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Oke A, Manohar SM. Dynamic Roles of Signaling Pathways in Maintaining Pluripotency of Mouse and Human Embryonic Stem Cells. Cell Reprogram 2024; 26:46-56. [PMID: 38635924 DOI: 10.1089/cell.2024.0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Culturing of mouse and human embryonic stem cells (ESCs) in vitro was a major breakthrough in the field of stem cell biology. These models gained popularity very soon mainly due to their pluripotency. Evidently, the ESCs of mouse and human origin share typical phenotypic responses due to their pluripotent nature, such as self-renewal capacity and potency. The conserved network of core transcription factors regulates these responses. However, significantly different signaling pathways and upstream transcriptional networks regulate expression and activity of these core pluripotency factors in ESCs of both the species. In fact, ample evidence shows that a pathway, which maintains pluripotency in mouse ESCs, promotes differentiation in human ESCs. In this review, we discuss the role of canonical signaling pathways implicated in regulation of pluripotency and differentiation particularly in mouse and human ESCs. We believe that understanding these distinct and at times-opposite mechanisms-is critical for the progress in the field of stem cell biology and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anagha Oke
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sunandan Divatia School of Science, NMIMS (Deemed-to-Be) University, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sonal M Manohar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sunandan Divatia School of Science, NMIMS (Deemed-to-Be) University, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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Fang S, Wang J, Liu G, Qu B, Chunyu J, Xu W, Xiang J, Li X. DPPA2/4 Promote the Pluripotency and Proliferation of Bovine Extended Pluripotent Stem Cells by Upregulating the PI3K/AKT/GSK3β/β-Catenin Signaling Pathway. Cells 2024; 13:382. [PMID: 38474345 DOI: 10.3390/cells13050382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Developmental pluripotency-associated 2 (DPPA2) and DPPA4 are crucial transcription factors involved in maintaining pluripotency in humans and mice. However, the role of DPPA2/4 in bovine extended pluripotent stem cells (bEPSCs) has not been investigated. In this study, a subset of bEPSC-related differentially expressed genes (DEGs), including DPPA2 and DPPA4, was identified based on multiomics data (ATAC-seq and RNA-seq). Subsequent investigations revealed that double overexpression of DPPA2/4 facilitates the reprogramming of bovine fetal fibroblasts (BFFs) into bEPSCs, whereas knockout of DPPA2/4 in BFFs leads to inefficient reprogramming. DPPA2/4 overexpression and knockdown experiments revealed that the pluripotency and proliferation capability of bEPSCs were maintained by promoting the transition from the G1 phase to the S phase of the cell cycle. By activating the PI3K/AKT/GSK3β/β-catenin pathway in bEPSCs, DPPA2/4 can increase the nuclear accumulation of β-catenin, which further upregulates lymphoid enhancer binding factor 1 (LEF1) transcription factor activity. Moreover, DPPA2/4 can also regulate the expression of LEF1 by directly binding to its promoter region. Overall, our results demonstrate that DPPA2/4 promote the reprogramming of BFFs into bEPSCs while also maintaining the pluripotency and proliferation capability of bEPSCs by regulating the PI3K/AKT/GSK3β/β-catenin pathway and subsequently activating LEF1. These findings expand our understanding of the gene regulatory network involved in bEPSC pluripotency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Fang
- The State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010070, China
| | - Jing Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010070, China
| | - Guangbo Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010070, China
| | - Burong Qu
- The State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010070, China
| | - Jian Chunyu
- The State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010070, China
| | - Wenqiang Xu
- The State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010070, China
| | - Jinzhu Xiang
- The State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010070, China
| | - Xueling Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010070, China
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Martin-Vega A, Cobb MH. Navigating the ERK1/2 MAPK Cascade. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1555. [PMID: 37892237 PMCID: PMC10605237 DOI: 10.3390/biom13101555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The RAS-ERK pathway is a fundamental signaling cascade crucial for many biological processes including proliferation, cell cycle control, growth, and survival; common across all cell types. Notably, ERK1/2 are implicated in specific processes in a context-dependent manner as in stem cells and pancreatic β-cells. Alterations in the different components of this cascade result in dysregulation of the effector kinases ERK1/2 which communicate with hundreds of substrates. Aberrant activation of the pathway contributes to a range of disorders, including cancer. This review provides an overview of the structure, activation, regulation, and mutational frequency of the different tiers of the cascade; with a particular focus on ERK1/2. We highlight the importance of scaffold proteins that contribute to kinase localization and coordinate interaction dynamics of the kinases with substrates, activators, and inhibitors. Additionally, we explore innovative therapeutic approaches emphasizing promising avenues in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Martin-Vega
- Department of Pharmacology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 6001 Forest Park Rd., Dallas, TX 75390, USA;
| | - Melanie H. Cobb
- Department of Pharmacology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 6001 Forest Park Rd., Dallas, TX 75390, USA;
- Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 6001 Forest Park Rd., Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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Almeida F, Marques S, Santos A, Prins C, Cardoso F, Heringer L, Mendonça H, Martinez A. Molecular approaches for spinal cord injury treatment. Neural Regen Res 2023; 18:23-30. [PMID: 35799504 PMCID: PMC9241396 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.344830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Injuries to the spinal cord result in permanent disabilities that limit daily life activities. The main reasons for these poor outcomes are the limited regenerative capacity of central neurons and the inhibitory milieu that is established upon traumatic injuries. Despite decades of research, there is still no efficient treatment for spinal cord injury. Many strategies are tested in preclinical studies that focus on ameliorating the functional outcomes after spinal cord injury. Among these, molecular compounds are currently being used for neurological recovery, with promising results. These molecules target the axon collapsed growth cone, the inhibitory microenvironment, the survival of neurons and glial cells, and the re-establishment of lost connections. In this review we focused on molecules that are being used, either in preclinical or clinical studies, to treat spinal cord injuries, such as drugs, growth and neurotrophic factors, enzymes, and purines. The mechanisms of action of these molecules are discussed, considering traumatic spinal cord injury in rodents and humans.
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Yang XC, Wu XL, Li WH, Wu XJ, Shen QY, Li YX, Peng S, Hua JL. OCT6 inhibits differentiation of porcine-induced pluripotent stem cells through MAPK and PI3K signaling regulation. Zool Res 2022; 43:911-922. [PMID: 36052561 PMCID: PMC9700490 DOI: 10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2022.220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
As a transcription factor of the Pit-Oct-Unc (POU) domain family, octamer-binding transcription factor 6 ( OCT6) participates in various aspects of stem cell development and differentiation. At present, however, its role in porcine-induced pluripotent stem cells (piPSCs) remains unclear. Here, we explored the function of OCT6 in piPSCs. We found that piPSCs overexpressing OCT6 maintained colony morphology and pluripotency under differentiation conditions, with a similar gene expression pattern to that of non-differentiated piPSCs. Functional analysis revealed that OCT6 attenuated the adverse effects of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathway inhibition on piPSC pluripotency by activating phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-protein kinase B (PI3K-AKT) signaling activity. Our research sheds new light on the mechanism by which OCT6 promotes PSC maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Chun Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering & Technology, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xiao-Long Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering & Technology, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Wen-Hao Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering & Technology, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xiao-Jie Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering & Technology, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Qiao-Yan Shen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering & Technology, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yun-Xiang Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering & Technology, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Sha Peng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering & Technology, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Jin-Lian Hua
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering & Technology, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China. E-mail:
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Metabolic and epigenetic regulation of endoderm differentiation. Trends Cell Biol 2022; 32:151-164. [PMID: 34607773 PMCID: PMC8760149 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2021.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The endoderm, one of the three primary germ layers, gives rise to lung, liver, stomach, intestine, colon, pancreas, bladder, and thyroid. These endoderm-originated organs are subject to many life-threatening diseases. However, primary cells/tissues from endodermal organs are often difficult to grow in vitro. Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), therefore, hold great promise for generating endodermal cells and their derivatives for the development of new therapeutics against these human diseases. Although a wealth of research has provided crucial information on the mechanisms underlying endoderm differentiation from hPSCs, increasing evidence has shown that metabolism, in connection with epigenetics, actively regulates endoderm differentiation in addition to the conventional endoderm inducing signals. Here we review recent advances in metabolic and epigenetic regulation of endoderm differentiation.
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Ávila-González D, Portillo W, García-López G, Molina-Hernández A, Díaz-Martínez NE, Díaz NF. Unraveling the Spatiotemporal Human Pluripotency in Embryonic Development. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:676998. [PMID: 34249929 PMCID: PMC8262797 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.676998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There have been significant advances in understanding human embryogenesis using human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) in conventional monolayer and 3D self-organized cultures. Thus, in vitro models have contributed to elucidate the molecular mechanisms for specification and differentiation during development. However, the molecular and functional spectrum of human pluripotency (i.e., intermediate states, pluripotency subtypes and regionalization) is still not fully understood. This review describes the mechanisms that establish and maintain pluripotency in human embryos and their differences with mouse embryos. Further, it describes a new pluripotent state representing a transition between naïve and primed pluripotency. This review also presents the data that divide pluripotency into substates expressing epiblast regionalization and amnion specification as well as primordial germ cells in primates. Finally, this work analyzes the amnion's relevance as an "signaling center" for regionalization before the onset of gastrulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Ávila-González
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Juriquilla, Mexico
- Instituto Nacional de Perinatología, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Wendy Portillo
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Juriquilla, Mexico
| | | | | | - Néstor E. Díaz-Martínez
- Biotecnología Médica y Farmacéutica, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Néstor F. Díaz
- Instituto Nacional de Perinatología, Mexico City, Mexico
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Abdel-Raouf KMA, Rezgui R, Stefanini C, Teo JCM, Christoforou N. Transdifferentiation of Human Fibroblasts into Skeletal Muscle Cells: Optimization and Assembly into Engineered Tissue Constructs through Biological Ligands. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10060539. [PMID: 34208436 PMCID: PMC8235639 DOI: 10.3390/biology10060539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Engineered human skeletal muscle tissue is a platform tool that can help scientists and physicians better understand human physiology, pharmacology, and disease modeling. Over the past few years this area of research has been actively being pursued by many labs worldwide. Significant challenges remain, including accessing an adequate cell source, and achieving proper physiological-like architecture of the engineered tissue. To address cell resourcing we aimed at further optimizing a process called transdifferentiation which involves the direct conversion of fibroblasts into skeletal muscle cells. The opportunity here is that fibroblasts are readily available and can be expanded sufficiently to meet the needs of a tissue engineering approach. Additionally, we aimed to demonstrate the applicability of transdifferentiation in assembling tissue engineered skeletal muscle. We implemented a screening process of protein ligands in an effort to refine transdifferentiation, and identified that most proteins resulted in a deficit in transdifferentiation efficiency, although one resulted in robust expansion of cultured cells. We were also successful in assembling engineered constructs consisting of transdifferentiated cells. Future directives involve demonstrating that the engineered tissues are capable of contractile and functional activity, and pursuit of optimizing factors such as electrical and chemical exposure, towards achieving physiological parameters observed in human muscle. Abstract The development of robust skeletal muscle models has been challenging due to the partial recapitulation of human physiology and architecture. Reliable and innovative 3D skeletal muscle models recently described offer an alternative that more accurately captures the in vivo environment but require an abundant cell source. Direct reprogramming or transdifferentiation has been considered as an alternative. Recent reports have provided evidence for significant improvements in the efficiency of derivation of human skeletal myotubes from human fibroblasts. Herein we aimed at improving the transdifferentiation process of human fibroblasts (tHFs), in addition to the differentiation of murine skeletal myoblasts (C2C12), and the differentiation of primary human skeletal myoblasts (HSkM). Differentiating or transdifferentiating cells were exposed to single or combinations of biological ligands, including Follistatin, GDF8, FGF2, GDF11, GDF15, hGH, TMSB4X, BMP4, BMP7, IL6, and TNF-α. These were selected for their critical roles in myogenesis and regeneration. C2C12 and tHFs displayed significant differentiation deficits when exposed to FGF2, BMP4, BMP7, and TNF-α, while proliferation was significantly enhanced by FGF2. When exposed to combinations of ligands, we observed consistent deficit differentiation when TNF-α was included. Finally, our direct reprogramming technique allowed for the assembly of elongated, cross-striated, and aligned tHFs within tissue-engineered 3D skeletal muscle constructs. In conclusion, we describe an efficient system to transdifferentiate human fibroblasts into myogenic cells and a platform for the generation of tissue-engineered constructs. Future directions will involve the evaluation of the functional characteristics of these engineered tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled M. A. Abdel-Raouf
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi 127788, United Arab Emirates;
- Department of Biology, American University in Cairo, New Cairo 11835, Egypt
- Correspondence: (K.M.A.A.-R.); (N.C.)
