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Zhao Y, Zhang S, Cheng B, Feng F, Zhu Y, Liu Y, Wang J, Zou D, Ma H, Xu F, Zhang M. Mechanochemical coupling of MGF mediates periodontal regeneration. Bioeng Transl Med 2024; 9:e10603. [PMID: 38193124 PMCID: PMC10771565 DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Clinical evidence shows that the mechanical stimulation obtained from occlusion could enhance periodontal ligament (PDL) remodeling. Mechano-growth factor (MGF) is a growth factor produced specifically following mechanical stimulus Here, we aim to investigate the mechanical enhancement potential and mechanism of the MGF in PDL regeneration. In vivo study found that MGF produced from the PDL under occlusion force could strongly enhance PDL remodeling. In vitro experiments and mathematical modeling further confirmed the mechanical enhancement effect of MGF for PDLSC differentiation toward fibroblasts. A mechanochemical coupling effect of MGF mediated the enhancement of mechanical effect, which was modulated by Fyn-FAK kinases signaling and subsequent MAPK pathway. Finally, enhanced PDL regeneration under the mechanochemical coupling of MGF and occlusal force was verified in vivo. There exists an additive mechanical effect of MGF mediated by Fyn-FAK crosstalk and subsequent ERK1/2 and p38 phosphorylation, which could be developed as an MGF-centered adjuvant treatment to optimize PDL remodeling, especially for patients with weakened bite force or destroyed periodontium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of General Dentistry and EmergencySchool of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi’anPeople's Republic of China
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative MedicineXi'an People's Hospital (Xi'an Fourth Hospital), Northwest UniversityXi'anPeople's Republic of China
| | - Songbai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of General Dentistry and EmergencySchool of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi’anPeople's Republic of China
| | - Bo Cheng
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of EducationSchool of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi’anPeople's Republic of China
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi’anPeople's Republic of China
| | - Fan Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of General Dentistry and EmergencySchool of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi’anPeople's Republic of China
| | - Yue Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of General Dentistry and EmergencySchool of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi’anPeople's Republic of China
| | - Yanli Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of General Dentistry and EmergencySchool of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi’anPeople's Republic of China
| | - Junjun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of General Dentistry and EmergencySchool of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi’anPeople's Republic of China
| | - Dehui Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of General Dentistry and EmergencySchool of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi’anPeople's Republic of China
| | - Heng Ma
- Department of Physiology & Department of PathophysiologySchool of Basic Medical Sciences, Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi’anPeople's Republic of China
| | - Feng Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of EducationSchool of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi’anPeople's Republic of China
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi’anPeople's Republic of China
| | - Min Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of General Dentistry and EmergencySchool of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi’anPeople's Republic of China
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2
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Li B, Ding Z, Calbay O, Li Y, Li T, Jin L, Huang S. FAP is critical for ovarian cancer cell survival by sustaining NF-κB activation through recruitment of PRKDC in lipid rafts. Cancer Gene Ther 2023; 30:608-621. [PMID: 36494579 PMCID: PMC10498436 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-022-00575-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast activation protein (FAP) is tumor-specific and plays an important role in tumorigenecity. However, agents against its enzymatic activity or extracellular presence were unsuccessful in the clinic for undefined reasons. Here we show that FAP expression is higher in advanced ovarian cancer and is only detected in invasive ovarian cancer cells. Silencing FAP induces apoptosis and FAP's enzymatic activity is dispensable for cell survival. To elucidate the cause of apoptosis, we find that NF-κB activity is diminished when FAP is depleted and BIRC5 (survivin) acts downstream of FAP-NF-κB axis to promote cell survival. To uncover the link between FAP and NF-κB activation, we reveal that PRKDC (DNA-PK, DNA-dependent protein kinase) forms complex with FAP and is required for NF-κB activation and cell survival. Remarkably, FAP-PRKDC interaction occurs only in lipid rafts, and depleting FAP prevents lipid raft localization of PRKDC. Given the known ability of PRKDC to direct NF-κB activation, these results suggest that FAP recruits PRKDC in lipid rafts for NF-κB activation. FAP's non-enzymatic role and functioning from lipid rafts for cell survival also offer an explanation on the failure of past FAP-targeted therapies. Finally, we demonstrate that EpCAM aptamer-delivered FAP siRNA impeded intraperitoneal xenograft development of ovary tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Li
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Zuo Ding
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Ozlem Calbay
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Yue Li
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Lingtao Jin
- Deparment of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78245, USA
| | - Shuang Huang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
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3
