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Losurdo G, Brescia IV, Lillo C, Mezzapesa M, Barone M, Principi M, Ierardi E, Di Leo A, Rendina M. Liver involvement in inflammatory bowel disease: What should the clinician know? World J Hepatol 2021; 13:1534-1551. [PMID: 34904028 PMCID: PMC8637677 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v13.i11.1534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) may show a wide range of extraintestinal manifestations. In this context, liver involvement is a focal point for both an adequate management of the disease and its prognosis, due to possible serious comorbidity. The association between IBD and primary sclerosing cholangitis is the most known example. This association is relevant because it implies an increased risk of both colorectal cancer and cholangiocarcinoma. Additionally, drugs such as thiopurines or biologic agents can cause drug-induced liver damage; therefore, this event should be considered when planning IBD treatment. Additionally, particular consideration should be given to the evidence that IBD patients may have concomitant chronic viral hepatitis, such as hepatitis B and hepatitis C. Chronic immunosuppressive regimens may cause a hepatitis flare or reactivation of a healthy carrier state, therefore careful monitoring of these patients is necessary. Finally, the spread of obesity has involved even IBD patients, thus increasing the risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, which has already proven to be more common in IBD patients than in the non-IBD population. This phenomenon is considered an emerging issue, as it will become the leading cause of liver cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Losurdo
- Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, Bari 70124, Italy
| | - Irene Vita Brescia
- Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, Bari 70124, Italy
| | - Chiara Lillo
- Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, Bari 70124, Italy
| | - Martino Mezzapesa
- Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, Bari 70124, Italy
| | - Michele Barone
- Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, Bari 70124, Italy
| | - Mariabeatrice Principi
- Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, Bari 70124, Italy
| | - Enzo Ierardi
- Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, Bari 70124, Italy
| | - Alfredo Di Leo
- Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, Bari 70124, Italy
| | - Maria Rendina
- Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, Bari 70124, Italy
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Prospective study of BK virus infection in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:970528. [PMID: 24696669 PMCID: PMC3947848 DOI: 10.1155/2014/970528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have an immune-deficient baseline status further modulated by immunosuppressive therapy that may promote the reactivation of latent viruses such as BK virus (BKV). The aim of this prospective study was to determine the prevalence of BKV infection in IBD patients and its potential relationship with the immunosuppressive treatment. Paired urine and plasma samples from 53 consecutive patients with IBD and 53 controls were analyzed. BKV detection was performed by conventional PCR and positive samples were further quantified by real-time PCR. No viremia was detected. BKV viruria was significantly more common in IBD patients than among the controls (54.7% versus 11.3%; P < 0.0001). The only risk factor for BKV viruria in IBD was age (47.2 ± 16.3 versus 37.8 ± 15.2; P = 0.036), and there was a trend towards higher rate of viruria in outpatients (61.5% versus 38.5%; P = 0.096) and in those not receiving ciprofloxacin (59.5% versus 40.5%; P = 0.17). A clear impact of the immunosuppressive regimen on BKV infection could not be demonstrated.
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Abstract
The use of biological agents and immunomodulators for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has remarkably improved disease management in the current era but at the same time has increased the risk of infectious complications. Patients with IBD on corticosteroids, immunomodulators, and biological agents are considered immunocompromised and are at risk for opportunistic infections. These are infections caused by organisms that take advantage of a weakened immune system, and cause disease, when they ordinarily would cause mild illness or no disease in an immunocompetent host. Risk factors for opportunistic infections include malnutrition, older age, congenital immunodeficiency, HIV infection, chronic diseases, and use of corticosteroids, immunomodulators, and anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha therapy. Apart from immunosuppressive medications and older age, there is only indirect evidence for above risk factors contributing directly to opportunistic infection risk in patients with IBD. Opportunistic infections in patients with IBD include viral infections (herpes viruses, human papillomavirus, influenza virus, and JC virus), bacterial infections (tuberculosis, nocardiosis, Clostridium difficile infection, pneumococcal infection, legionellosis, and listeriosis), fungal infections (histoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, Pneumocystis jirovecii infection, aspergillosis, and candidiasis), and parasite infections (Strongyloides stercoralis). Although these infections lead to high morbidity and mortality, only a minority of patients with IBD develop opportunistic infections. Currently, we lack a test to accurately predict patients at risk of opportunistic infection, and future research needs to focus on biomarkers or predictive models for risk stratification. Until such a test is developed, we need to screen, prevent, diagnose, and treat opportunistic infections in all patients with IBD in a timely manner.