| | - Rachid Rezgui
- Core Technology Platforms, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi 129188, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Cesare Stefanini
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi 127788, United Arab Emirates;
- Healthcare Engineering Innovation Center, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi 127788, United Arab Emirates
| | - Jeremy C. M. Teo
- Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi 129188, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Nicolas Christoforou
- Pfizer Inc., Rare Disease Research Unit, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Correspondence: (K.M.A.A.-R.); (N.C.)
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Novais A, Chatzopoulou E, Chaussain C, Gorin C. The Potential of FGF-2 in Craniofacial Bone Tissue Engineering: A Review. Cells 2021; 10:cells10040932. [PMID: 33920587 PMCID: PMC8073160 DOI: 10.3390/cells10040932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone is a hard-vascularized tissue, which renews itself continuously to adapt to the mechanical and metabolic demands of the body. The craniofacial area is prone to trauma and pathologies that often result in large bone damage, these leading to both aesthetic and functional complications for patients. The "gold standard" for treating these large defects is autologous bone grafting, which has some drawbacks including the requirement for a second surgical site with quantity of bone limitations, pain and other surgical complications. Indeed, tissue engineering combining a biomaterial with the appropriate cells and molecules of interest would allow a new therapeutic approach to treat large bone defects while avoiding complications associated with a second surgical site. This review first outlines the current knowledge of bone remodeling and the different signaling pathways involved seeking to improve our understanding of the roles of each to be able to stimulate or inhibit them. Secondly, it highlights the interesting characteristics of one growth factor in particular, FGF-2, and its role in bone homeostasis, before then analyzing its potential usefulness in craniofacial bone tissue engineering because of its proliferative, pro-angiogenic and pro-osteogenic effects depending on its spatial-temporal use, dose and mode of administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Novais
- Pathologies, Imagerie et Biothérapies Orofaciales, Université de Paris, URP2496, 1 rue Maurice Arnoux, 92120 Montrouge, France; (A.N.); (E.C.); (C.C.)
- AP-HP Département d’Odontologie, Services d’odontologie, GH Pitié Salpêtrière, Henri Mondor, Paris Nord, Hôpital Rothschild, Paris, France
| | - Eirini Chatzopoulou
- Pathologies, Imagerie et Biothérapies Orofaciales, Université de Paris, URP2496, 1 rue Maurice Arnoux, 92120 Montrouge, France; (A.N.); (E.C.); (C.C.)
- AP-HP Département d’Odontologie, Services d’odontologie, GH Pitié Salpêtrière, Henri Mondor, Paris Nord, Hôpital Rothschild, Paris, France
- Département de Parodontologie, Université de Paris, UFR Odontologie-Garancière, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Catherine Chaussain
- Pathologies, Imagerie et Biothérapies Orofaciales, Université de Paris, URP2496, 1 rue Maurice Arnoux, 92120 Montrouge, France; (A.N.); (E.C.); (C.C.)
- AP-HP Département d’Odontologie, Services d’odontologie, GH Pitié Salpêtrière, Henri Mondor, Paris Nord, Hôpital Rothschild, Paris, France
| | - Caroline Gorin
- Pathologies, Imagerie et Biothérapies Orofaciales, Université de Paris, URP2496, 1 rue Maurice Arnoux, 92120 Montrouge, France; (A.N.); (E.C.); (C.C.)
- AP-HP Département d’Odontologie, Services d’odontologie, GH Pitié Salpêtrière, Henri Mondor, Paris Nord, Hôpital Rothschild, Paris, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +33-(0)1-5807-6724
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Gao Y, Wang J, Zhu DC, Miao Y, Hu ZQ. Dermal macrophage and its potential in inducing hair follicle regeneration. Mol Immunol 2021; 134:25-33. [PMID: 33706040 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2021.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Hair follicle (HF) is an excellent mini-model to study adult tissue regeneration, since it can regenerate itself under appropriate stress settings via interaction with niche components. Dermal macrophages, a group of heterogeneous cell populations, serve as key regulators in this microenvironment. Recent advances in phenotype identification and lineage tracing have unveiled various dermal macrophage subsets involved in stress-induced hair regeneration through different mechanisms, where HF structural integrity is impaired to varying degrees. This review summarized current knowledge regarding the distribution, sources, phenotypes of dermal macrophages in association with HF, as well as the mechanisms underlying macrophage-mediated hair regeneration in response to different internal-stress settings. Further investigation on macrophage dynamics will provide novel cell-targeting therapies for HF engineering and hair loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Gao
- Department of Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510515, China
| | - Jin Wang
- Department of Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510515, China
| | - De-Cong Zhu
- Department of Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510515, China
| | - Yong Miao
- Department of Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510515, China.
| | - Zhi-Qi Hu
- Department of Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510515, China.
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Kennedy CC, Brown EE, Abutaleb NO, Truskey GA. Development and Application of Endothelial Cells Derived From Pluripotent Stem Cells in Microphysiological Systems Models. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:625016. [PMID: 33659279 PMCID: PMC7917070 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.625016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The vascular endothelium is present in all organs and blood vessels, facilitates the exchange of nutrients and waste throughout different organ systems in the body, and sets the tone for healthy vessel function. Mechanosensitive in nature, the endothelium responds to the magnitude and temporal waveform of shear stress in the vessels. Endothelial dysfunction can lead to atherosclerosis and other diseases. Modeling endothelial function and dysfunction in organ systems in vitro, such as the blood–brain barrier and tissue-engineered blood vessels, requires sourcing endothelial cells (ECs) for these biomedical engineering applications. It can be difficult to source primary, easily renewable ECs that possess the function or dysfunction in question. In contrast, human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) can be sourced from donors of interest and renewed almost indefinitely. In this review, we highlight how knowledge of vascular EC development in vivo is used to differentiate induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) into ECs. We then describe how iPSC-derived ECs are being used currently in in vitro models of organ function and disease and in vivo applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal C Kennedy
- University Program in Genetics and Genomics, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Erin E Brown
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Nadia O Abutaleb
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - George A Truskey
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
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Shi B, Gao D, Zhong L, Zhi M, Weng X, Xu J, Li J, Du X, Xin Y, Gao J, Zhu Q, Cao S, Liu Z, Han J. IRF-1 expressed in the inner cell mass of the porcine early blastocyst enhances the pluripotency of induced pluripotent stem cells. Stem Cell Res Ther 2020; 11:505. [PMID: 33246502 PMCID: PMC7694439 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-020-01983-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite years of research, porcine-induced pluripotent stem cells (piPSCs) with germline chimeric capacity have not been established. Furthermore, the key transcription factors (TFs) defining the naïve state in piPSCs also remain elusive, even though TFs in the inner cell mass (ICM) are believed to be key molecular determinants of naïve pluripotency. In this study, interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF-1) was screened to express higher in ICM than trophectoderm (TE). But the impact of IRF-1 on maintenance of pluripotency in piPSCs was not determined. METHODS Transcriptome profiles of the early ICM were analyzed to determine highly interconnected TFs. Cells carrying these TFs' reporter were used to as donor cells for somatic cell nuclear transfer to detect expression patterns in blastocysts. Next, IRF1-Flag was overexpressed in DOX-hLIF-2i piPSCs and AP staining, qRT-PCR, and RNA-seq were conducted to examine the effect of IRF-1 on pluripotency. Then, the expression of IRF-1 in DOX-hLIF-2i piPSCs was labeled by GFP and qRT-PCR was conducted to determine the difference between GFP-positive and GFP-negative cells. Next, ChIP-Seq was conducted to identify genes target by IRF-1. Treatment with IL7 in wild-type piPSCs and STAT3 phosphorylation inhibitor in IRF-1 overexpressing piPSCs was conducted to confirm the roles of JAK-STAT3 signaling pathway in IRF-1's regulation of pluripotency. Moreover, during reprogramming, IRF-1 was overexpressed and knocked down to determine the change of reprogramming efficiency. RESULTS IRF-1 was screened to be expressed higher in porcine ICM than TE of d6~7 SCNT blastocysts. First, overexpression of IRF-1 in the piPSCs was observed to promote the morphology, AP staining, and expression profiles of pluripotency genes as would be expected when cells approach the naïve state. Genes, KEGG pathways, and GO terms related to the process of differentiation were also downregulated. Next, in the wild-type piPSCs, high-level fluorescence activated by the IRF-1 promoter was associated with higher expression of naïve related genes in piPSCs. Analysis by ChIP-Seq indicated that genes related to the JAK-STAT pathway, and expression of IL7 and STAT3 were activated by IRF-1. The inhibitor of STAT3 phosphorylation was observed could revert the expression of primed genes in IRF-1 overexpressing cells, but the addition of IL7 in culture medium had no apparent change in the cell morphology, AP staining results, or expression of pluripotency related genes. In addition, knockdown of IRF-1 during reprogramming appeared to reduce reprogramming efficiency, whereas overexpression exerted the converse effect. CONCLUSION The IRF-1 expressed in the ICM of pigs' early blastocyst enhances the pluripotency of piPSCs, in part through promoting the JAK-STAT pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingbo Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Dengfeng Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Liang Zhong
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Basic Medicine for Diabetes, The Shijiazhuang Second Hospital, Shijiazhuang, 050051, Hebei, China
| | - Minglei Zhi
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xiaogang Weng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Cellular and Genetics Engineering of Heilongjiang Province, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Junjun Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Junhong Li
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xuguang Du
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yanli Xin
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jie Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Qianqian Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Suying Cao
- Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Zhonghua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Cellular and Genetics Engineering of Heilongjiang Province, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Jianyong Han
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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13
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Yang J, Jiang W. The Role of SMAD2/3 in Human Embryonic Stem Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:653. [PMID: 32850796 PMCID: PMC7396709 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) possess the potential of long-term self-renewal and three primary germ layers differentiation, and thus hESCs are expected to have broad applications in cell therapy, drug screening and basic research on human early embryonic development. Many efforts have been put to dissect the regulation of pluripotency and direct differentiation of hESCs. TGFβ/Activin/Nodal signal pathway critically regulates pluripotency maintenance and cell differentiation through the main signal transducer SMAD2/3 in hESCs, but the action manners of SMAD2/3 in hESCs are sophisticated and not documented yet. Here we review and discuss the roles of SMAD2/3 in hESC pluripotency maintenance and differentiation initiation separately. We summarize that SMAD2/3 regulates pluripotency and differentiation mainly through four aspects, (1) controlling divergent transcriptional networks of pluripotency and differentiation; (2) interacting with chromatin modifiers to make the chromatin accessible or recruiting METTL3-METTL14-WTAP complex and depositing m6A to the mRNA of pluripotency genes; (3) acting as a transcription factor to activate endoderm-specific genes to thus initiate definitive endoderm differentiation, which happens as cyclin D/CDK4/6 downstream target in later G1 phase as well; (4) interacting with endoderm specific lncRNAs to promote differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yang
- Department of Biological Repositories, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Department of Biological Repositories, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Human Genetics Resource Preservation Center of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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14