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Chen L, Hu B, Wang X, Chen Y, Zhou B. Functional role of cyanidin-3-O-glucoside in osteogenesis: A pilot study based on RNA-seq analysis. Front Nutr 2022; 9:995643. [PMID: 36245484 PMCID: PMC9562617 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.995643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C3G) is the most widely distributed anthocyanin and it can reportedly reduce the risk of osteoporosis, but the molecular mechanism by which C3G promotes bone formation is poorly understood. In the current study, RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) was used to investigate the mechanism of action of C3G in osteogenesis. MC3T3-E1 mouse osteoblasts were divided into a C3G (100 μmol/L)-treated group and a vehicle-treated control group, and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in groups were evaluated via RNA-seq analysis. The functions of the DEGs were evaluated by Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses, and the genes were validated by quantitative real-time PCR. The RNA-seq analysis identified 34 genes that were upregulated in C3G-treated cells compared to vehicle-treated cells, and 17 that were downregulated GO and KEGG pathway analyses indicated that these genes were highly enriched in functions related to lysosomes and glycolipid biosynthesis, among others. The differential expression of ATPase H+-transporting V0 subunit C (Atp6v0c), chemokine (C-X3-C motif) ligand 1 (Cx3cl1), and lymphocyte antigen 6 complex, locus A (Ly6a) genes was validated by quantitative real-time-PCR. Because these genes have been previously implicated in osteoporosis, they are potential target genes of C3G action in MC3T3-E1 cells. These results provide molecular level evidence for the therapeutic potential of C3G in the treatment of osteoporosis and other disorders of bone metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Chen
- School of Public Health, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
| | - Bosen Hu
- School of Public Health, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaohong Wang
- School of Public Health, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
| | - Yong Chen
- Central Hospital Affiliated to Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
| | - Bo Zhou
- School of Public Health, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
- *Correspondence: Bo Zhou
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4
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Dsouza C, Moussa MS, Mikolajewicz N, Komarova SV. Extracellular ATP and its derivatives provide spatiotemporal guidance for bone adaptation to wide spectrum of physical forces. Bone Rep 2022; 17:101608. [PMID: 35992507 PMCID: PMC9385560 DOI: 10.1016/j.bonr.2022.101608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
ATP is a ubiquitous intracellular molecule critical for cellular bioenergetics. ATP is released in response to mechanical stimulation through vesicular release, small tears in cellular plasma membranes, or when cells are destroyed by traumatic forces. Extracellular ATP is degraded by ecto-ATPases to form ADP and eventually adenosine. ATP, ADP, and adenosine signal through purinergic receptors, including seven P2X ATP-gated cation channels, seven G-protein coupled P2Y receptors responsive to ATP and ADP, and four P1 receptors stimulated by adenosine. The goal of this review is to build a conceptual model of the role of different components of this complex system in coordinating cellular responses that are appropriate to the degree of mechanical stimulation, cell proximity to the location of mechanical injury, and time from the event. We propose that route and amount of ATP release depend on the scale of mechanical forces, ranging from vesicular release of small ATP boluses upon membrane deformation, to leakage of ATP through resealable plasma membrane tears, to spillage of cellular content due to destructive forces. Correspondingly, different P2 receptors responsive to ATP will be activated according to their affinity at the site of mechanical stimulation. ATP is a small molecule that readily diffuses through the environment, bringing the signal to the surrounding cells. ATP is also degraded to ADP which can stimulate a distinct set of P2 receptors. We propose that depending on the magnitude of mechanical forces and distance from the site of their application, ATP/ADP profiles will be different, allowing the relay of information about tissue level injury and proximity. Lastly, ADP is degraded to adenosine acting via its P1 receptors. The presence of large amounts of adenosine without ATP, indicates that an active source of ATP release is no longer present, initiating the transition to the recovery phase. This model consolidates the knowledge regarding the individual components of the purinergic system into a conceptual framework of choreographed responses to physical forces. Cellular bioenergetic molecule ATP is released when cell is mechanically stimulated. ATP release is proportional to the amount of cellular damage. ATP diffusion and transformation to ADP indicates the proximity to the damage. Purinergic receptors form a network choreographing cell response to physical forces. Complete transformation of ATP to adenosine initiates the recovery phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrisanne Dsouza
- Department of Experimental Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 1A4, Canada
- Shriners Hospitals for Children- Canada, Montreal, QC H4A 0A9, Canada
| | - Mahmoud S. Moussa
- Shriners Hospitals for Children- Canada, Montreal, QC H4A 0A9, Canada
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1G1, Canada
| | - Nicholas Mikolajewicz
- Shriners Hospitals for Children- Canada, Montreal, QC H4A 0A9, Canada
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1G1, Canada
| | - Svetlana V. Komarova
- Department of Experimental Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 1A4, Canada
- Shriners Hospitals for Children- Canada, Montreal, QC H4A 0A9, Canada
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1G1, Canada
- Corresponding author.
