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Saadi S, Nacer NE, Saari N, Mohammed AS, Anwar F. The underlying mechanism of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA damages in triggering cancer incidences: Insights into proteomic and genomic sciences. J Biotechnol 2024; 383:1-12. [PMID: 38309588 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2024.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
The attempt of this review article is to determine the impact of nuclear and mitochondrial damages on the propagation of cancer incidences. This review has advanced our understanding to altered genes and their relevant cancerous proteins. The progressive raising effects of free reactive oxygen species ROS and toxicogenic compounds contributed to significant mutation in nuclear and mitochondrial DNA where the incidence of gastric cancer is found to be linked with down regulation of some relevant genes and mutation in some important cellular proteins such as AMP-18 and CA-11. Thereby, the resulting changes in gene mutations induced the apparition of newly polymorphisms eventually leading to unusual cellular expression to mutant proteins. Reduction of these apoptotic growth factors and nuclear damages is increasingly accepted by cell reactivation effect, enhanced cellular signaling and DNA repairs. Acetylation, glycation, pegylation and phosphorylation are among the molecular techniques used in DNA repair for rectifying mutation incidences. In addition, the molecular labeling based fluorescent materials are currently used along with the bioconjugating of signal molecules in targeting disease translocation site, particularly cancers and tumors. These strategies would help in determining relevant compounds capable in overcoming problems of down regulating genes responsible for repair mechanisms. These issues of course need interplay of both proteomic and genomic studies often in combination of molecular engineering to cible the exact expressed gene relevant to these cancerous proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami Saadi
- Institute de la Nutrition, de l'Alimentation et des Technologies Agroalimetaires INATAA, Université des Frères Mentouri Constantine 1, Route de Ain El Bey, Constantine 25000, Algeria; Laboratoire de Génie Agro-Alimentaire (GeniAAl), INATAA, Université Frères Mentouri Constantine 1 UFC1, Route de Ain El Bey, Constantine 25000, Algeria.
| | - Nor Elhouda Nacer
- Department of Biology of Organisms, Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, University of Batna 2, Batna 05000, Algeria
| | - Nazamid Saari
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang Selangor 43400, Malaysia
| | | | - Farooq Anwar
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang Selangor 43400, Malaysia; Institute of Chemistry, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan; Honorary Research Fellow: Metharath University, 99 Moo 10, Bangtoey, Samkhok, Pathum Thani 12160, Thailand
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2
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Shi W, Song J, Gao Z, Liu X, Wang W. Downregulation of miR-7-5p Inhibits the Tumorigenesis of Esophagus Cancer via Targeting KLF4. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:9443-9453. [PMID: 33061430 PMCID: PMC7522318 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s251508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Esophageal cancer (EC) is one of the aggressive gastrointestinal malignancies. It has been reported that microRNAs (miRNAs) play key roles during the tumorigenesis of EC. To identify novel potential targets for EC, differential expressed miRNAs (DEG) between EC and adjacent normal tissues were analyzed with bioinformatics tool. Methods The differential expression of miRNAs between EC and adjacent normal tissues was analyzed. CCK-8 and Ki67 staining were used to detect the cell proliferation. Flow cytometry was performed to test the cell apoptosis. The correlation between miR-7-5p and KLF4 was detected by dual-luciferase report assay. Gene and protein expression in EC cells or in tissues were measured by qRT-PCR and Western blot, respectively. Cell migration and invasion were detected with transwell assay. Xenograft mice model was established to investigate the role of miR-7-5p in EC tumorigenesis in vivo. Results MiR-7-5p was found to be negatively correlated with the survival rate of patient with EC. In addition, downregulation of miR-7-5p significantly inhibited the growth and invasion of EC cells. Meanwhile, miR-7-5p directly targeted KLF4 in EC cells. Moreover, downregulation of miR-7-5p inhibited the tumorigenesis of EC via inactivating MAPK signaling pathway in vivo. Conclusion Downregulation of miR-7-5p notably suppressed the progression of EC via targeting KLF4. Thus, miR-7-5p might serve as a new target for the treatment of EC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woda Shi
- Department of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, Yancheng Third People's Hospital, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianxiang Song
- Department of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, Yancheng Third People's Hospital, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224000, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengya Gao