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Bellizzi A, Nardis C, Anzivino E, Rodìo DM, Fioriti D, Mischitelli M, Chiarini F, Pietropaolo V. Human polyomavirus JC reactivation and pathogenetic mechanisms of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy and cancer in the era of monoclonal antibody therapies. J Neurovirol 2013; 18:1-11. [PMID: 22290500 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-012-0080-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2011] [Revised: 12/28/2011] [Accepted: 01/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a demyelinating disease of the central nervous system caused by the neurotropic human polyomavirus JC (JCV) lytic infection of oligodendrocytes. PML was first described as a complication of lymphoproliferative disorders more than 50 years ago and emerged as a major complication of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in the 1980s. Despite the ubiquity of this virus, PML is rare and always seen in association with underlying immunosuppressive condition, such as HIV infection, autoimmune diseases, cancer, and organ transplantation. JCV remains quiescent in the kidneys, where it displays a stable archetypal non-coding control region (NCCR). Conversely, rearranged JCV NCCR, including tandem repeat patterns found in the brain of PML patients, have been associated with neurovirulence. The specific site and mechanism of JCV NCCR transformation is unknown. According to one model, during the course of immunosuppression, JCV departs from its latent state and after entering the brain, productively infects and destroys oligodendrocytes. Although the majority of PML cases occur in severely immunesuppressed individuals, PML has been increasingly diagnosed in patients treated with biological therapies such as monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that modulate immune system functions: in fact, CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphopenia, resulting from this immunomodulatory therapy, are the primary risk factor. Furthermore, JCV reactivation in nonpermissive cells after treatment with mAbs, such as intestinal epithelial cells in Crohn's disease patients, in association with other host tumor-inducing factors, could provide valid information on the role of JCV in several malignancies, such as colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bellizzi
- Department of Health Sciences and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University, P.le Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
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New insights on human polyomavirus JC and pathogenesis of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Clin Dev Immunol 2013; 2013:839719. [PMID: 23690827 PMCID: PMC3652120 DOI: 10.1155/2013/839719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
John Cunningham virus (JCV) is a member of the Polyomaviridae family. It was first isolated from the brain of a patient with Hodgkin disease in 1971, and since then the etiological agent of the progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) was considered. Until the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) pandemic, PML was rare: in fact HIV-induced immunodeficiency is the most common predisposing factor accounting for 85% of all instances of PML. This data led to intense research on JCV infection and resulted in better understanding of epidemiology and clinic-pathologic spectrum. Recently, cases of PML have been observed after the introduction of monoclonal antibodies, such as natalizumab, rituximab, efalizumab, and infliximab, in the treatment of autoimmune disease, underlining the important role of host immunity in PML pathogenesis. In this review current understanding of the JCV infection and the new findings relating to the pathogenesis of PML has been comprehensively revised, focusing our attention on the interaction between the cellular and viral molecular pathways implicated in the JCV infection and the modulating role of host immune surveillance in the viral reactivation from a latent state.
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JC Virus Leuko-Encephalopathy in Reduced Intensity Conditioning Cord Blood Transplant Recipient with a Review of the Literature. Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis 2012; 4:e2012043. [PMID: 22811792 PMCID: PMC3395713 DOI: 10.4084/mjhid.2012.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Accepted: 06/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We report here the case of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) related to human polyomavirus JC (JCV) infection after an allogeneic transplantation with umbilical cord blood cells in 59-year-old woman with follicular Non Hodgkin lymphoma. She presented with dysphagia and weakness; magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated marked signal abnormality in the sub-cortical white matter of the left frontal lobe and in the posterior limb of the right internal capsule. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was positive for John Cunningham (JC) virus. JC viral DNA in the CSF was positive, establishing the diagnosis of PML. Brain biopsy was not done. Extensive investigations for other viral infections seen in immuno-compromised patients were negative. The patient's neurologic deficits rapidly increased throughout her hospital stay, and she died one month after the diagnosis. These findings could have practical implications and demonstrate that in patients presenting neurological symptoms and radiological signs after UCBT, the JCV encephalitis must be early suspected.