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5
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Saha AK, Dallo SF, Detmar AL, Osmulski P, Gaczynska M, Huang THM, Ramasubramanian AK. Cellular cholesterol regulates monocyte deformation. J Biomech 2016; 52:83-88. [PMID: 28082022 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2016.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The role of cholesterol content on monocyte biomechanics remains understudied despite the well-established link between cholesterol and monocytes/macrophages in atherosclerosis, and the effect on other cell types. In this work, we have investigated the effect of cholesterol on monocyte deformability and the underlying molecular mechanisms. We altered the baseline cholesterol in human monocytic cell line THP-1, and investigated the changes in monocyte deformability using a custom microfluidic platform and atomic force microscopy. We observed that the cholesterol depletion lowered deformability while enrichment increased deformability compared to untreated cells. As a consequence of altered deformability, cholesterol depleted cells spread more on collagen-coated surfaces with elongated morphology, whereas cholesterol enriched cells had a more rounded morphology. We observed that the decreased deformability in cholesterol depleted cells, despite an increase in the fluidity of the membrane, is due to an increase in phosphorylation of Protein Kinase C (PKC), which translates to a higher degree of actin polymerization. Together, our results highlight the importance of biophysical regulation of monocyte response to cholesterol levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit K Saha
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Shatha F Dallo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Ariana L Detmar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Pawel Osmulski
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Maria Gaczynska
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Tim Hui-Ming Huang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Anand K Ramasubramanian
- Department of Biomedical, Chemical and Materials Engineering, San José State University, San José, CA, United States.
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6
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Lyons JS, Iyer SR, Lovering RM, Ward CW, Stains JP. Novel multi-functional fluid flow device for studying cellular mechanotransduction. J Biomech 2016; 49:4173-4179. [PMID: 27887728 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2016.11.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Cells respond to their mechanical environment by initiating multiple mechanotransduction signaling pathways. Defects in mechanotransduction have been implicated in a number of pathologies; thus, there is need for convenient and efficient methods for studying the mechanisms underlying these processes. A widely used and accepted technique for mechanically stimulating cells in culture is the introduction of fluid flow on cell monolayers. Here, we describe a novel, multifunctional fluid flow device for exposing cells to fluid flow in culture. This device integrates with common lab equipment including routine cell culture plates and peristaltic pumps. Further, it allows the fluid flow treated cells to be examined with outcomes at the cell and molecular level. We validated the device using the biologic response of cultured UMR-106 osteoblast-like cells in comparison to a commercially available system of laminar sheer stress to track live cell calcium influx in response to fluid flow. In addition, we demonstrate the fluid flow-dependent activation of phospho-ERK in these cells, consistent with the findings in other fluid flow devices. This device provides a low cost, multi-functional alternative to currently available systems, while still providing the ability to generate physiologically relevant conditions for studying processes involved in mechanotransduction in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- James S Lyons
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Shama R Iyer
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Richard M Lovering
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | | | - Joseph P Stains