- Department of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, Yancheng Third People's Hospital, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingchen Liu
- Department of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, Yancheng Third People's Hospital, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224000, People's Republic of China
| | - Wencai Wang
- Department of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, Yancheng Third People's Hospital, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224000, People's Republic of China
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Shen H, He Q, Dong Y, Shao L, Liu Y, Gong J. Upregulation of miRNA-1228-3p alleviates TGF-β-induced fibrosis in renal tubular epithelial cells. Histol Histopathol 2020; 35:1125-1133. [PMID: 32720699 DOI: 10.14670/hh-18-242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic kidney disease (CKD) has become a major public health issue, which can lead to renal fibrosis regardless of the initial injury. It has been previously reported that miRNA-1228-3p was correlate with the progression of kidney fibrosis. However, the mechanism by which miRNA-1228-3p regulates renal fibrosis remains unclear. METHODS Renal tubular epithelial cells (HK-2) were treated with TGF-β1 (10 ng/ml) in an in vitro model of renal fibrosis. Gene and protein expressions in HK-2 cells were measured by Western-blot and RT-qPCR, respectively. The relation between miRNA-1228-3p and its target gene was investigated by dual luciferase report analysis. RESULTS Upregulation of miRNA-1228-3p significantly inhibited TGF-β1-induced fibrosis of HK-2 cells in vitro by targeting GDF11. In addition, miRNA-1228-3p exhibited anti-fibrosis effect through inhibition of the smad2/smad4 signaling pathway. CONCLUSION Upregulation of miRNA-1228-3p markedly inhibited the progression of renal fibrosis in vitro, indicating that miRNA-1228-3p may serve as a potential novel target for the treatment of renal fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huajuan Shen
- Department of Nephrology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Qiang He
- Department of Nephrology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yongze Dong
- Department of Nephrology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lina Shao
- Department of Nephrology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yueming Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jianguang Gong
- Department of Nephrology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Chen S, Lu S, Yao Y, Chen J, Yang G, Tu L, Zhang Z, Zhang J, Chen L. Downregulation of hsa_circ_0007580 inhibits non-small cell lung cancer tumorigenesis by reducing miR-545-3p sponging. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:14329-14340. [PMID: 32681720 PMCID: PMC7425484 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a highly malignant tumor. Many circular RNAs (circRNAs) are reportedly in regulating the progression of NSCLC. To identify potential therapeutic targets for NSCLC, we conducted a bioinformatics analysis of circRNAs differentially expressed between NSCLC tissues and adjacent normal tissues. Hsa_circ_0007580 was upregulated in NSCLC tumor tissues, and the expression of its host gene (protein kinase Ca) correlated negatively with overall survival. Short-hairpin RNAs were used to knock down hsa_circ_0007580 in NSCLC cells, and gene and protein levels were measured with qRT-PCR and Western blotting, respectively. NSCLC cell proliferation, migration and apoptosis were evaluated with CCK-8 assays, Ki-67 staining, Transwell assays and flow cytometry, respectively. Knocking down hsa_circ_0007580 inhibited proliferation and invasion by NSCLC cells and induced their apoptosis. Dual luciferase reporter assays indicated that miR-545-3p can bind to hsa_circ_0007580 (suggesting that hsa_circ_0007580 sponges miR-545-3p) and to protein kinase Ca (suggesting that miR-545-3p directly inhibits this gene). In a xenograft tumor model, downregulating hsa_circ_0007580 inhibited NSCLC tumorigenesis by inactivating p38/mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling. Thus, silencing hsa_circ_0007580 notably inhibited NSCLC progression in vitro and in vivo, suggesting this circRNA could be a novel treatment target for NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuifang Chen
- The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Shan Lu
- The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Yinan Yao
- The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Junjun Chen
- The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Guangdie Yang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Lingfang Tu
- The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Zeying Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Jianli Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Lina Chen
- The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