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Mossahebi-Mohammadi M, Quan M, Zhang JS, Li X. FGF Signaling Pathway: A Key Regulator of Stem Cell Pluripotency. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:79. [PMID: 32133359 PMCID: PMC7040165 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) isolated in vitro from embryonic stem cells (ESCs), induced PSC (iPSC) and also post-implantation epiblast-derived stem cells (EpiSCs) are known for their two unique characteristics: the ability to give rise to all somatic lineages and the self-renewal capacity. Numerous intrinsic signaling pathways contribute to the maintenance of the pluripotency state of stem cells by tightly controlling key transcriptional regulators of stemness including sex determining region Y box 2 (Sox-2), octamer-binding transcription factor (Oct)3/4, krueppel-like factor 4 (Klf-4), Nanog, and c-Myc. Signaling by fibroblast growth factor (FGF) is of critical importance in regulating stem cells pluripotency. The FGF family is comprised of 22 ligands that interact with four FGF receptors (FGFRs). FGF/FGFR signaling governs fundamental cellular processes such as cell survival, proliferation, migration, differentiation, embryonic development, organogenesis, tissue repair/regeneration, and metabolism. FGF signaling is mediated by the activation of RAS - mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase (PI3K)-AKT, Phospholipase C Gamma (PLCγ), and signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT), which intersects and synergizes with other signaling pathways such as Wnt, retinoic acid (RA) and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β signaling. In the current review, we summarize the role of FGF signaling in the maintenance of pluripotency state of stem cells through regulation of key transcriptional factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Mossahebi-Mohammadi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and International Collaborative Center on Growth Factor Research, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Meiyu Quan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and International Collaborative Center on Growth Factor Research, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jin-San Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and International Collaborative Center on Growth Factor Research, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Institute of Life Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiaokun Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and International Collaborative Center on Growth Factor Research, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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15
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Wier EM, Garza LA. Through the lens of hair follicle neogenesis, a new focus on mechanisms of skin regeneration after wounding. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2019; 100:122-129. [PMID: 31607627 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2019.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Wound-induced hair follicle neogenesis (WIHN) is a phenomenon that occurs in adult mammalian skin, where fully functional hair follicles are regenerated in the center of large full-thickness excisional wounds. Although originally discovered over 50 years ago in mice and rabbits, within the last decade it has received renewed interest, as the molecular mechanism has begun to be defined. This de novo regeneration of hair follicles largely recapitulates embryonic hair development, requiring canonical Wnt signaling in the epidermis, however, important differences between the two are beginning to come to light. TLR3 mediated double stranded RNA sensing is critical for the regeneration, activating retinoic acid signaling following wounding. Inflammatory cells, including Fgf9-producing γ-δ T cells and macrophages, are also emerging as important mediators of WIHN. Additionally, while dispensable in embryonic hair follicle development, Shh signaling plays a major role in WIHN and may be able to redirect cells fated to scarring wounds into a regenerative phenotype. The cellular basis of WIHN is also becoming clearer, with increasing evidence suggesting an incredible level of cellular plasticity. Multiple stem cell populations, along with lineage switching of differentiated cells all contribute towards the regeneration present in WIHN. Further study of WIHN will uncover key steps in mammalian development and regeneration, potentially leading to new clinical treatments for hair-related disorders or fibrotic scarring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric M Wier
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, United States.
| | - Luis A Garza
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, United States.
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16
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Bandmann V, Mirsanaye AS, Schäfer J, Thiel G, Holstein T, Mikosch-Wersching M. Membrane capacitance recordings resolve dynamics and complexity of receptor-mediated endocytosis in Wnt signalling. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12999. [PMID: 31506500 PMCID: PMC6736968 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49082-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptor-mediated endocytosis is an essential process in signalling pathways for activation of intracellular signalling cascades. One example is the Wnt signalling pathway that seems to depend on endocytosis of the ligand-receptor complex for initiation of Wnt signal transduction. To date, the roles of different endocytic pathways in Wnt signalling, molecular players and the kinetics of the process remain unclear. Here, we monitored endocytosis in Wnt3a and Wnt5a-mediated signalling with membrane capacitance recordings of HEK293 cells. Our measurements revealed a swift and substantial increase in the number of endocytic vesicles. Extracellular Wnt ligands specifically triggered endocytotic activity, which started immediately upon ligand binding and ceased within a period of ten minutes. By using specific inhibitors, we were able to separate Wnt-induced endocytosis into two independent pathways. We demonstrate that canonical Wnt3a is taken up mainly by clathrin-independent endocytosis whereas noncanonical Wnt5a is exclusively regulated via clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Our findings show that membrane capacitance recordings allow the resolution of complex cellular processes in plasma membrane signalling pathways in great detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Bandmann
- Department of Biology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstrasse 3, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Ann Schirin Mirsanaye
- Department of Biology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstrasse 3, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Johanna Schäfer
- Department of Biology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstrasse 3, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Gerhard Thiel
- Department of Biology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstrasse 3, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Thomas Holstein
- Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
| | - Melanie Mikosch-Wersching
- Department of Biology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstrasse 3, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany. .,Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany.
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17
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Jiang Y, Liu F, Zou F, Zhang Y, Wang B, Zhang Y, Lian A, Han X, Liu Z, Liu X, Jin M, Wang D, Li G, Liu J. PBX homeobox 1 enhances hair follicle mesenchymal stem cell proliferation and reprogramming through activation of the AKT/glycogen synthase kinase signaling pathway and suppression of apoptosis. Stem Cell Res Ther 2019; 10:268. [PMID: 31443676 PMCID: PMC6708256 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-019-1382-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND PBX homeobox 1 (PBX1) is involved in the maintenance of the pluripotency of human embryonic and hematopoietic stem cells; however, the effects of PBX1 in the self-renewal and reprogramming of hair follicle mesenchymal stem cells (HF-MSCs) are unclear. The AKT/glycogen synthase kinase (GSK) 3β pathway regulates cell metabolism, proliferation, apoptosis, and reprogramming, and p16 and p21, which act downstream of this pathway, regulate cell proliferation, cell cycle, and apoptosis induced by reprogramming. Here, we aimed to elucidate the roles of PBX1 in regulating the proliferation and reprogramming of HF-MSCs. METHODS A lentiviral vector designed to carry the PBX1 sequence or PBX1 short hairpin RNA sequence was used to overexpress or knock down PBX1. The roles of PBX1 in proliferation and apoptosis were investigated by flow cytometry. Real-time polymerase chain reaction was performed to evaluate pluripotent gene expression. Dual-luciferase reporter assays were performed to examine the transcriptional activity of the NANOG promoter. Western blotting was performed to identify the molecules downstream of PBX1 involved in proliferation and reprogramming. Caspase3 activity was detected to assess HF-MSC reprogramming. The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/AKT inhibitor LY294002 was used to inhibit the phosphorylation and activity of AKT. RESULTS Overexpression of PBX1 in HF-MSCs increased the phosphorylation of AKT and nuclear translocation of β-catenin, resulting in the progression of the cell cycle from G0/G1 to S phase. Moreover, transfection with a combination of five transcription factors (SOMKP) in HF-MSCs enhanced the formation of alkaline phosphatase-stained colonies compared with that in HF-MSCs transfected with a combination of four transcription factors (SOMK). PBX1 upregulated Nanog transcription by activating the promoter and promoted the expression of endogenous SOX2 and OCT4. Furthermore, PBX1 expression activated the AKT/glycogen synthase kinase (GSK) 3β pathway and reduced apoptosis during the early stages of reprogramming. Inhibition of phospho-AKT or knockdown of PBX1 promoted mitochondrion-mediated apoptosis and reduced reprogramming efficiency. CONCLUSIONS PBX1 enhanced HF-MSC proliferation, and HF-MSCs induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) generation by activating the AKT/GSK3β signaling pathway. During the reprogramming of HF-MSCs into HF-iPSCs, PBX1 activated the NANOG promoter, upregulated NANOG, and inhibited mitochondrion-mediated apoptosis via the AKT/GSK3β pathway during the early stages of reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixu Jiang
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Avenue, Changchun, 130021 China
| | - Feilin Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021 China
| | - Fei Zou
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021 China
| | - Yingyao Zhang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, 1163 Xinmin Avenue, Changchun, 130021 China
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, 1163 Xinmin Avenue, Changchun, 130021 China
| | - Yuying Zhang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, 1163 Xinmin Avenue, Changchun, 130021 China
| | - Aobo Lian
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, 1163 Xinmin Avenue, Changchun, 130021 China
| | - Xing Han
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, 1163 Xinmin Avenue, Changchun, 130021 China
| | - Zinan Liu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, 1163 Xinmin Avenue, Changchun, 130021 China
| | - Xiaomei Liu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, 1163 Xinmin Avenue, Changchun, 130021 China
| | - Minghua Jin
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, 1163 Xinmin Avenue, Changchun, 130021 China
| | - Dianliang Wang
- Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Research Laboratory, PLA Rocket Force Characteristic Medical Center, Beijing, 100088 China
| | - Gang Li
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, 999077 China
| | - Jinyu Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Avenue, Changchun, 130021 China
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, 1163 Xinmin Avenue, Changchun, 130021 China
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18
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Multifactorial Modeling Reveals a Dominant Role of Wnt Signaling in Lineage Commitment of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells. Bioengineering (Basel) 2019; 6:bioengineering6030071. [PMID: 31443254 PMCID: PMC6783940 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering6030071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The human primed pluripotent state is maintained by a complex balance of several signaling pathways governing pluripotency maintenance and commitment. Here, we explore a multiparameter approach using a full factorial design and a simple well-defined culture system to assess individual and synergistic contributions of Wnt, FGF and TGFβ signaling to pluripotency and lineage specification of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC). Hierarchical clustering and quadratic models highlighted a dominant effect of Wnt signaling over FGF and TGFβ signaling, drawing hiPSCs towards mesendoderm lineages. In addition, a synergistic effect between Wnt signaling and FGF was observed to have a negative contribution to pluripotency maintenance and a positive contribution to ectoderm and mesoderm commitment. Furthermore, FGF and TGFβ signaling only contributed significantly for negative ectoderm scores, suggesting that the effect of both factors for pluripotency maintenance resides in a balance of inhibitory signals instead of proactive stimulation of hiPSC pluripotency. Overall, our dry-signaling multiparameter modeling approach can contribute to elucidate individual and synergistic inputs, providing an additional degree of comprehension of the complex regulatory mechanisms of human pluripotency and commitment.