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Comar M, Secchiero P, De Lorenzo E, Martelossi S, Tommasini A, Zauli G. JCV+ Patients with Inflammatory bowel disease show elevated plasma levels of MIG and SCF. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2012; 18:1194-6. [PMID: 22467521 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.22953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2012] [Accepted: 02/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manola Comar
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS Burlo Garofolo Trieste, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
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Wagner-Johnston ND, Bartlett NL, Cashen A, Berger JR. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in a patient with Hodgkin lymphoma treated with brentuximab vedotin. Leuk Lymphoma 2012; 53:2283-6. [PMID: 22424602 DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2012.676170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Assessment of the risk of polyomavirus JC reactivation in patients with immune-mediated diseases during long-term treatment with infliximab. J Neurovirol 2012; 18:55-61. [DOI: 10.1007/s13365-012-0078-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2011] [Revised: 01/02/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Tan IL, McArthur JC, Clifford DB, Major EO, Nath A. Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in natalizumab-associated PML. Neurology 2011; 77:1061-7. [PMID: 21832229 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0b013e31822e55e7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the outcome of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and with natalizumab-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) and immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS). METHODS MedWatch reports from Biogen-Idec (manufacturer of natalizumab, Tysabri(®)) were reviewed which comprised all 42 cases of natalizumab-related PML cases since its reintroduction until March 2010. RESULTS All except 2 patients with natalizumab-related PML were managed by discontinuation of natalizumab and plasmapheresis/immunoadsorption (PLEX/IA). Seventeen patients had contrast enhancement of PML lesions on neuroimaging at the time of diagnosis before withdrawal/removal of natalizumab (early-PML-IRIS) and 23 patients developed contrast enhancement only after withdrawal/removal of natalizumab (late-PML-IRIS). All patients developed IRIS. IRIS was defined as worsening of neurologic deficits during the immune reconstitution following discontinuation of natalizumab, corroborated by inflammatory changes on neuroimaging. Following PLEX/IA, JC viral load in CSF increased by >10 fold in those with early-PML-IRIS but <2 fold in late-PML-IRIS. IRIS developed earlier and was more severe in early-PML-IRIS (p < 0.05). At the last follow-up, all patients had worse EDSS scores but this was higher in patients with early-PML-IRIS compared to those with late-PML-IRIS (p > 0.05). Mortality was comparable between the 2 groups, 29.4 ± 11% vs 21.7 ± 8.8%. Corticosteroid therapy during IRIS was associated with better Expanded Disability Status Scale outcome, p < 0.05. CONCLUSION Early immunologic rebound in natalizumab-associated PML has worse survival and neurologic outcome. PLEX/IA may accelerate IRIS and its impact on the final outcome is unclear. Corticosteroid therapy provides a modest benefit and needs to be systemically studied in a controlled manner in the management of natalizumab-associated PML-IRIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- I L Tan
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Polyomavirus JC reactivation and noncoding control region sequence analysis in pediatric Crohn's disease patients treated with infliximab. J Neurovirol 2011; 17:303-13. [PMID: 21547609 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-011-0036-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2011] [Revised: 04/01/2011] [Accepted: 04/25/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Nguyen
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Children’s
Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ron Shapiro
- Department of Surgery, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation
Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Bellizzi A, Barucca V, Di Nardo G, Fioriti F, Iebba V, Schippa S, Conte M, Checchi MP, Colosimo M, Cucchiara S, Oliva S, Chiarini F, Pietropaolo V. JC Viral Reactivation in a Pediatric Patient with Crohn's Disease. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2010; 23:955-959. [DOI: 10.1177/039463201002300333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This is a report concerning human polyomavirus JC (JCV) reactivation in a pediatric patient with Crohn's disease (CD) during the treatment with 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA), a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). We examined 9 bioptic samples from three different bowel districts (ileum, cecum, rectum) of this child. These samples were analyzed by Quantitative PCR (Q-PCR) to investigate the presence of JCV DNA. JCV DNA was detected in one rectum biopsy taken two months after 5-ASA treatment. Although our result must be validated in a larger group of subjects and with a longer follow-up period, it underlines the importance of JCV monitoring in CD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - G. Di Nardo
- Department of Pediatrics, “Sapienza” University, Rome
| | - F. Fioriti
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani”, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | - S. Cucchiara
- Department of Pediatrics, “Sapienza” University, Rome
| | - S. Oliva
- Department of Pediatrics, “Sapienza” University, Rome
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