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Qin Y, Mi W, Huang C, Li J, Zhang Y, Fu Y. Downregulation of miR-575 Inhibits the Tumorigenesis of Gallbladder Cancer via Targeting p27 Kip1. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:3667-3676. [PMID: 32431517 PMCID: PMC7200254 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s229614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gallbladder cancer (GBC) is the most common biliary tract malignant cancer worldwide. It has been reported that microRNA-575 (miR-575) was involved in the tumorigenesis of many cancers. However, the role of miR-575 during the progression of GBC remains largely unknown. Methods The expression of miR-575 in GBC cells was detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. The proliferation of GBC cells was examined by CCK-8 assay and Ki-67 staining. Apoptosis of GBC cells was measured by flow cytometry, and cell invasion was tested by transwell assay. Moreover, protein expressions in GBC cells were evaluated using Western blot. The target gene of miR-575 was predicted using Targetscan and miRDB. Finally, xenograft tumor model was established to verify the function of miR-575 in GBC in vivo. Results Our findings indicated that miR-575 antagonist decreased the proliferation and invasion of GBC cells. In addition, miR-575 antagonist significantly induced apoptosis of GBC cells via inducing G1 arrest. Meanwhile, p27 Kip1 was found to be a direct target of miR-575 with luciferase reporter assay. Moreover, miR-575 antagonist significantly decreased the expressions of CDK1 and cyclin E1 and upregulated the levels of cleaved caspase3 and p27 Kip1 in GBC cells. Finally, miR-575 antagonist notably suppressed GBC tumor growth in vivo. Conclusion Downregulation of miR-575 significantly inhibited the tumorigenesis of GBC via targeting p27 Kip1. Thus, miR-575 might be a potential novel target for the treatment of GBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyu Qin
- Clinical Medical College, Jiangsu Vocational College of Medicine, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224005, People's Republic of China
| | - Wunan Mi
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Huang
- Clinical Medical College, Jiangsu Vocational College of Medicine, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224005, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Li
- Clinical Medical College, Jiangsu Vocational College of Medicine, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224005, People's Republic of China
| | - Yizheng Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Fu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, People's Republic of China
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Ruan T, Liu W, Tao K, Wu C. A Review of Research Progress in Multidrug-Resistance Mechanisms in Gastric Cancer. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:1797-1807. [PMID: 32184615 PMCID: PMC7053652 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s239336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors, and it is also one of the leading causes of cancer death worldwide. Because of its insidious symptoms and lack of early dictation screening, many cases of gastric cancer are at late stages which make it more complicated to cure. For these advanced-stage gastric cancers, combination therapy of surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy and target therapy would bring more benefit to the patients. However, the drug-resistance to the chemotherapy restricts its effect and might lead to treatment failure. In this review article, we discuss the mechanisms which have been found in recent years of drug resistance in gastric cancer. And we also want to find new approaches to counteract chemotherapy resistance and bring more benefits to the patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuo Ruan
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Weizhen Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Kaixiong Tao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Chuanqing Wu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
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Stella di Stadio C, Faraonio R, Federico A, Altieri F, Rippa E, Arcari P. GKN1 expression in gastric cancer cells is negatively regulated by miR-544a. Biochimie 2019; 167:42-48. [PMID: 31509760 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2019.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Gastrokine1 (GKN1), important for maintaining the physiological function of the gastric mucosa, is highly expressed in the stomach of healthy individuals but is down-regulated or absent in gastric tumor tissues and derived cell lines. The mechanisms underlying GKN1 gene inactivation are still unknown. We previously showed that GKN1 downregulation in gastric tumors is likely associated with an epigenetic transcriptional complex that negatively regulates GKN1 expression. In addition, TSA-mediated inhibition of HDACs leads to GKN1 restoration at the transcriptional level, but no at the translational level. These findings led to hypothesize the activation of a second regulatory mechanism microRNAs-mediated, thus resulting in translational repression and gene silencing. Bioinformatic analyses performed with 5 different algorithms highlighted that 4 miRNAs contained a seed sequence for the 3'UTR of GKN1 mRNA. Among these, only two miRNAs, hsa-miR-544a and miR-1245b-3p directly target the GKN1-3'UTR as evaluated by luciferase reporter assays. TaqMan miRNA assay performed on gastric cancer cell lines after TSA treatment showed a stronger increase of miR-544a expression than that of miR-1245b-3p. Finally, co-transfection of AGS cells with GKN1-3'UTR and premiR-544a showed compared to controls, a strong reduction of GKN1 expression both at translational and transcriptional levels. The up-regulation of miR-544a could be crucially involved in the GKN1 translational repression, thus suggesting its potential role as a biomarker and therapeutic target in GC patients. These findings indicate that epigenetic mechanisms leading to the inactivation of GKN1 play a key role in the multi-step process of gastric carcinogenesis and would provide an essential starting point for the development of new therapeutic strategies based on epigenetic targets for alternatives gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Stella di Stadio