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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7
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Role of lipid rafts in neuronal differentiation of dental pulp-derived stem cells. Exp Cell Res 2015; 339:231-40. [PMID: 26586565 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2015.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Human dental pulp-derived stem cells (hDPSCs) are characterized by a typical fibroblast-like morphology. They express specific markers for mesenchymal stem cells and are capable of differentiation into osteoblasts, adipoblasts and neurons in vitro. Previous studies showed that gangliosides are involved in the induction of early neuronal differentiation of hDPSCs. This study was undertaken to investigate the role of lipid rafts in this process. Lipid rafts are signaling microdomains enriched in glycosphingolipids, cholesterol, tyrosine kinase receptors, mono- or heterotrimeric G proteins and GPI-anchored proteins. We preliminary showed that established cells expressed multipotent mesenchymal stromal-specific surface antigens. Then, we analyzed the distribution of lipid rafts, revealing plasma membrane microdomains with GM2 and EGF-R enrichment. Following stimulation with EGF/bFGF, neuronal differentiation was observed. To analyze the functional role of lipid rafts in EGF/bFGF-induced hDPSCs differentiation, cells were preincubated with lipid raft affecting agents, i.e. [D]-PDMP or methyl-β-cyclodextrin. These compounds significantly prevented neuronal-specific antigen expression, as well as Akt and ERK 1/2 phosphorylation, induced by EGF/bFGF, indicating that lipid raft integrity is essential for EGF/bFGF-induced hDPSCs differentiation. These results suggest that lipid rafts may represent specific chambers, where multimolecular signaling complexes, including lipids (gangliosides, cholesterol) and proteins (EGF-R), play a role in hDPSCs differentiation.
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8
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Mechanoreception at the cell membrane: More than the integrins. Arch Biochem Biophys 2015; 586:20-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2015.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Revised: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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9
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Aboualizadeh E, Mattson EC, O'Hara CL, Smith AK, Stucky CL, Hirschmugl CJ. Cold shock induces apoptosis of dorsal root ganglion neurons plated on infrared windows. Analyst 2015; 140:4046-56. [PMID: 26000346 PMCID: PMC4536072 DOI: 10.1039/c5an00729a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The chemical status of live sensory neurons is accessible with infrared microspectroscopy of appropriately prepared cells. In this paper, individual dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons have been prepared with two different protocols, and plated on glass cover slips, BaF2 and CaF2 substrates. The first protocol exposes the intact DRGs to 4 °C for between 20-30 minutes before dissociating individual neurons and plating 2 hours later. The second protocol maintains the neurons at 23 °C for the entire duration of the sample preparation. The visual appearance of the neurons is similar. The viability was assessed by means of trypan blue exclusion method to determine the viability of the neurons. The neurons prepared under the first protocol (cold exposure) and plated on BaF2 reveal a distinct chemical signature and chemical distribution that is different from the other sample preparations described in the paper. Importantly, results for other sample preparation methods, using various substrates and temperature protocols, when compared across the overlapping spectral bandwidth, present normal chemical distribution within the neurons. The unusual chemically specific spatial variation is dominated by a lack of protein and carbohydrates in the center of the neurons and signatures of unraveling DNA are detected. We suggest that cold shock leads to apoptosis of DRGs, followed by osmotic stress originating from ion gradients across the cell membrane leading to cell lysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebrahim Aboualizadeh
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, 53211 USA.