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19
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Tang D, He Y, Li W, Li H. Wnt/β-catenin interacts with the FGF pathway to promote proliferation and regenerative cell proliferation in the zebrafish lateral line neuromast. Exp Mol Med 2019; 51:1-16. [PMID: 31123246 PMCID: PMC6533250 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-019-0247-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2018] [Revised: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Wnt and FGF are highly conserved signaling pathways found in various organs and have been identified as important regulators of auditory organ development. In this study, we used the zebrafish lateral line system to study the cooperative roles of the Wnt and FGF pathways in regulating progenitor cell proliferation and regenerative cell proliferation. We found that activation of Wnt signaling induced cell proliferation and increased the number of hair cells in both developing and regenerating neuromasts. We further demonstrated that FGF signaling was critically involved in Wnt-regulated proliferation, and inhibition of FGF abolished the Wnt stimulation-mediated effects on cell proliferation, while activating FGF signaling with basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) led to a partial rescue of the proliferative failure and hair cell defects in the absence of Wnt activity. Whole-mount in situ hybridization analysis showed that the expression of several FGF pathway genes, including pea3 and fgfr1, was increased in neuromasts after treatment with the Wnt pathway inducer BIO. Interestingly, when SU5402 was used to inhibit FGF signaling, neuromast cells expressed much lower levels of the FGF receptor gene, fgfr1, but produced increased levels of Wnt target genes, including ctnnb1, ctnnb2, and tcf7l2, while bFGF treatment produced no alterations in the expression of those genes, suggesting that fgfr1 might restrict Wnt signaling in neuromasts during proliferation. In summary, our analysis demonstrates that both the Wnt and FGF pathways are tightly integrated to modulate the proliferation of progenitor cells during early neuromast development and regenerative cell proliferation after neomycin-induced injury in the zebrafish neuromast. Studying sensory organs on the skin of zebrafish is revealing details of molecular signaling pathways that may be relevant to our own sensory systems, especially the hair cells of the ear. These cells have fine hair-like structures that move in response to sound waves and help generate electrical signals to the brain that result in perception of sound. Huawei Li and colleagues at Fudan University, Shanghai, China, studied the roles of two well-known cellular signaling pathways in regulating the proliferation of similar sensory hair cells in zebrafish, a commonly used model organism. These pathways involve cell surface proteins that interact with small extracellular molecules to stimulate molecular changes within cells. Learning how the pathways control hair cell generation and multiplication may assist modification of similar systems in humans to study and treat hearing loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmei Tang
- ENT institute and Otorhinolaryngology Department of Affiliated Eye and ENT Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Yingzi He
- ENT institute and Otorhinolaryngology Department of Affiliated Eye and ENT Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Wenyan Li
- ENT institute and Otorhinolaryngology Department of Affiliated Eye and ENT Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Huawei Li
- ENT institute and Otorhinolaryngology Department of Affiliated Eye and ENT Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200031, China. .,Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China. .,NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200031, China. .,Shanghai Engineering Research Centre of Cochlear Implant, Shanghai, 200031, China. .,The Institutes of Brain Science and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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20
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Ramazzotti G, Ratti S, Fiume R, Follo MY, Billi AM, Rusciano I, Owusu Obeng E, Manzoli L, Cocco L, Faenza I. Phosphoinositide 3 Kinase Signaling in Human Stem Cells from Reprogramming to Differentiation: A Tale in Cytoplasmic and Nuclear Compartments. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20082026. [PMID: 31022972 PMCID: PMC6514809 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20082026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that can give rise to several different cell types and can self-renew. Given their ability to differentiate into different lineages, stem cells retain huge therapeutic potential for regenerative medicine. Therefore, the understanding of the signaling pathways involved in stem cell pluripotency maintenance and differentiation has a paramount importance in order to understand these biological processes and to develop therapeutic strategies. In this review, we focus on phosphoinositide 3 kinase (PI3K) since its signaling pathway regulates many cellular processes, such as cell growth, proliferation, survival, and cellular transformation. Precisely, in human stem cells, the PI3K cascade is involved in different processes from pluripotency and induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) reprogramming to mesenchymal and oral mesenchymal differentiation, through different and interconnected mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Ramazzotti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio, 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Stefano Ratti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio, 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Roberta Fiume
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio, 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Matilde Yung Follo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio, 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Anna Maria Billi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio, 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Isabella Rusciano
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio, 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Eric Owusu Obeng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio, 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Lucia Manzoli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio, 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Lucio Cocco
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio, 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Irene Faenza
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio, 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
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21
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Basic fibroblast growth factor regulates phosphate/pyrophosphate regulatory genes in stem cells isolated from human exfoliated deciduous teeth. Stem Cell Res Ther 2018; 9:345. [PMID: 30526676 PMCID: PMC6288970 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-018-1093-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) regulates maintenance of stemness and modulation of osteo/odontogenic differentiation and mineralization in stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHEDs). Mineralization in the bones and teeth is in part controlled by pericellular levels of inorganic phosphate (Pi), a component of hydroxyapatite, and inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi), an inhibitor of mineralization. The progressive ankylosis protein (gene ANKH; protein ANKH) and ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase phosphodiesterase 1 (ENPP1/ENPP1) increase PPi and inhibit mineralization, while tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (ALPL; TNAP) is a critical pro-mineralization enzyme that hydrolyzes PPi. We hypothesized that regulation by bFGF of mineralization in SHEDs occurs by modulation of Pi/PPi-associated genes. Methods Cells were isolated from human exfoliated deciduous teeth and characterized for mesenchymal stem cell characteristics. Cells were treated with bFGF, and the osteogenic differentiation ability was determined. The mRNA expression was evaluated using real-time polymerase chain reaction. The mineralization was examined using alizarin red S staining. Results Cells isolated from primary teeth expressed mesenchymal stem cell markers, CD44, CD90, and CD105, and were able to differentiate into osteo/odontogenic and adipogenic lineages. Addition of 10 ng/ml bFGF to SHEDs during in vitro osteo/odontogenic differentiation decreased ALPL mRNA expression and ALP enzyme activity, increased ANKH mRNA, and decreased both Pi/PPi ratio and mineral deposition. Effects of bFGF on ALPL and ANKH expression were detected within 24 h. Addition of 20 mM fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) inhibitor SU5402 revealed the necessity of FGFR-mediated signaling, and inclusion of 1 μg/ml cyclohexamide (CHX) implicated the necessity of protein synthesis for effects on ALPL and ANKH. Addition of exogenous 10 μm PPi inhibited mineralization and increased ANKH, collagen type 1a1 (COL1A1), and osteopontin (SPP1) mRNA, while addition of exogenous Pi increased mineralization and osterix (OSX), ANKH, SPP1, and dentin matrix protein 1 (DMP1) mRNA. The effects of PPi and Pi on mineralization could be replicated by short-term 3- and 7-day treatments, suggesting signaling effects in addition to physicochemical regulation of mineral deposition. Conclusion This study reveals for the first time the effects of bFGF on Pi/PPi regulators in SHEDs and implicates these factors in how bFGF directs osteo/odontogenic differentiation and mineralization by these cells. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13287-018-1093-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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22
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Shekari F, Han CL, Lee J, Mirzaei M, Gupta V, Haynes PA, Lee B, Baharvand H, Chen YJ, Hosseini Salekdeh G. Surface markers of human embryonic stem cells: a meta analysis of membrane proteomics reports. Expert Rev Proteomics 2018; 15:911-922. [PMID: 30358457 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2018.1539669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) have unique biological features and attributes that make them attractive in various areas of biomedical research. With heightened applications, there is an ever increasing need for advancement of proteome analysis. Membrane proteins are one of the most important subset of hESC proteins as they can be used as surface markers. Areas covered: This review discusses commonly used surface markers of hESCs, and provides in-depth analysis of available hESC membrane proteome reports and the existence of these markers in many other cell types, especially cancer cells. Appreciating, existing ambiguity in the definition of a membrane protein, we have attempted a meta analysis of the published membrane protein reports of hESCs by using a combination of protein databases and prediction tools to find the most confident plasma membrane proteins in hESCs. Furthermore, responsiveness of plasma membrane proteins to differentiation has been discussed based on available transcriptome profiling data bank. Expert commentary: Combined transcriptome and membrane proteome analysis highlighted additional proteins that may eventually find utility as new cell surface markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faezeh Shekari
- a Department of Molecular Systems Biology at Cell Science Research Center , Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR , Tehran , Iran.,b Department of Developmental Biology , University of Science and Culture, ACECR , Tehran , Iran
| | - Chia-Li Han
- c Chemical Biology and Molecular Biophysics Program , Institute of Chemistry , Taipei , Taiwan , Republic of China
| | - Jaesuk Lee
- d Center for Genomics and Proteomics, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute , Gachon University , Incheon , Republic of Korea
| | - Mehdi Mirzaei
- e Department of Molecular Sciences , Macquarie University , Sydney , NSW , Australia.,f Australian Proteome Analysis Facility , Macquarie University , Sydney , NSW , Australia.,g Department of Clinical Medicine , Macquarie University , Sydney , NSW , Australia
| | - Vivek Gupta
- g Department of Clinical Medicine , Macquarie University , Sydney , NSW , Australia
| | - Paul A Haynes
- e Department of Molecular Sciences , Macquarie University , Sydney , NSW , Australia
| | - Bonghee Lee
- d Center for Genomics and Proteomics, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute , Gachon University , Incheon , Republic of Korea
| | - Hossein Baharvand