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Raffaella Faraonio
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonella Federico
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Filomena Altieri
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Emilia Rippa
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.
| | - Paolo Arcari
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy; CEINGE, Advanced Biotechnology Scarl, Via Gaetano Salvatore 486, I-80145, Naples, Italy.
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Yao S, Huang HY, Han X, Ye Y, Qin Z, Zhao G, Li F, Hu G, Hu L, Ji H. Keratin 14-high subpopulation mediates lung cancer metastasis potentially through Gkn1 upregulation. Oncogene 2019; 38:6354-6369. [PMID: 31320708 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-019-0889-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Metastasis is the leading cause of lung cancer-related death. Elucidating the metastasis process can provide new avenues to inhibit this malignant behavior of cancer cells. Here we found that human lung cancers with high Keratin 14 (K14) expression were associated with nodal metastasis and poor survival. Using the KrasG12D/Trp53L/L lung cancer mouse model, we confirmed that K14-high cancer cells harbored increased metastatic potential. Mechanistic investigation revealed that Gastrokine 1 (Gkn1) expression positively correlated with K14 level, cancer metastasis, and poor patient survival. Importantly, ectopic expression of Gkn1 enhanced the metastatic capability of K14-low cells in vitro and in vivo, whereas knockdown of Gkn1 did the opposite, indicating the importance of Gkn1 in mediating the metastasis of K14-high cells. Further study demonstrated that Gkn1 expression conferred K14-high cells resistance to anoikis, which is critical for cancer metastasis. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that K14-high cells contribute to lung cancer metastasis potentially through inhibition of anoikis via upregulation of Gkn1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology. Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China.,Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network. Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Hsin-Yi Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology. Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China.,Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network. Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiangkun Han
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology. Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China.,Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network. Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology. Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China.,Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network. Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, 200120, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhen Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology. Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China.,Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network. Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Gaoxiang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology. Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China.,Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network. Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China
| | - Fuming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology. Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China.,Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network. Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China
| | - Guohong Hu
- The Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences & Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200031, Shanghai, China
| | - Liang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology. Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China. .,Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network. Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China. .,CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China.
| | - Hongbin Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology. Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China. .,Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network. Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China. .,CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China. .,School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, 200120, Shanghai, China.