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10
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Han J, Shuvaev VV, Davies PF, Eckmann DM, Muro S, Muzykantov VR. Flow shear stress differentially regulates endothelial uptake of nanocarriers targeted to distinct epitopes of PECAM-1. J Control Release 2015; 210:39-47. [PMID: 25966362 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Revised: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Targeting nanocarriers (NC) to endothelial cell adhesion molecules including Platelet-Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 (PECAM-1 or CD31) improves drug delivery and pharmacotherapy of inflammation, oxidative stress, thrombosis and ischemia in animal models. Recent studies unveiled that hydrodynamic conditions modulate endothelial endocytosis of NC targeted to PECAM-1, but the specificity and mechanism of effects of flow remain unknown. Here we studied the effect of flow on endocytosis by human endothelial cells of NC targeted by monoclonal antibodies Ab62 and Ab37 to distinct epitopes on the distal extracellular domain of PECAM. Flow in the range of 1-8dyn/cm(2), typical for venous vasculature, stimulated the uptake of spherical Ab/NC (~180nm diameter) carrying ~50 vs 200 Ab62 and Ab37 per NC, respectively. Effect of flow was inhibited by disruption of cholesterol-rich plasmalemma domains and deletion of PECAM-1 cytosolic tail. Flow stimulated endocytosis of Ab62/NC and Ab37/NC via eliciting distinct signaling pathways mediated by RhoA/ROCK and Src Family Kinases, respectively. Therefore, flow stimulates endothelial endocytosis of Ab/NC in a PECAM-1 epitope specific manner. Using ligands of binding to distinct epitopes on the same target molecule may enable fine-tuning of intracellular delivery based on the hemodynamic conditions in the vascular area of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyan Han
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Translational Targeted Therapeutics and Nanomedicine of the Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104, USA; Vascular Biology Section, Department of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02421, USA
| | - Vladimir V Shuvaev
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Translational Targeted Therapeutics and Nanomedicine of the Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104, USA
| | - Peter F Davies
- Department of Pathology & Lab Medicine and Institute for Medicine and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104, USA
| | - David M Eckmann
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104, USA
| | - Silvia Muro
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Vladimir R Muzykantov
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Translational Targeted Therapeutics and Nanomedicine of the Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104, USA.
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11
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Liu YS, Lee OK. In search of the pivot point of mechanotransduction: mechanosensing of stem cells. Cell Transplant 2014; 23:1-11. [PMID: 24439034 DOI: 10.3727/096368912x659925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cells are undifferentiated cells with the ability to self-renew and to differentiate into diverse specialized cell types; hence, they have great potential in tissue engineering and cell therapies. In addition to biochemical regulation, the physical properties of the microenvironments, such as scaffold topography, substrate stiffness, and mechanical forces, including fluid shear stress, compression, and tensile strain, can also regulate the proliferation and differentiation of stem cells. Upon physical stimuli, cytoskeleton rearrangements are expected to counterbalance the extracellular mechanical forces, trigger signaling cascades, and eventually cause epigenetic modifications. This article mainly focuses on the mechanosensing, which is the upstream event of stem cell mechanotransduction and the downstream one of physical stimuli. Putative mechanosensors such as ion channels, integrins, and cell membrane as well as primary cilia are discussed. Because mechanical environment is an important stem cell niche, identification of mechanosensors not only can elucidate the mechanisms of mechanotransduction and fate commitments but also bring new prospects of the mechanical control as well as drug development for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Shiuan Liu
- Stem Cell Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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12
