced apoptosis. Methods and Results c-kit+ CSCs were cultured in CSC medium for 3–5 days followed by 48hr treatment with 0 to 10μM Y-27632 alone, 0 to 1.0μM Dox alone, or Y-27632 followed by Dox (48hrs). Cell viability, toxicity, proliferation, morphology, migration, Caspase-3 activity, expression levels of apoptotic-related key proteins and c-kit+ were examined. Results showed that 48hr treatment with Y-27632 alone did not result in great changes in c-kit+ expression, proliferation, Caspase-3 activity, or apoptosis; however cell viability was significantly increased and cell migration was promoted. These effects likely involve the ROCK/Actin pathways. In contrast, 48hr treatment with Dox alone dramatically increased Caspase-3 activity, resulting in cell death. Although Y-27632 alone did not affect the expression levels of apoptotic-related key factors (p-Akt, Akt, Bcl-2, Bcl-xl, Bax, cleaved Caspase-3, and Caspase-3) under basal conditions, it significantly inhibited the Dox-induced increase in cleaved Caspase-3 and reduced cell death under Dox treatment. Conclusions We conclude that preconditioning human CSCs with Y-27632 significantly reduces Dox-induced cell death and possibly involves the cleaved Caspase-3 and ROCK/Actin pathways. The beneficial effects of Y-27632 may be applied to stem cell-based therapy to increase cell survival rates after transplantation or to act as a cardiac protective agent for Dox-treated cancer patients.
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Mikami T, Yoshida K, Sawada H, Esaki M, Yasumura K, Ono M. Inhibition of Rho-associated kinases disturbs the collective cell migration of stratified TE-10 cells. Biol Res 2015; 48:48. [PMID: 26330114 PMCID: PMC4556056 DOI: 10.1186/s40659-015-0039-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The collective cell migration of stratified epithelial cells is considered to be an important phenomenon in wound healing, development, and cancer invasion; however, little is known about the mechanisms involved. Furthermore, whereas Rho family proteins, including RhoA, play important roles in cell migration, the exact role of Rho-associated coiled coil-containing protein kinases (ROCKs) in cell migration is controversial and might be cell-type dependent. Here, we report the development of a novel modified scratch assay that was used to observe the collective cell migration of stratified TE-10 cells derived from a human esophageal cancer specimen. Results Desmosomes were found between the TE-10 cells and microvilli of the surface of the cell sheet. The leading edge of cells in the cell sheet formed a simple layer and moved forward regularly; these rows were followed by the stratified epithelium. ROCK inhibitors and ROCK small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) disturbed not only the collective migration of the leading edge of this cell sheet, but also the stratified layer in the rear. In contrast, RhoA siRNA treatment resulted in more rapid migration of the leading rows and disturbed movement of the stratified portion. Conclusions The data presented in this study suggest that ROCKs play an important role in mediating the collective migration of TE-10 cell sheets. In addition, differences between the effects of siRNAs targeting either RhoA or ROCKs suggested that distinct mechanisms regulate the collective cell migration in the simple epithelium of the wound edge versus the stratified layer of the epithelium. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40659-015-0039-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taro Mikami
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa-ken, Japan. .,Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Fujisawa Shounandai Hospital, Fujisawa, Kanagawa-ken, Japan. .,Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Yokohama City University Hospital, Yokohama, Kanagawa-ken, Japan.
| | - Keiichiro Yoshida
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa-ken, Japan.
| | - Hajime Sawada
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa-ken, Japan.
| | - Michiyo Esaki
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa-ken, Japan.
| | - Kazunori Yasumura
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Yokohama City University Hospital, Yokohama, Kanagawa-ken, Japan.
| | - Michio Ono
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa-ken, Japan.
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Giehl K, Keller C, Muehlich S, Goppelt-Struebe M. Actin-mediated gene expression depends on RhoA and Rac1 signaling in proximal tubular epithelial cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121589. [PMID: 25816094 PMCID: PMC4376694 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Morphological alterations of cells can lead to modulation of gene expression. An essential link is the MKL1-dependent activation of serum response factor (SRF), which translates changes in the ratio of G- and F-actin into mRNA transcription. SRF activation is only partially characterized in non-transformed epithelial cells. Therefore, the impact of GTPases of the Rho family and changes in F-actin structures were analyzed in renal proximal tubular epithelial cells. Activation of SRF signaling was compared to the regulation of a known MKL1/SRF target gene, connective tissue growth factor (CTGF). In the human proximal tubular cell line HKC-8 overexpression of two actin mutants either favoring or preventing the formation of F-actin fibers regulated SRF-mediated transcription as well as CTGF expression. Only overexpression of constitutively active RhoA activated SRF-dependent gene expression whereas no effect was detected upon overexpression of Rac1 mutants. To elucidate the functional role of Rho kinases as downstream mediators of RhoA, pharmacological inhibition and genetic inhibition by transient siRNA knock down were compared. Upon stimulation with lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) Rho kinase inhibitors partially suppressed SRF-mediated transcription, whereas interference with Rho kinase expression by siRNA reduced activation of SRF, but barely affected CTGF expression. Together with the partial inhibition of CTGF expression by the pharmacological inhibitors Y27432 and H1154, Rho kinases seem to be less important in mediating RhoA signaling related to CTGF expression in HKC-8 epithelial cells. Short term pharmacological inhibition of Rac1 activity by EHT1864 reduced SRF-dependent CTGF expression in HKC-8 cells, but was overcome by a stimulatory effect after prolonged incubation after 4-6 h. Similarly, human primary cells of proximal but not of distal tubular origin showed inhibitory as well as stimulatory effects of Rac1 inhibition. Thus, RhoA signaling activates MKL1-SRF-mediated CTGF expression in proximal tubular cells, whereas Rac1 signaling is more complex with adaptive cellular responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaudia Giehl
- Signal Transduction of Cellular Motility, Internal Medicine V, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Christof Keller
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Susanne Muehlich