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Alarcón-Millán J, Martínez-Carrillo DN, Peralta-Zaragoza O, Fernández-Tilapa G. Regulation of GKN1 expression in gastric carcinogenesis: A problem to resolve (Review). Int J Oncol 2019; 55:555-569. [PMID: 31322194 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2019.4843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrokine 1 (GKN1) is a protein expressed on the surface mucosa cells of the gastric antrum and fundus, which contributes to maintaining gastric homeostasis, inhibits inflammation and is a tumor suppressor. The expression of GKN1 decreases in mucosa that are either inflamed or infected by Helicobacter pylori, and is absent in gastric cancer. The measurement of circulating GKN1 concentration, the protein itself, or the mRNA in gastric tissue may be of use for the early diagnosis of cancer. The mechanisms that modulate the deregulation or silencing of GKN1 expression have not been completely described. The modification of histones, methylation of the GKN1 promoter, or proteasomal degradation of the protein have been detected in some patients; however, these mechanisms do not completely explain the absence of GKN1 or the reduction in GKN1 levels. Only NKX6.3 transcription factor has been shown to be a positive modulator of GKN1 transcription, although others also have an affinity with sequences in the promoter of this gene. While microRNAs (miRNAs) are able to directly or indirectly regulate the expression of genes at the post‑transcriptional level, the involvement of miRNAs in the regulation of GKN1 has not been reported. The present review analyzes the information reported on the determination of GKN1 expression and the regulation of its expression at the transcriptional, post‑transcriptional and post‑translational levels; it proposes an integrated model that incorporates the regulation of GKN1 expression via transcription factors and miRNAs in H. pylori infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judit Alarcón-Millán
- Clinical Research Laboratory, Faculty of Biological Chemical Sciences, Guerrero Autonomous University, Chilpancingo, Guerrero 39070, México
| | - Dinorah Nashely Martínez-Carrillo
- Clinical Research Laboratory, Faculty of Biological Chemical Sciences, Guerrero Autonomous University, Chilpancingo, Guerrero 39070, México
| | - Oscar Peralta-Zaragoza
- Direction of Chronic Infections and Cancer, Research Center in Infection Diseases, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62100, México
| | - Gloria Fernández-Tilapa
- Clinical Research Laboratory, Faculty of Biological Chemical Sciences, Guerrero Autonomous University, Chilpancingo, Guerrero 39070, México
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10
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Koper-Lenkiewicz OM, Kamińska J, Gawrońska B, Matowicka-Karna J. The role and diagnostic potential of gastrokine 1 in gastric cancer. Cancer Manag Res 2019; 11:1921-1931. [PMID: 30881118 PMCID: PMC6402446 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s194949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Gene for gastrokine 1 (GKN1) was identified as one of the most significant in gastric cancer and indicated as a potential therapeutic target. Aim The aim was a review of literature reports concerning the role and diagnostic potential of GKN1 in gastric cancer. Materials and methods PubMED database was searched for sources using the following keywords: gastrokine 1/GKN1/AMP-18 and gastric cancer, Helicobacter pylori, aspirin, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Preference was given to the sources which were published within the past 10 years. Conclusion GKN1 is a stomach-specific protein, and its role consists of maintaining mucosal integrity as well as the replenishment of the surface lumen epithelial cells layer. The evaluation of GKN1 expression seems to be a useful indicator of the presence of neoplastic or inflammatory lesions in the gastric mucosa. GKN1 expression is decreased in gastric tumor tissues and derived cell lines and its upregulation in cell lines of gastric cancer induces cells apoptosis. The mechanism by which GKN1 is inactivated in gastric cancer cells is still not fully understood. The future diagnostic capabilities of gastric cancer concern the assessment of serum GKN1 concentration by means of ELISA method. Serum GKN1 concentration is not related to patients’ sex. Moreover, the measurement of GKN1 concentration is possible only after the incubation of samples at 70°C for 10 minutes. Nevertheless, the aspect of quantitative serum GKN1 evaluation is new in the context of available literature and requires further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga M Koper-Lenkiewicz
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Bialystok, Białystok, Poland,
| | - Joanna Kamińska
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Bialystok, Białystok, Poland,
| | - Beata Gawrońska
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Bialystok, Białystok, Poland,
| | - Joanna Matowicka-Karna
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Bialystok, Białystok, Poland,
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11