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Barabas ME, Mattson EC, Aboualizadeh E, Hirschmugl CJ, Stucky CL. Chemical structure and morphology of dorsal root ganglion neurons from naive and inflamed mice. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:34241-9. [PMID: 25271163 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.570101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Fourier transform infrared spectromicroscopy provides label-free imaging to detect the spatial distribution of the characteristic functional groups in proteins, lipids, phosphates, and carbohydrates simultaneously in individual DRG neurons. We have identified ring-shaped distributions of lipid and/or carbohydrate enrichment in subpopulations of neurons which has never before been reported. These distributions are ring-shaped within the cytoplasm and are likely representative of the endoplasmic reticulum. The prevalence of chemical ring subtypes differs between large- and small-diameter neurons. Peripheral inflammation increased the relative lipid content specifically in small-diameter neurons, many of which are nociceptive. Because many small-diameter neurons express an ion channel involved in inflammatory pain, transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1), we asked whether this increase in lipid content occurs in TRPA1-deficient (knock-out) neurons. No statistically significant change in lipid content occurred in TRPA1-deficient neurons, indicating that the inflammation-mediated increase in lipid content is largely dependent on TRPA1. Because TRPA1 is known to mediate mechanical and cold sensitization that accompanies peripheral inflammation, our findings may have important implications for a potential role of lipids in inflammatory pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie E Barabas
- From the Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226-0509 and
| | - Eric C Mattson
- the Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211
| | - Ebrahim Aboualizadeh
- the Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211
| | - Carol J Hirschmugl
- the Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211
| | - Cheryl L Stucky
- From the Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226-0509 and
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13
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The roles of P2Y2 purinergic receptors in osteoblasts and mechanotransduction. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108417. [PMID: 25268784 PMCID: PMC4182465 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously demonstrated, using osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells, that P2Y2 purinergic receptors are involved in osteoblast mechanotransduction. In this study, our objective was to further investigate, using a knockout mouse model, the roles of P2Y2 receptors in bone mechanobiology. We first examined bone structure with micro-CT and measured bone mechanical properties with three point bending experiments in both wild type mice and P2Y2 knockout mice. We found that bones from P2Y2 knockout mice have significantly decreased bone volume, bone thickness, bone stiffness and bone ultimate breaking force at 17 week old age. In order to elucidate the mechanisms by which P2Y2 receptors contribute to bone biology, we examined differentiation and mineralization of bone marrow cells from wild type and P2Y2 knockout mice. We found that P2Y2 receptor deficiency reduces the differentiation and mineralization of bone marrow cells. Next, we compared the response of primary osteoblasts, from both wild type and P2Y2 knockout mice, to ATP and mechanical stimulation (oscillatory fluid flow), and found that osteoblasts from wild type mice have a stronger response, in terms of ERK1/2 phosphorylation, to both ATP and fluid flow, relative to P2Y2 knockout mice. However, we did not detect any difference in ATP release in response to fluid flow between wild type and P2Y2 knock out osteoblasts. Our findings suggest that P2Y2 receptors play important roles in bone marrow cell differentiation and mineralization as well as in bone cell mechanotransduction, leading to an osteopenic phenotype in P2Y2 knockout mice.
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Pacheco-Pantoja EL, Fraser WD, Wilson PJM, Gallagher JA. Differential effects of adiponectin in osteoblast-like cells. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2014; 34:351-60. [PMID: 24673523 DOI: 10.3109/10799893.2014.898658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The skeleton should maintain an adequate volume, vigour and strength to carry out the role for which it is designed: to hold the whole soft tissue mass that shapes the body and to protect the vital organs. To fulfil this task a satisfactory food intake is required and regulators that are released in the feeding and fasting states, among other signals indicate how much soft mass needs to be built up. Those signals include the secretion of adipocytokines which could represent a relevant link between soft mass (adipose tissue) and skeleton. We studied the presence of adiponectin receptors (AdipoR1, AdipoR2) and its direct effects in osteosarcoma cell line Saos-2. The results indicated that adiponectin receptors were present in the osteoblastic cells with a higher expression of AdipoR1. Human recombinant globular adiponectin was able to increase viability levels and decrease cytotoxicity rates in cell cultures. Also, adiponectin significantly inhibited alkaline phosphatase activity in supernatants. Osteoprotegerin mRNA expression was significantly reduced after 72 h treatment. The FOS induction was studied and the results exhibited a significant increase caused by adiponectin. In conclusion, all these observations suggest that adiponectin influences bone metabolism decreasing the levels of bone formation. Regulators of adiponectin or its receptors could be circulating to modulate the activities of this peptide.