- b Department of Developmental Biology , University of Science and Culture, ACECR , Tehran , Iran.,h Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology at Cell Science Research Center , Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR , Tehran , Iran
| | - Yu-Ju Chen
- c Chemical Biology and Molecular Biophysics Program , Institute of Chemistry , Taipei , Taiwan , Republic of China
| | - Ghasem Hosseini Salekdeh
- a Department of Molecular Systems Biology at Cell Science Research Center , Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR , Tehran , Iran.,e Department of Molecular Sciences , Macquarie University , Sydney , NSW , Australia.,i Department of Systems and Synthetic biology , Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran (ABRII), Agricultural Research, Education, and Extension Organization , Karaj , Iran
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Weldemariam MM, Han CL, Shekari F, Kitata RB, Chuang CY, Hsu WT, Kuo HC, Choong WK, Sung TY, He FC, Chung MCM, Salekdeh GH, Chen YJ. Subcellular Proteome Landscape of Human Embryonic Stem Cells Revealed Missing Membrane Proteins. J Proteome Res 2018; 17:4138-4151. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.8b00407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mehari Muuz Weldemariam
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Li Han
- Master Program in Clinical Pharmacogenomics and Pharmacoproteomics, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Faezeh Shekari
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology at Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Ching-Yu Chuang
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taiepei 115, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | - Fu-Chu He
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing, 102206 China
| | - Maxey Ching Ming Chung
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, NUS, 14 Science Drive 4, singapore, 117543 Singpore
| | - Ghasem Hosseini Salekdeh
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology at Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia
- Department of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran (ABRII), Agricultural Research, Education, and Extension Organization, Karaj, Iran
| | - Yu-Ju Chen
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
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24
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Kasuya A, Ito T, Tokura Y. M2 macrophages promote wound-induced hair neogenesis. J Dermatol Sci 2018; 91:250-255. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2018.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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25
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Sun P, Mao X, Gao M, Huang M, Chen L, Ruan G, Huang W, Braicu EI, Sehouli J. Novel endocrine therapeutic strategy in endometrial carcinoma targeting estrogen-related receptor α by XCT790 and siRNA. Cancer Manag Res 2018; 10:2521-2535. [PMID: 30127640 PMCID: PMC6089116 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s168043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To explore the targeted therapy of estrogen-related receptor α (ERRα) in endometrial cancer (EC) cells and its potential mechanisms. Methods The mRNA and protein expression levels of ERRα and estrogen receptor α (ERα) were detected by qPCR and Western blotting in RL-952, AN3-CA, HEC-1A, and HEC-1B EC cell lines. After treatment with the ERRα-specific antagonist XCT790 or infection with lentivirus-mediated small interfering RNA (siRNA) targeting the ERRα (siRNA-ERRα), cell proliferation and apoptosis were evaluated by MTS assay and flow cytometry. After treatment with siRNA-ERRα, the expression profiles of transcription factors (TFs) were analyzed by protein/DNA arrays in EC cells. Results The relative mRNA levels of ERRa in RL-952 (1±0.0831) and AN3-CA (1.162±0.0325) were significantly higher than those in HEC-1A (0.3081±0.0339) and HEC-1B (0.1119±0.0091) (P<0.05), and similar results were observed for ERRα protein levels. A higher ratio of ERa/ERRa was observed in ERα-positive RL-952 (10-fold) and ANC-3A (8.5-fold) cells, whereas a lower ratio was observed in ERα-negative HEC-1A (3.75-fold) and HEC-1B cells (0-fold). Both – exogenous XCT790 and endogenous siRNA-ERRα – can decrease the expression of ERRα, thereby inhibiting proliferation but promoting apoptosis in both ERα-positive and -negative EC cells. The XCT790 presented higher proliferation-inhibition and apoptosis rates in the ERα-positive than ERα-negative cells, whereas the siRNA-ERRα exhibited higher proliferation-inhibition and apoptosis rates in the ERα-negative than in ERα-positive cells. In total, 3 upregulated and 17 downregulated TFs were screened out by knocked-down expression of ERRα in all EC cells. Among them, the upregulated TFs organic cation transporter 3/4(Oct3/4), hepatic nuclear factor 4 (HNF4), HNF4 and chicken ovalbumin upstream TF (COUP-TF) as well as downregulated transcription factor EB (TFEB) were found to be statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusion Targeting ERRα provides a promising novel endocrine therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- PengMing Sun
- Laboratory of Gynecologic Oncology, Fujian Provincial Maternity and Children's Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350001, People's Republic of China,
| | - XiaoDan Mao
- Laboratory of Gynecologic Oncology, Fujian Provincial Maternity and Children's Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350001, People's Republic of China,
| | - Min Gao
- Department of Gynecology Oncology, Beijing Cancer Hospital, Beijing 100142, People's Republic of China
| | - MeiMei Huang
- Laboratory of Gynecologic Oncology, Fujian Provincial Maternity and Children's Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350001, People's Republic of China,
| | - LiLi Chen
- Laboratory of Gynecologic Oncology, Fujian Provincial Maternity and Children's Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350001, People's Republic of China,
| | - GuanYu Ruan
- Laboratory of Gynecologic Oncology, Fujian Provincial Maternity and Children's Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350001, People's Republic of China,
| | - WeiYi Huang
- Laboratory of Gynecologic Oncology, Fujian Provincial Maternity and Children's Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350001, People's Republic of China,
| | - Elena Ioana Braicu
- Department of Gynecology, Campus Virchow Clinic, Charité Medical University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jalid Sehouli
- Department of Gynecology, Campus Virchow Clinic, Charité Medical University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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26
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Kubara K, Yamazaki K, Ishihara Y, Naruto T, Lin HT, Nishimura K, Ohtaka M, Nakanishi M, Ito M, Tsukahara K, Morio T, Takagi M, Otsu M. Status of KRAS in iPSCs Impacts upon Self-Renewal and Differentiation Propensity. Stem Cell Reports 2018; 11:380-394. [PMID: 29983389 PMCID: PMC6092694 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2018.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncogenic KRAS mutations in hematopoietic stem cells cause RAS-associated autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome-like disease (RALD). KRAS plays essential roles in stemness maintenance in some types of stem cells. However, its roles in pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) are poorly understood. Here, we investigated the roles of KRAS on stemness in the context of induced PSCs (iPSCs). We used KRAS mutant (G13C/WT) and wild-type isogenic (WT/WT) iPSCs from the same RALD patients, as well as wild-type (WTed/WT) and heterozygous knockout (Δed/WT) iPSCs, both obtained by genome editing from the same G13C/WT clone. Compared with WT iPSCs, G13C/WT iPSCs displayed enforced retention of self-renewal and suppressed capacity for neuronal differentiation, while Δed/WT iPSCs showed normalized cellular characteristics similar to those of isogenic WTed/WT cells. The KRAS-ERK pathway, but not the KRAS-PI3K pathway, was shown to govern these G13C/WT-specific phenotypes, indicating the strong impact of the KRAS-ERK signaling upon self-renewal and differentiation propensity in human iPSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Kubara
- Tsukuba Research Laboratories, Eisai Co., Ltd., 5-1-3 Tokodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2635, Japan.
| | - Kazuto Yamazaki
- Tsukuba Research Laboratories, Eisai Co., Ltd., 5-1-3 Tokodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2635, Japan.
| | - Yasuharu Ishihara
- Tsukuba Research Laboratories, Eisai Co., Ltd., 5-1-3 Tokodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2635, Japan
| | - Takuya Naruto
- Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Huan-Ting Lin
- Division of Stem Cell Processing/Stem Cell Bank, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Ken Nishimura
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Manami Ohtaka
- TOKIWA-Bio, Inc., 1-1-1 Higashi, Central 5, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Mahito Nakanishi
- Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Masashi Ito
- Tsukuba Research Laboratories, Eisai Co., Ltd., 5-1-3 Tokodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2635, Japan
| | - Kappei Tsukahara
- Tsukuba Research Laboratories, Eisai Co., Ltd., 5-1-3 Tokodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2635, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Morio
- Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Takagi
- Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Makoto Otsu
- Division of Stem Cell Processing/Stem Cell Bank, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
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27
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Quantitative Secretomics Reveals Extrinsic Signals Involved in Human Pluripotent Stem Cell Cardiomyogenesis. Proteomics 2018; 18:e1800102. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201800102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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28
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Coffin JD, Homer-Bouthiette C, Hurley MM. Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 and Its Receptors in Bone Biology and Disease. J Endocr Soc 2018; 2:657-671. [PMID: 29942929 PMCID: PMC6009610 DOI: 10.1210/js.2018-00105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The fibroblast growth factor (FGF) regulatory axis is phylogenetically ancient, evolving into a large mammalian/human gene family of 22 ligands that bind to four receptor tyrosine kinases for a complex physiologic system controlling cell growth, differentiation, and metabolism. The tissue targets for the primary FGF function are mainly in cartilage and in bone for morphogenesis, mineralization, and metabolism. A multitude of complexities in the FGF ligand-receptor signaling pathways have made translation into therapies for FGF-related bone disorders such as osteomalacia, osteoarthritis, and osteoporosis difficult but not impossible.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marja Marie Hurley
- Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, UCONN Health, Farmington, Connecticut
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29
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Parida S, Chakraborty S, Maji RK, Ghosh Z. Elucidating the gene regulatory networks modulating cancer stem cells and non-stem cancer cells in high grade serous ovarian cancer. Genomics 2018; 111:103-113. [PMID: 29355597 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2018.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2017] [Revised: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The origin and pathogenesis of epithelial ovarian cancer have perplexed investigators for decades. The most prevalent type of it is the high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma (HGSOv) which is a highly aggressive disease with high relapse rates and insurgence of chemo-resistance at later stages of treatment. These are driven by a rare population of stem cell like cancer cells called cancer stem cells (CSCs). We have taken up a systems approach to find out the common gene interaction paths between non-CSC tumor cells (CCs) and CSCs in HGSOv. Detailed investigation reveals a set of 17 Transcription Factors (named as pivot-TFs) which can govern changes in the mode of gene regulation along these paths. Overall, this work highlights a divergent road map of functional information relayed by these common key players in the two cell states, which might aid towards designing novel therapeutic measures to target the CSCs for ovarian cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibun Parida
- Bioinformatics Centre, Bose Institute, Kolkata 700054, India
| | | | | | - Zhumur Ghosh
- Bioinformatics Centre, Bose Institute, Kolkata 700054, India.