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Chen Q, Yang Z, Pan G, Ding H, Jiang D, Huang J, Liu W. Tumor suppressor miR-449a inhibits the development of gastric cancer via down-regulation of SGPL1. RSC Adv 2018; 8:26020-26028. [PMID: 35541941 PMCID: PMC9082876 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra02722f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs that are known to participate in the regulation of many physiological and pathological processes, which can indirectly influence the development of malignant behaviors. Numerous studies have demonstrated that miR-449a plays important roles in human carcinogenesis. However, its precise functional and regulatory roles remain unclear. In this study, we mainly explored the functional role of miR-449a in gastric cancer (GC). The expression levels of miR-449a in 98 cases of GC tissues and cell lines were determined by qRT-PCR. The possible mechanisms of miR-449a in GC cells were explored by fluorescence reporter assay. miR-449a expression was significantly lower in GC tissues compared to matched para-carcinoma tissues and was associated with tumor differentiation. Furthermore, in vitro knockdown of miR-449a by siRNA significantly inhibited MKN-28 cell proliferation, migration and invasion as well as tumorigenesis via inducing G0/G1 arrest of GC cells. In addition, we identified SGPL1 as a target of miR-449a and demonstrated that miR-449a regulated SGPL1 expression via binding its 3′-UTR region. The experiments indicated that miR-449a functions as a novel tumor suppressor in GC and its anti-oncogenic activity may involve its inhibition of the target gene SGPL1. These findings suggested that miR-449a may be a promising candidate for the development of antitumor drugs targeting GC. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs that are known to participate in the regulation of many physiological and pathological processes, which can indirectly influence the development of malignant behaviors.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University No. 170, Xinsong Road, Minhang District Shanghai 201199 China
| | - Zhen Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University No. 170, Xinsong Road, Minhang District Shanghai 201199 China
| | - Gaofeng Pan
- Department of General Surgery, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University No. 170, Xinsong Road, Minhang District Shanghai 201199 China
| | - Hongjian Ding
- Department of General Surgery, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University No. 170, Xinsong Road, Minhang District Shanghai 201199 China
| | - Daowen Jiang
- Department of General Surgery, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University No. 170, Xinsong Road, Minhang District Shanghai 201199 China
| | - Jianfang Huang
- Department of Infection Diseases, The Fifth People's Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University Shanghai 201199 China
| | - Weiyan Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University No. 170, Xinsong Road, Minhang District Shanghai 201199 China
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12
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Sharman M, Bacci B, Santos L, Mansfield C. Gastrokine mRNA expression in gastric tissue from dogs with helicobacter colonisation but without inflammatory change during treatment. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2017; 187:28-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2017.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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13
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Altieri F, Di Stadio CS, Federico A, Miselli G, De Palma M, Rippa E, Arcari P. Epigenetic alterations of gastrokine 1 gene expression in gastric cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 8:16899-16911. [PMID: 28129645 PMCID: PMC5370009 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The gastrokine 1 (GKN1) protein is important for maintaining the physiological function of the gastric mucosa. GKN1 is down-regulated in gastric tumor tissues and derived cell lines and its over-expression in gastric cancer cells induces apoptosis, suggesting a possible role for the protein as a tumor suppressor. However, the mechanism by which GKN1 is inactivated in gastric cancer remains unknown. Here, we investigated the causes of GKN1 silencing to determine if epigenetic mechanisms such as histonic modification could contribute to its down-regulation. To this end, chromatin immunoprecipitation assays for the trimethylation of histone 3 at lysine 9 (H3K9triMe) and its specific histone-lysine N-methyltransferase (SUV39H1) were performed on biopsies of normal and cancerous human gastric tissues. GKN1 down-regulation in gastric cancer tissues was shown to be associated with high levels of H3K9triMe and with the recruitment of SUV39H1 to the GKN1 promoter, suggesting the presence of an epigenetic transcriptional complex that negatively regulates GKN1 expression in gastric tumors. The inhibition of histone deacetylases with trichostatin A was also shown to increase GKN1 mRNA levels. Collectively, our results indicate that complex epigenetic machinery regulates GKN1 expression at the transcriptional level, and likely at the translational level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filomena Altieri
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Chiara Stella Di Stadio
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonella Federico
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Miselli