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Margarete Goppelt-Struebe
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Nichols LA, Grunz-Borgmann EA, Wang X, Parrish AR. A role for the age-dependent loss of α(E)-catenin in regulation of N-cadherin expression and cell migration. Physiol Rep 2014; 2:2/6/e12039. [PMID: 24920123 PMCID: PMC4208646 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The aging kidney has a decreased ability to repair following acute kidney injury. Previous studies from our laboratory have demonstrated a loss in α‐catenin expression in the aging rat kidney. We hypothesize that loss of α‐catenin expression in tubular epithelial cells may induce changes that result in a decreased repair capacity. In these studies, we demonstrate that decreased α‐catenin protein expression is detectable as early as 20 months of age in male Fischer 344 rats. Protein loss is also observed in aged nonhuman primate kidneys, suggesting that this is not a species‐specific response. In an effort to elucidate alterations due to the loss of α‐catenin, we generated NRK‐52E cell lines with stable knockdown of α(E)‐catenin (C2 cells). Interestingly, C2 cells had decreased expression of N‐cadherin, decreased cell–cell adhesion, and increased monolayer permeability. C2 had deficits in wound repair, due to alterations in cell migration. Analysis of gene expression in the migrating control cells indicated that expression of N‐cadherin and N‐CAM was increased during repair. In migrating C2 cells, expression of N‐CAM was also increased, but the expression of N‐cadherin was not upregulated. Importantly, a blocking antibody against N‐cadherin inhibited repair in NRK‐52E cells, suggesting an important role in repair. Taken together, these data suggest that loss of α‐catenin, and the subsequent downregulation of N‐cadherin expression, is a mechanism underlying the decreased migration of tubular epithelial cells that contributes to the inability of the aging kidney to repair following injury. Aging is associated with loss of α‐catenin and N‐cadherin expression in the kidney. In these studies, we demonstrate that α‐catenin regulates, in part, N‐cadherin expression and migration in tubular epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- LaNita A Nichols
- Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | | | - Xinhui Wang
- Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Alan R Parrish
- Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
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Keller C, Kroening S, Zuehlke J, Kunath F, Krueger B, Goppelt-Struebe M. Distinct mesenchymal alterations in N-cadherin and E-cadherin positive primary renal epithelial cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e43584. [PMID: 22912891 PMCID: PMC3422254 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Renal tubular epithelial cells of proximal and distal origin differ markedly in their physiological functions. Therefore, we hypothesized that they also differ in their capacity to undergo epithelial to mesenchymal alterations. Results We used cultures of freshly isolated primary human tubular cells. To distinguish cells of different tubular origin we took advantage of the fact that human proximal epithelial cells uniquely express N-cadherin instead of E-cadherin as major cell-cell adhesion molecule. To provoke mesenchymal alteration we treated these cocultures with TGF-β for up to 6 days. Within this time period, the morphology of distal tubular cells was barely altered. In contrast to tubular cell lines, E-cadherin was not down-regulated by TGF-β, even though TGF-β signal transduction was initiated as demonstrated by nuclear localization of Smad2/3. Analysis of transcription factors and miRNAs possibly involved in E-cadherin regulation revealed high levels of miRNAs of the miR200-family, which may contribute to the stability of E-cadherin expression in human distal tubular epithelial cells. By contrast, proximal tubular epithelial cells altered their phenotype when treated with TGF-β. They became elongated and formed three-dimensional structures. Rho-kinases were identified as modulators of TGF-β-induced morphological alterations. Non-specific inhibition of Rho-kinases resulted in stabilization of the epithelial phenotype, while partial effects were observed upon downregulation of Rho-kinase isoforms ROCK1 and ROCK2. The distinct reactivity of proximal and distal cells was retained when the cells were cultured as polarized cells. Conclusions Interference with Rho-kinase signaling provides a target to counteract TGF-β-mediated mesenchymal alterations of epithelial cells, particularly in proximal tubular epithelial cells. Furthermore, primary distal tubular cells differed from cell lines by their high phenotypic stability which included constant expression of E-cadherin. Our cell culture system of primary epithelial cells is thus suitable to understand and modulate cellular remodeling processes of distinct tubular cells relevant for human renal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christof Keller
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sven Kroening
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jonathan Zuehlke
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Frank Kunath
- Department of Urology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Bettina Krueger
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Margarete Goppelt-Struebe
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Rho kinase inhibitors stimulate the migration of human cultured osteoblastic cells by regulating actomyosin activity. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2011; 16:279-95. [PMID: 21394446 PMCID: PMC6275969 DOI: 10.2478/s11658-011-0006-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2010] [Accepted: 03/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the effects of Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) on migration and cytoskeletal organization in primary human osteoblasts and Saos-2 human osteosarcoma cells. Both cell types were exposed to two different ROCK inhibitors, Y-27632 and HA-1077. In the improved motility assay used in the present study, Y-27632 and HA-1077 significantly increased the migration of both osteoblasts and osteosarcoma cells on plastic in a dose-dependent and reversible manner. Fluorescent images showed that cells of both types cultured with Y-27632 or HA-1077 exhibited a stellate appearance, with poor assembly of stress fibers and focal contacts. Western blotting showed that ROCK inhibitors reduced myosin light chain (MLC) phosphorylation within 5 min without affecting overall myosin light-chain protein levels. Inhibition of ROCK activity is thought to enhance the migration of human osteoblasts through reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton and regulation of myosin activity. ROCK inhibitors may be potentially useful as anabolic agents to enhance the biocompatibility of bone and joint prostheses.
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