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30
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Massai D, Bolesani E, Diaz DR, Kropp C, Kempf H, Halloin C, Martin U, Braniste T, Isu G, Harms V, Morbiducci U, Dräger G, Zweigerdt R. Sensitivity of human pluripotent stem cells to insulin precipitation induced by peristaltic pump-based medium circulation: considerations on process development. Sci Rep 2017. [PMID: 28638147 PMCID: PMC5479836 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04158-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Controlled large-scale production of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) is indispensable for their envisioned clinical translation. Aiming at advanced process development in suspension culture, the sensitivity of hPSC media to continuous peristaltic pump-based circulation, a well-established technology extensively used in hydraulically-driven bioreactors, was investigated. Unexpectedly, conditioning of low protein media (i.e. E8 and TeSR-E8) in a peristaltic pump circuit induced severe viability loss of hPSCs cultured as aggregates in suspension. Optical, biochemical, and cytological analyses of the media revealed that the applied circulation mode resulted in the reduction of the growth hormone insulin by precipitation of micro-sized particles. Notably, in contrast to insulin depletion, individual withdrawal of other medium protein components (i.e. bFGF, TGFβ1 or transferrin) provoked minor reduction of hPSC viability, if any. Supplementation of the surfactant glycerol or the use of the insulin analogue Aspart did not overcome the issue of insulin precipitation. In contrast, the presence of bovine or human serum albumin (BSA or HSA, respectively) stabilized insulin rescuing its content, possibly by acting as molecular chaperone-like protein, ultimately supporting hPSC maintenance. This study highlights the potential and the requirement of media optimization for automated hPSC processing and has broad implications on media development and bioreactor-based technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Massai
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO), Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany.,REBIRTH-Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Emiliano Bolesani
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO), Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany.,REBIRTH-Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Diana Robles Diaz
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO), Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany.,REBIRTH-Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Christina Kropp
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO), Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany.,REBIRTH-Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Henning Kempf
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO), Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany.,REBIRTH-Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Caroline Halloin
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO), Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany.,REBIRTH-Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ulrich Martin
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO), Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany.,REBIRTH-Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Tudor Braniste
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO), Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany.,National Center for Materials Study and Testing, Technical University of Moldova, Bv. Stefan cel Mare 168, Chisinau, 2004, Republic of Moldova
| | - Giuseppe Isu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129, Torino, Italy.,Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel and Department of Surgery, University Hospital of Basel, 4031, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Vanessa Harms
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, Schneiderberg 1B, 30167, Hannover, Germany
| | - Umberto Morbiducci
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129, Torino, Italy
| | - Gerald Dräger
- REBIRTH-Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany.,Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, Schneiderberg 1B, 30167, Hannover, Germany
| | - Robert Zweigerdt
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO), Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany. .,REBIRTH-Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
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31
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Jeong HC, Park SJ, Choi JJ, Go YH, Hong SK, Kwon OS, Shin JG, Kim RK, Lee MO, Lee SJ, Shin HD, Moon SH, Cha HJ. PRMT8 Controls the Pluripotency and Mesodermal Fate of Human Embryonic Stem Cells By Enhancing the PI3K/AKT/SOX2 Axis. Stem Cells 2017; 35:2037-2049. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.2642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ho-Chang Jeong
- Department of Life Sciences, Sogang University; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Soon-Jung Park
- Department of Medicine; School of Medicine, Konkuk University; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Jin Choi
- Department of Medicine; School of Medicine, Konkuk University; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Hyun Go
- Department of Life Sciences, Sogang University; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Soon-Ki Hong
- Department of Life Sciences, Sogang University; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Ok-Seon Kwon
- Department of Life Sciences, Sogang University; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Joong-Gon Shin
- Department of Life Sciences, Sogang University; Seoul Republic of Korea
- Research Institute for Basic Science, Sogang University; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Rae-Kwon Kim
- Department of Life Science; Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Ok Lee
- Immunotherapy Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB); Daejeon Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Jae Lee
- Department of Life Science; Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoung Doo Shin
- Department of Life Sciences, Sogang University; Seoul Republic of Korea
- Research Institute for Basic Science, Sogang University; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hwan Moon
- Department of Medicine; School of Medicine, Konkuk University; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Hyuk-Jin Cha
- Department of Life Sciences, Sogang University; Seoul Republic of Korea
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32
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Abstract
Since the advent of the generation of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs), numerous protocols have been developed to differentiate hiPSCs into cardiomyocytes and then subsequently assess their ability to recapitulate the properties of adult human cardiomyocytes. However, hiPSC-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) are often assessed in single-cell assays. A shortcoming of these assays is the limited ability to characterize the physiological parameters of cardiomyocytes, such as contractile force, due to random orientations. This protocol describes the differentiation of cardiomyocytes from hiPSCs, which occurs within 14 d. After casting, cardiomyocytes undergo 3D assembly. This produces fibrin-based engineered heart tissues (EHTs)-in a strip format-that generate force under auxotonic stretch conditions. 10-15 d after casting, the EHTs can be used for contractility measurements. This protocol describes parallel expansion of hiPSCs; standardized generation of defined embryoid bodies, growth factor and small-molecule-based cardiac differentiation; and standardized generation of EHTs. To carry out the protocol, experience in advanced cell culture techniques is required.
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Shekari F, Nezari H, Larijani MR, Han CL, Baharvand H, Chen YJ, Salekdeh GH. Proteome analysis of human embryonic stem cells organelles. J Proteomics 2017; 162:108-118. [PMID: 28435121 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2017.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2016] [Revised: 04/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
As the functions of proteins are associated with their cellular localization, the comprehensive sub-cellular proteome knowledge of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) is indispensable for ensuring a therapeutic effect. Here, we have utilized a sub-cellular proteomics approach to analyze the localization of proteins in the nucleus, mitochondria, crude membrane, cytoplasm, heavy and light microsomes. Out of 2002 reproducibly identified proteins, we detected 762 proteins in a single organelle whereas 160 proteins were found in all sub-cellular fractions. We verified the localization of identified proteins through databases and discussed the consistency of the obtained results. With regards to the ambiguity in the definition of a membrane protein, we tried to clearly define the plasma membrane, peripheral membrane and membrane proteins by annotation of these proteins in databases, along with predictions of transmembrane helices. Among ten enriched signaling pathways highlighted in our results, non-canonical Wnt signaling were analyzed in greater detail. The functions of three novel hESC membrane proteins (ERBB4, GGT1 and ZDHHC13) have been assessed in terms of pluripotency. Our report is the most comprehensive for organellar proteomics of hESCs. SIGNIFICANCE Mass spectrometric identification of proteins using a TripleTOF 5600 from nucleus, mitochondria, crude membrane, cytoplasm, heavy and light microsomal fractions highlighted the significance of the non-canonical Wnt signaling in human embryonic stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faezeh Shekari
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran; Department of Developmental Biology, University of Science and Culture, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Nezari
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehran Rezaei Larijani
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Chia-Li Han
- Master Program for Clinical Pharmacogenomics and Pharmacoproteomics, School of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hossein Baharvand
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Science and Culture, Tehran, Iran; Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Yu-Ju Chen
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Ghasem Hosseini Salekdeh
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran; Department of Systems Biology, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran, Karaj, Iran.
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34
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Kole D, Grella A, Dolivo D, Shumaker L, Hermans W, Dominko T. High molecular weight FGF2 isoforms demonstrate canonical receptor-mediated activity and support human embryonic stem cell self-renewal. Stem Cell Res 2017; 21:106-116. [PMID: 28433654 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2017.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF2) is a highly pleiotropic member of a large family of growth factors with a broad range of activities, including mitogenesis and angiogenesis (Ornitz et al., 1996; Zhang et al., 2006), and it is known to be essential for maintenance of balance between survival, proliferation, and self-renewal in human pluripotent stem cells (Eiselleova et al., 2009; Zoumaro-Djayoon et al., 2011). A single FGF2 transcript can be translated into five FGF2 protein isoforms, an 18kDa low molecular weight (LMW) isoform and four larger high molecular weight (HMW) isoforms (Arese et al., 1999; Arnaud et al., 1999). As they are not generally secreted, high molecular weight (HMW) FGF2 isoforms have predominantly been investigated intracellularly; only a very limited number of studies have investigated their activity as extracellular factors. Here we report over-expression, isolation, and biological activity of all recombinant human FGF2 isoforms. We show that HMW FGF2 isoforms can support self-renewal of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) in vitro. Exogenous supplementation with HMW FGF2 isoforms also activates the canonical FGFR/MAPK pathway and induces mitogenic activity in a manner similar to that of the 18kDa FGF2 isoform. Though all HMW isoforms, when supplemented exogenously, are able to recapitulate LMW FGF2 activity to some degree, it appears that certain isoforms tend to do so more poorly, demonstrating a lesser functional response by several measures. A better understanding of isoform-specific FGF2 effects will lead to a better understanding of developmental and pathological FGF2 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Kole
- Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Department of Biology and Biotechnology, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, MA 01609, United States
| | - Alexandra Grella
- Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Department of Biology and Biotechnology, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, MA 01609, United States
| | - David Dolivo
- Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Department of Biology and Biotechnology, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, MA 01609, United States
| | - Lucia Shumaker
- Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Department of Biology and Biotechnology, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, MA 01609, United States
| | - William Hermans
- Blue Sky Bioservices Inc., 60 Prescott Street, Worcester, MA 01605, United States
| | - Tanja Dominko
- Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Department of Biology and Biotechnology, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, MA 01609, United States; University of Nova Gorica, Center for Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, Glavni trg 8, Vipava, Slovenia.
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35
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Brouwer M, Zhou H, Nadif Kasri N. Choices for Induction of Pluripotency: Recent Developments in Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Reprogramming Strategies. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2016; 12:54-72. [PMID: 26424535 PMCID: PMC4720703 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-015-9622-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The ability to generate human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from somatic cells provides tremendous promises for regenerative medicine and its use has widely increased over recent years. However, reprogramming efficiencies remain low and chromosomal instability and tumorigenic potential are concerns in the use of iPSCs, especially in clinical settings. Therefore, reprogramming methods have been under development to generate safer iPSCs with higher efficiency and better quality. Developments have mainly focused on the somatic cell source, the cocktail of reprogramming factors, the delivery method used to introduce reprogramming factors and culture conditions to maintain the generated iPSCs. This review discusses the developments on these topics and briefly discusses pros and cons of iPSCs in comparison with human embryonic stem cells generated from somatic cell nuclear transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marinka Brouwer
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, 6500, HB, The Netherlands
| | - Huiqing Zhou
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, 6500, HB, The Netherlands. .,Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, Faculty of Science, Radboud University, Nijmegen, 6500, HB, The Netherlands.
| | - Nael Nadif Kasri
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, 6500, HB, The Netherlands. .,Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, 6500, HB, The Netherlands. .,Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour , Centre for Neuroscience, Nijmegen, 6525, AJ, The Netherlands.