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Marconi M, Ascione B, Ciarlo L, Vona R, Garofalo T, Sorice M, Gianni AM, Locatelli SL, Carlo-Stella C, Malorni W, Matarrese P. Constitutive localization of DR4 in lipid rafts is mandatory for TRAIL-induced apoptosis in B-cell hematologic malignancies. Cell Death Dis 2013; 4:e863. [PMID: 24136227 PMCID: PMC3920963 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2013.389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Revised: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) acts as an apoptosis inducer for cancer cells sparing non-tumor cell targets. However, several phase I/II clinical trials have shown limited benefits of this molecule. In the present work, we investigated whether cell susceptibility to TRAIL ligation could be due to the presence of TRAIL death receptors (DRs) 4 and 5 in membrane microdomains called lipid rafts. We performed a series of analyses, either by biochemical methods or fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) technique, on normal cells (i.e. lymphocytes, fibroblasts, endothelial cells), on a panel of human cancer B-cell lines as well as on CD19+ lymphocytes from patients with B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia, treated with different TRAIL ligands, that is, recombinant soluble TRAIL, specific agonistic antibodies to DR4 and DR5, or CD34+ TRAIL-armed cells. Irrespective to the expression levels of DRs, a molecular interaction between ganglioside GM3, abundant in lymphoid cells, and DR4 was detected. This association was negligible in all non-transformed cells and was strictly related to TRAIL susceptibility of cancer cells. Interestingly, lipid raft disruptor methyl-beta-cyclodextrin abrogated this susceptibility, whereas the chemotherapic drug perifosine, which induced the recruitment of TRAIL into lipid microdomains, improved TRAIL-induced apoptosis. Accordingly, in ex vivo samples from patients with B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia, the constitutive embedding of DR4 in lipid microdomains was associated per se with cell death susceptibility, whereas its exclusion was associated with TRAIL resistance. These results provide a key mechanism for TRAIL sensitivity in B-cell malignances: the association, within lipid microdomains, of DR4 but not DR5, with a specific ganglioside, that is the monosialoganglioside GM3. On these bases we suggest that lipid microdomains could exert a catalytic role for DR4-mediated cell death and that an ex vivo quantitative FRET analysis could be predictive of cancer cell sensitivity to TRAIL.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Marconi
- Department of Theraputic Research and Medicine Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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Phospholipases of mineralization competent cells and matrix vesicles: roles in physiological and pathological mineralizations. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:5036-129. [PMID: 23455471 PMCID: PMC3634480 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14035036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Revised: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The present review aims to systematically and critically analyze the current knowledge on phospholipases and their role in physiological and pathological mineralization undertaken by mineralization competent cells. Cellular lipid metabolism plays an important role in biological mineralization. The physiological mechanisms of mineralization are likely to take place in tissues other than in bones and teeth under specific pathological conditions. For instance, vascular calcification in arteries of patients with renal failure, diabetes mellitus or atherosclerosis recapitulates the mechanisms of bone formation. Osteoporosis—a bone resorbing disease—and rheumatoid arthritis originating from the inflammation in the synovium are also affected by cellular lipid metabolism. The focus is on the lipid metabolism due to the effects of dietary lipids on bone health. These and other phenomena indicate that phospholipases may participate in bone remodelling as evidenced by their expression in smooth muscle cells, in bone forming osteoblasts, chondrocytes and in bone resorbing osteoclasts. Among various enzymes involved, phospholipases A1 or A2, phospholipase C, phospholipase D, autotaxin and sphingomyelinase are engaged in membrane lipid remodelling during early stages of mineralization and cell maturation in mineralization-competent cells. Numerous experimental evidences suggested that phospholipases exert their action at various stages of mineralization by affecting intracellular signaling and cell differentiation. The lipid metabolites—such as arachidonic acid, lysophospholipids, and sphingosine-1-phosphate are involved in cell signaling and inflammation reactions. Phospholipases are also important members of the cellular machinery engaged in matrix vesicle (MV) biogenesis and exocytosis. They may favour mineral formation inside MVs, may catalyse MV membrane breakdown necessary for the release of mineral deposits into extracellular matrix (ECM), or participate in hydrolysis of ECM. The biological functions of phospholipases are discussed from the perspective of animal and cellular knockout models, as well as disease implications, development of potent inhibitors and therapeutic interventions.