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36
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Polak U, Li Y, Butler JS, Napierala M. Alleviating GAA Repeat Induced Transcriptional Silencing of the Friedreich's Ataxia Gene During Somatic Cell Reprogramming. Stem Cells Dev 2016; 25:1788-1800. [PMID: 27615158 PMCID: PMC5155629 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2016.0147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA) is the most common autosomal recessive ataxia. This severe neurodegenerative disease is caused by an expansion of guanine-adenine-adenine (GAA) repeats located in the first intron of the frataxin (FXN) gene, which represses its transcription. Although transcriptional silencing is associated with heterochromatin-like changes in the vicinity of the expanded GAAs, the exact mechanism and pathways involved in transcriptional inhibition are largely unknown. As major remodeling of the epigenome is associated with somatic cell reprogramming, modulating chromatin modification pathways during the cellular transition from a somatic to a pluripotent state is likely to generate permanent changes to the epigenetic landscape. We hypothesize that the epigenetic modifications in the vicinity of the GAA repeats can be reversed by pharmacological modulation during somatic cell reprogramming. We reprogrammed FRDA fibroblasts into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) in the presence of various small molecules that target DNA methylation and histone acetylation and methylation. Treatment of FRDA iPSCs with two compounds, sodium butyrate (NaB) and Parnate, led to an increase in FXN expression and correction of repressive marks at the FXN locus, which persisted for several passages. However, prolonged culture of the epigenetically modified FRDA iPSCs led to progressive expansions of the GAA repeats and a corresponding decrease in FXN expression. Furthermore, we uncovered that differentiation of these iPSCs into neurons also results in resilencing of the FXN gene. Taken together, these results demonstrate that transcriptional repression caused by long GAA repeat tracts can be partially or transiently reversed by altering particular epigenetic modifications, thus revealing possibilities for detailed analyses of silencing mechanism and development of new therapeutic approaches for FRDA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urszula Polak
- Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Epigenetics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, Texas
| | - Yanjie Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, UAB Stem Cell Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Jill Sergesketter Butler
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, UAB Stem Cell Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Marek Napierala
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, UAB Stem Cell Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
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37
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Zou Y, Tong HJ, Li M, Tan KS, Cao T. Telomere length is regulated by FGF-2 in human embryonic stem cells and affects the life span of its differentiated progenies. Biogerontology 2016; 18:69-84. [DOI: 10.1007/s10522-016-9662-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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38
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Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway activation is required for proliferation of chicken primordial germ cells in vitro. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34510. [PMID: 27687983 PMCID: PMC5062643 DOI: 10.1038/srep34510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we investigated the role of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in chicken primordial germ cells (PGCs) in vitro. We confirmed the expression of Wnt signaling pathway-related genes and the localization of β-catenin in the nucleus, revealing that this pathway is potentially activated in chicken PGCs. Then, using the single-cell pick-up assay, we examined the proliferative capacity of cultured PGCs in response to Wnt ligands, a β-catenin-mediated Wnt signaling activator (6-bromoindirubin-3′-oxime [BIO]) or inhibitor (JW74), in the presence or absence of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). WNT1, WNT3A, and BIO promoted the proliferation of chicken PGCs similarly to bFGF, whereas JW74 inhibited this proliferation. Meanwhile, such treatments in combination with bFGF did not show a synergistic effect. bFGF treatment could not rescue PGC proliferation in the presence of JW74. In addition, we confirmed the translocation of β-catenin into the nucleus by the addition of bFGF after JW74 treatment. These results indicate that there is signaling crosstalk between FGF and Wnt, and that β-catenin acts on PGC proliferation downstream of bFGF. In conclusion, our study suggests that Wnt signaling enhances the proliferation of chicken PGCs via the stabilization of β-catenin and activation of its downstream genes.
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39
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Calcium signaling in human pluripotent stem cells. Cell Calcium 2016; 59:117-23. [PMID: 26922096 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2016.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells provide new tools for developmental and pharmacological studies as well as for regenerative medicine applications. Calcium homeostasis and ligand-dependent calcium signaling are key components of major cellular responses, including cell proliferation, differentiation or apoptosis. Interestingly, these phenomena have not been characterized in detail as yet in pluripotent human cell sates. Here we review the methods applicable for studying both short- and long-term calcium responses, focusing on the expression of fluorescent calcium indicator proteins and imaging methods as applied in pluripotent human stem cells. We discuss the potential regulatory pathways involving calcium responses in hPS cells and compare these to the implicated pathways in mouse PS cells. A recent development in the stem cell field is the recognition of so called "naïve" states, resembling the earliest potential forms of stem cells during development, as well as the "fuzzy" stem cells, which may be alternative forms of pluripotent cell types, therefore we also discuss the potential role of calcium homeostasis in these PS cell types.
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40
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Dorris ER, Blackshields G, Sommerville G, Alhashemi M, Dias A, McEneaney V, Smyth P, O'Leary JJ, Sheils O. Pluripotency markers are differentially induced by MEK inhibition in thyroid and melanoma BRAFV600E cell lines. Cancer Biol Ther 2016; 17:526-42. [PMID: 26828826 PMCID: PMC4910922 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2016.1139230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncogenic mutations in BRAF are common in melanoma and thyroid carcinoma and drive constitutive activation of the MAPK pathway. Molecularly targeted therapies of this pathway improves survival compared to chemotherapy; however, responses tend to be short-lived as resistance invariably occursCell line models of melanoma and thyroid carcinoma, +/− BRAFV600E activating mutation, were treated with the MEK inhibitor PD0325901. Treated and naive samples were assayed for expression of key members of the MAPK pathway. Global microRNA expression profiling of naive and resistant cells was performed via next generation sequencingand indicated pluripotency pathways in resistance. Parental cell lines were progressed to holoclones to confirm the miRNA stemness profileMembers of the MIR302/373/374/520 family of embryonic stem cell specific cell cycle regulating (ESCC) microRNAs were identified as differentially expressed between resistant BRAFV600E melanoma and thyroid cell lines. Upregulated expression of gene and protein stemness markers, upregulated expression of MAPK pathway genes and downregulation of the ESCC MIR302 cluster in BRAFV600E melanoma indicated an increased stem-like phenotype in resistant BRAFV600E melanoma. Conversely, downregulated expression of gene and protein stemness markers, downregulated expression of MAPK pathway genes, upregulation of the ESCC MIR520 cluster, reeexpression of cell surface receptors, and induced differentiation-associated morphology in resistant BRAFV600E indicate a differentiated phenotype associated with MEK inhibitor resistance in BRAFV600E thyroid cellsThe differential patterns of resistance observed between BRAFV600E melanoma and thyroid cell lines may reflect tissue type or de novo differentiation, but could have significant impact on the response of primary and metastatic cells to MEK inhibitor treatment. This study provides a basis for the investigation of the cellular differentiation/self-renewal access and its role in resistance to MEK inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma R Dorris
- a Department of Histopathology , Sir Patrick Dun Research Lab, Trinity College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Gordon Blackshields
- a Department of Histopathology , Sir Patrick Dun Research Lab, Trinity College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Gary Sommerville
- a Department of Histopathology , Sir Patrick Dun Research Lab, Trinity College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Mohsen Alhashemi
- a Department of Histopathology , Sir Patrick Dun Research Lab, Trinity College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Andrew Dias
- a Department of Histopathology , Sir Patrick Dun Research Lab, Trinity College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Victoria McEneaney
- a Department of Histopathology , Sir Patrick Dun Research Lab, Trinity College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Paul Smyth
- a Department of Histopathology , Sir Patrick Dun Research Lab, Trinity College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
| | - John J O'Leary
- a Department of Histopathology , Sir Patrick Dun Research Lab, Trinity College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Orla Sheils
- a Department of Histopathology , Sir Patrick Dun Research Lab, Trinity College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
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41
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Mohammadnia A, Yaqubi M, Pourasgari F, Neely E, Fallahi H, Massumi M. Signaling and Gene Regulatory Networks Governing Definitive Endoderm Derivation From Pluripotent Stem Cells. J Cell Physiol 2016; 231:1994-2006. [PMID: 26755186 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The generation of definitive endoderm (DE) from pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) is a fundamental stage in the formation of highly organized visceral organs, such as the liver and pancreas. Currently, there is a need for a comprehensive study that illustrates the involvement of different signaling pathways and their interactions in the derivation of DE cells from PSCs. This study aimed to identify signaling pathways that have the greatest influence on DE formation using analyses of transcriptional profiles, protein-protein interactions, protein-DNA interactions, and protein localization data. Using this approach, signaling networks involved in DE formation were constructed using systems biology and data mining tools, and the validity of the predicted networks was confirmed experimentally by measuring the mRNA levels of hub genes in several PSCs-derived DE cell lines. Based on our analyses, seven signaling pathways, including the BMP, ERK1-ERK2, FGF, TGF-beta, MAPK, Wnt, and PIP signaling pathways and their interactions, were found to play a role in the derivation of DE cells from PSCs. Lastly, the core gene regulatory network governing this differentiation process was constructed. The results of this study could improve our understanding surrounding the efficient generation of DE cells for the regeneration of visceral organs. J. Cell. Physiol. 231: 1994-2006, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulshakour Mohammadnia
- Institute of Medical Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
| | - Moein Yaqubi
- Institute of Medical Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran.,Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.,Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Farzaneh Pourasgari
- Department of Biotechnology, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Karaj, Iran.,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eric Neely
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hossein Fallahi
- Department of Biology, School of Science, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran.,Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mohammad Massumi
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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42
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Choi M, Chung JH, Cho Y, Hong BY, Hong J. Nano-film modification of collagen hydrogels for controlled growth factor release. Chem Eng Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2015.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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43
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Bengoa-Vergniory N, Gorroño-Etxebarria I, González-Salazar I, Kypta RM. A switch from canonical to noncanonical Wnt signaling mediates early differentiation of human neural stem cells. Stem Cells 2015; 32:3196-208. [PMID: 25100239 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Wnt/β-catenin signaling is essential for neurogenesis but less is known about β-catenin-independent Wnt signals. We show here that Wnt/activator protein-1 (AP-1) signaling drives differentiation of human embryonic stem cell and induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neural progenitor cells. Neuronal differentiation was accompanied by a reduction in β-catenin/Tcf-dependent transcription and target gene expression, increased levels and/or phosphorylation of activating transcription factor 2 (ATF2), cyclic AMP response element-binding protein, and c-Jun, and increased AP-1-dependent transcription. Inhibition of Wnt secretion using the porcupine inhibitors IWP-2 and Wnt-C59 blocked neuronal differentiation, while activation or inhibition of Wnt/β-catenin signaling had no effect. Neuronal differentiation increased expression of several Wnt genes, including WNT3A, silencing of which reduced differentiation. Addition of recombinant Wnt-3a to cells treated with IWP-2 or Wnt-C59 increased AP-1 levels and restored neuronal differentiation. The effects of Wnt-3a could not be blocked by addition of Dkk-1 or IWR-1, suggesting the involvement of noncanonical signaling. Consistent with this, restoration of neuronal differentiation by Wnt-3a was reduced by inhibition of Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and by gene silencing of ATF2. Together, these observations suggest that β-catenin-independent Wnt signals promote neural stem/progenitor cell differentiation in a signaling pathway involving Wnt-3a, JNK, and ATF2.
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44
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Choi HY, Saha SK, Kim K, Kim S, Yang GM, Kim B, Kim JH, Cho SG. G protein-coupled receptors in stem cell maintenance and somatic reprogramming to pluripotent or cancer stem cells. BMB Rep 2015; 48:68-80. [PMID: 25413305 PMCID: PMC4352616 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2015.48.2.250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are a large class of transmembrane receptors categorized into five distinct families: rhodopsin, secretin, adhesion, glutamate, and frizzled. They bind and regulate 80% of all hormones and account for 20-50% of the pharmaceuticals currently on the market. Hundreds of GPCRs integrate and coordinate the functions of individual cells, mediating signaling between various organs. GPCRs are crucial players in tumor progression, adipogenesis, and inflammation. Several studies have also confirmed their central roles in embryonic development and stem cell maintenance. Recently, GPCRs have emerged as key players in the regulation of cell survival, proliferation, migration, and self-renewal in pluripotent (PSCs) and cancer stem cells (CSCs). Our study and other reports have revealed that the expression of many GPCRs is modulated during the generation of induced PSCs (iPSCs) or CSCs as well as during CSC sphere formation. These GPCRs may have crucial roles in the regulation of selfrenewal and other biological properties of iPSCs and CSCs. This review addresses the current understanding of the role of GPCRs in stem cell maintenance and somatic reprogramming to PSCs or CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Yeon Choi
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Animal Resources Research Center, and Incurable Disease Animal Model and Stem Cell Institute (IDASI), Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea
| | - Subbroto Kumar Saha
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Animal Resources Research Center, and Incurable Disease Animal Model and Stem Cell Institute (IDASI), Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea
| | - Kyeongseok Kim
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Animal Resources Research Center, and Incurable Disease Animal Model and Stem Cell Institute (IDASI), Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea
| | - Sangsu Kim
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Animal Resources Research Center, and Incurable Disease Animal Model and Stem Cell Institute (IDASI), Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea
| | - Gwang-Mo Yang
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Animal Resources Research Center, and Incurable Disease Animal Model and Stem Cell Institute (IDASI), Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea
| | - BongWoo Kim
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Animal Resources Research Center, and Incurable Disease Animal Model and Stem Cell Institute (IDASI), Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea
| | - Jin-hoi Kim
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Animal Resources Research Center, and Incurable Disease Animal Model and Stem Cell Institute (IDASI), Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea
| | - Ssang-Goo Cho
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Animal Resources Research Center, and Incurable Disease Animal Model and Stem Cell Institute (IDASI), Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea
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45
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Imsoonthornruksa S, Pruksananonda K, Parnpai R, Rungsiwiwut R, Ketudat-Cairns M. Expression and Purification of Recombinant Human Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor Fusion Proteins and Their Uses in Human Stem Cell Culture. J Mol Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 25:372-80. [DOI: 10.1159/000441453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
To reduce the cost of cytokines and growth factors in stem cell research, a simple method for the production of soluble and biological active human basic fibroblast growth factor (hbFGF) fusion protein in <i>Escherichia coli</i> was established. Under optimal conditions, approximately 60-80 mg of >95% pure hbFGF fusion proteins (Trx-6xHis-hbFGF and 6xHis-hbFGF) were obtained from 1 liter of culture broth. The purified hbFGF proteins, both with and without the fusion tags, were biologically active, which was confirmed by their ability to stimulate proliferation of NIH3T3 cells. The fusion proteins also have the ability to support several culture passages of undifferentiated human embryonic stem cells and induce pluripotent stem cells. This paper describes a low-cost and uncomplicated method for the production and purification of biologically active hbFGF fusion proteins.
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46
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Bengoa-Vergniory N, Kypta RM. Canonical and noncanonical Wnt signaling in neural stem/progenitor cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:4157-72. [PMID: 26306936 PMCID: PMC11113751 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-2028-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Revised: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The first mammalian Wnt to be discovered, Wnt-1, was found to be essential for the development of a large part of the mouse brain over 25 years ago. We have since learned that Wnt family secreted glycolipoproteins, of which there are nineteen, which activate a diverse network of signals that are particularly important during embryonic development and tissue regeneration. Wnt signals in the developing and adult brain can drive neural stem cell self-renewal, expansion, asymmetric cell division, maturation and differentiation. The molecular events taking place after a Wnt binds to its cell-surface receptors are complex and, at times, controversial. A deeper understanding of these events is anticipated to lead to improvements in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases and stem cell-based replacement therapies. Here, we review the roles played by Wnts in neural stem cells in the developing mouse brain, at neurogenic sites of the adult mouse and in neural stem cell culture models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Bengoa-Vergniory
- Cell Biology and Stem Cells Unit, CIC bioGUNE, Bilbao, Spain.
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, Oxford University, Oxford, UK.
| | - Robert M Kypta
- Cell Biology and Stem Cells Unit, CIC bioGUNE, Bilbao, Spain.
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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47
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Hadjimichael C, Chanoumidou K, Papadopoulou N, Arampatzi P, Papamatheakis J, Kretsovali A. Common stemness regulators of embryonic and cancer stem cells. World J Stem Cells 2015; 7:1150-1184. [PMID: 26516408 PMCID: PMC4620423 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v7.i9.1150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Revised: 05/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pluripotency of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells is regulated by a well characterized gene transcription circuitry. The circuitry is assembled by ESC specific transcription factors, signal transducing molecules and epigenetic regulators. Growing understanding of stem-like cells, albeit of more complex phenotypes, present in tumors (cancer stem cells), provides a common conceptual and research framework for basic and applied stem cell biology. In this review, we highlight current results on biomarkers, gene signatures, signaling pathways and epigenetic regulators that are common in embryonic and cancer stem cells. We discuss their role in determining the cell phenotype and finally, their potential use to design next generation biological and pharmaceutical approaches for regenerative medicine and cancer therapies.
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48
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Brouwer M, Zhou H, Nadif Kasri N. Choices for Induction of Pluripotency: Recent Developments in Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Reprogramming Strategies. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2015. [PMID: 26424535 DOI: 10.1007/s12015‐015‐9622‐8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The ability to generate human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from somatic cells provides tremendous promises for regenerative medicine and its use has widely increased over recent years. However, reprogramming efficiencies remain low and chromosomal instability and tumorigenic potential are concerns in the use of iPSCs, especially in clinical settings. Therefore, reprogramming methods have been under development to generate safer iPSCs with higher efficiency and better quality. Developments have mainly focused on the somatic cell source, the cocktail of reprogramming factors, the delivery method used to introduce reprogramming factors and culture conditions to maintain the generated iPSCs. This review discusses the developments on these topics and briefly discusses pros and cons of iPSCs in comparison with human embryonic stem cells generated from somatic cell nuclear transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marinka Brouwer
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, 6500, HB, The Netherlands
| | - Huiqing Zhou
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, 6500, HB, The Netherlands. .,Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, Faculty of Science, Radboud University, Nijmegen, 6500, HB, The Netherlands.
| | - Nael Nadif Kasri
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, 6500, HB, The Netherlands. .,Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, 6500, HB, The Netherlands. .,Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour , Centre for Neuroscience, Nijmegen, 6525, AJ, The Netherlands.
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49
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Ding V, Chin A, Peh G, Mehta JS, Choo A. Generation of novel monoclonal antibodies for the enrichment and characterization of human corneal endothelial cells (hCENC) necessary for the treatment of corneal endothelial blindness. MAbs 2015; 6:1439-52. [PMID: 25484056 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.36249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Corneal transplantation is the primary treatment option to restore vision for patients with corneal endothelial blindness. Although the success rate of treatment is high, limited availability of transplant grade corneas is a major obstacle. Tissue-engineered corneal endothelial grafts constructed using cultivated human corneal endothelial cells (hCENC) isolated from cadaveric corneas may serve as a potential graft source. Currently, tools for the characterization of cultured hCENC and enrichment of hCENC from potential contaminating cells such as stromal fibroblasts are lacking. In this study, we describe the generation and characterization of novel cell surface monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) specific for hCENC. These mAbs could be used for enrichment and characterization of hCENC. Out of a total of 389 hybridomas, TAG-1A3 and TAG-2A12 were found to be specific to the corneal endothelial monolayer by immunostaining of frozen tissue sections. Both mAbs were able to clearly identify hCENC with good 'cobblestone-like' morphology from multiple donors. The antigen targets for TAG-1A3 and TAG-2A12 were found to be CD166/ALCAM and Peroxiredoxin-6 (Prdx-6), respectively, both of which have not been previously described as markers of hCENC. Additionally, unlike other Prdx-6 mAbs, TAG-2A12 was found to specifically bind cell surface Prdx-6, which was only expressed on hCENC and not on other cell types screened such as human corneal stromal fibroblasts (hCSF) and human pluripotent stem cells (hPSC). From our studies, we conclude that TAG-1A3 and TAG-2A12 are promising tools to quantitatively assess hCENC quality. It is also noteworthy that the binding specificity of TAG-2A12 could be used for the enrichment of hCENC from cell mixtures of hCSF and hPSC.
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Key Words
- AA, antibiotic/antimycotic
- ALCAM/CD166
- CM, conditioned medium
- DM, descement membrane
- DMEM, Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium
- DSAEK, Descement's stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty
- FBS, fetal bovine serum
- FGF-2, fibroblast growth factor-2
- FNC, fibronectin and collagen-based
- FT, flowthrough
- GPC-4, Glypican-4
- HRP, horseradish peroxidase
- ICC, immunocytochemistry
- IP, immunoprecipitation
- LEC, lens epithelial cells
- MACS, magnetic affinity cell separations
- MFI, mean fluorescence intensity
- MPL, monophosphryl-lipid A
- Na+K+ATPase, sodium potassium ATPase
- Peroxiredoxin-6
- Prdx-6, Peroxiredoxin-6
- TDM, trehalose dichorynmycolate
- ZO-1, zonula occludins-1
- cell enrichment
- characterization
- hCENC, human corneal endothelial cells
- hCSF, human corneal stromal fibroblasts
- hPSC, human pluripotent stem cells
- human corneal endothelial cells
- mAbs, monoclonal antibodies
- monoclonal antibodies
- nMFI, normalized mean fluorescence intensity
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Ding
- a Bioprocessing Technology Institute; Centros , Singapore
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Kim WT, Seo Choi H, Min Lee H, Jang YJ, Ryu CJ. B-cell receptor-associated protein 31 regulates human embryonic stem cell adhesion, stemness, and survival via control of epithelial cell adhesion molecule. Stem Cells 2015; 32:2626-41. [PMID: 24898727 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2013] [Revised: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
B-Cell receptor-associated protein 31 (BAP31) regulates the export of secreted membrane proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the downstream secretory pathway. Previously, we generated a monoclonal antibody 297-D4 against the surface molecule on undifferentiated human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). Here, we found that 297-D4 antigen was localized to pluripotent hESCs and downregulated during early differentiation of hESCs and identified that the antigen target of 297-D4 was BAP31 on the hESC-surface. To investigate the functional role of BAP31 in hESCs, BAP31 expression was knocked down by small interfering RNA. BAP31 depletion impaired hESC self-renewal and pluripotency and drove hESC differentiation into multicell lineages. BAP31 depletion hindered hESC proliferation by arresting cell cycle at G0/G1 phase and inducing caspase-independent cell death. Interestingly, BAP31 depletion reduced hESC adhesion to extracellular matrix (ECM). Analysis of cell surface molecules showed decreased expression of epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) in BAP31-depleted hESCs, while ectopic expression of BAP31 elevated the expression of EpCAM. EpCAM depletion also reduced hESC adhesion to ECM, arrested cell cycle at G0/G1 phase and induced cell death, producing similar effects to those of BAP31 depletion. BAP31 and EpCAM were physically associated and colocalized at the ER and cell surface. Both BAP31 and EpCAM depletion decreased cyclin D1 and E expression and suppressed PI3K/Akt signaling, suggesting that BAP31 regulates hESC stemness and survival via control of EpCAM expression. These findings provide, for the first time, mechanistic insights into how BAP31 regulates hESC stemness and survival via control of EpCAM expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Tae Kim
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Bioscience, Sejong University, Seoul, Korea
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