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Ciarlo L, Manganelli V, Matarrese P, Garofalo T, Tinari A, Gambardella L, Marconi M, Grasso M, Misasi R, Sorice M, Malorni W. Raft-like microdomains play a key role in mitochondrial impairment in lymphoid cells from patients with Huntington's disease. J Lipid Res 2012; 53:2057-2068. [PMID: 22773688 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m026062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a genetic neurodegenerative disease characterized by an exceedingly high number of contiguous glutamine residues in the translated protein, huntingtin (Htt). The primary site of cell toxicity is the nucleus, but mitochondria have been identified as key components of cell damage. The present work has been carried out in immortalized lymphocytes from patients with HD. These cells, in comparison with lymphoid cells from healthy subjects, displayed: i) a redistribution of mitochondria, forming large aggregates; ii) a constitutive hyperpolarization of mitochondrial membrane; and iii) a constitutive alteration of mitochondrial fission machinery, with high apoptotic susceptibility. Moreover, mitochondrial fission molecules, e.g., protein dynamin-related protein 1, as well as Htt, associated with mitochondrial raft-like microdomains, glycosphingolipid-enriched structures detectable in mitochondria. These findings, together with the observation that a ceramide synthase inhibitor and a raft disruptor are capable of impairing the peculiar mitochondrial remodeling in HD cells, suggest that mitochondrial alterations occurring in these cells could be due to raft-mediated defects of mitochondrial fission/fusion machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Ciarlo
- Section of Cell Aging and Degeneration, Department of Therapeutic Research and Medicine Evaluation, and Department of Technology, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Paola Matarrese
- Section of Cell Aging and Degeneration, Department of Therapeutic Research and Medicine Evaluation, and Department of Technology, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy; Center of Integrated Metabolomics, Rome, Italy; and
| | - Tina Garofalo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Lucrezia Gambardella
- Section of Cell Aging and Degeneration, Department of Therapeutic Research and Medicine Evaluation, and Department of Technology, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Matteo Marconi
- Section of Cell Aging and Degeneration, Department of Therapeutic Research and Medicine Evaluation, and Department of Technology, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Grasso
- Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Misasi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University, Rome, Italy
| | - Maurizio Sorice
- Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University, Rome, Italy
| | - Walter Malorni
- Section of Cell Aging and Degeneration, Department of Therapeutic Research and Medicine Evaluation, and Department of Technology, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy; San Raffaele Institute Sulmona, L'Aquila, Italy.
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Melchior B, Frangos JA. Gαq/11-mediated intracellular calcium responses to retrograde flow in endothelial cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2012; 303:C467-73. [PMID: 22700794 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00117.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Disturbed flow patterns, including reversal in flow direction, are key factors in the development of dysfunctional endothelial cells (ECs) and atherosclerotic lesions. An almost immediate response of ECs to fluid shear stress is the increase in cytosolic calcium concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)). Whether the source of [Ca(2+)](i) is extracellular, released from Ca(2+) intracellular stores, or both is still undefined, though it is likely dependent on the nature of forces involved. We have previously shown that a change in flow direction (retrograde flow) on a flow-adapted endothelial monolayer induces the remodeling of the cell-cell junction along with a dramatic [Ca(2+)](i) burst compared with cells exposed to unidirectional or orthograde flow. The heterotrimeric G protein-α q and 11 subunit (Gα(q/11)) is a likely candidate in effecting shear-induced increases in [Ca(2+)](i) since its expression is enriched at the junction and has been previously shown to be activated within seconds after onset of flow. In flow-adapted human ECs, we have investigated to what extent the Gα(q/11) pathway mediates calcium dynamics after reversal in flow direction. We observed that the elapsed time to peak [Ca(2+)](i) response to a 10 dyn/cm(2) retrograde shear stress was increased by 11 s in cells silenced with small interfering RNA directed against Gα(q/11). A similar lag in [Ca(2+)](i) transient was observed after cells were treated with the phospholipase C (PLC)-βγ inhibitor, U-73122, or the phosphatidylinositol-specific PLC inhibitor, edelfosine, compared with controls. Lower levels of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate accumulation seconds after the onset of flow correlated with the increased lag in [Ca(2+)](i) responses observed with the different treatments. In addition, inhibition of the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor entirely abrogated flow-induced [Ca(2+)](i). Taken together, our results identify the Gα(q/11)-PLC pathway as the initial trigger for retrograde flow-induced endoplasmic reticulum calcium store release, thereby offering a novel approach to regulating EC dysfunctions in regions subjected to the reversal of blood flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoît Melchior
- La Jolla Bioengineering Institute, San Diego, California, USA
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