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Emilia Rippa
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Paolo Arcari
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- CEINGE, Advanced Biotechnology Scarl, Naples, Italy
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14
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Di Stadio CS, Altieri F, Minopoli G, Miselli G, Rippa E, Arcari P. Role of human GKN1 on APP processing in gastric cancer. Biochimie 2017; 135:149-153. [PMID: 28214529 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2017.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Gastrokine 1 (GKN1) is highly expressed in gastric tissue and is secreted into the stomach but is not expressed in gastric cancer. GKN1 belongs to the BRICHOS domain family and plays a major role in maintaining gastric mucosa integrity. We previously demonstrated that a recombinant human GKN1 protein was able to interact with the amyloid precursor protein (APP) and was endowed with an anti-amyloidogenic property because it inhibited polymerization of the Aβ(1-40) peptide released from APP upon its partial hydrolysis. Here, we report that GKN1 can act as a physiological suppressor of Aβ production in gastric cancer cells. GKN1 blocked the access of γ-secretase to APP, thereby facilitating the cleavage of APP by α- and β-secretases. GKN1 directly interacted with APP C-terminal fragments, C83 and C99. In addition, it did not affect γ-secretase activity in gastric cancer cells because it did not alter Notch1 processing. GKN1-mediated inhibition of APP processing might represent a new approach for the prevention and therapy of Alzheimer's disease (AD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Stella Di Stadio
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Filomena Altieri
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Minopoli
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Miselli
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Emilia Rippa
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.
| | - Paolo Arcari
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy; CEINGE, Advanced Biotechnology Scarl, Via Gaetano Salvatore 486, I-80145, Naples, Italy.
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15
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Villano V, Di Stadio CS, Federico A, Altieri F, Miselli G, De Palma M, Rippa E, Arcari P. Gastrokine 1 mRNA in human sera is not informative biomarker for gastric cancer. J Negat Results Biomed 2016; 15:14. [PMID: 27452910 PMCID: PMC4959057 DOI: 10.1186/s12952-016-0057-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We aimed to ascertain if Gastrokine 1 mRNA in the sera of patients with gastric cancer might be an informative biomarker for the disease. Results Analysis of GKN1 mRNA in serum samples from healthy individuals (n = 23) and from patients with diagnosis of gastric cancer (n = 16), performed by using absolute quantification based on standard curve method, did not show any significative statistical difference between the two unpaired group of individuals. Conclusions Our preliminary results did not confirm GKN1 as a potential biomarker for gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Villano
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, I-8031, Naples, Italy
| | - Chiara Stella Di Stadio
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, I-8031, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonella Federico
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, I-8031, Naples, Italy
| | - Filomena Altieri
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, I-8031, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Miselli
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, I-8031, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Emilia Rippa
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, I-8031, Naples, Italy.
| | - Paolo Arcari
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, I-8031, Naples, Italy. .,CEINGE, Advanced Biotechnology scarl, Naples, Italy.
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16
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Chen P, Mancini M, Sonis ST, Fernandez-Martinez J, Liu J, Cohen EEW, Toback FG. A Novel Peptide for Simultaneously Enhanced Treatment of Head and Neck Cancer and Mitigation of Oral Mucositis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152995. [PMID: 27049860 PMCID: PMC4822960 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We have characterized a novel 21 amino acid-peptide derived from Antrum Mucosal Protein (AMP)-18 that mediates growth promotion of cultured normal epithelial cells and mitigates radiation-induced oral mucositis in animal models, while suppressing in vitro function of cancer cells. The objective of this study was to evaluate these dual potential therapeutic effects of AMP peptide in a clinically relevant animal model of head and neck cancer (HNC) by simultaneously assessing its effect on tumor growth and radiation-induced oral mucositis in an orthotopic model of HNC. Bioluminescent SCC-25 HNC cells were injected into the anterior tongue and tumors that formed were then subjected to focal radiation treatment. Tumor size was assessed using an in vivo imaging system, and the extent of oral mucositis was compared between animals treated with AMP peptide or vehicle (controls). Synergism between AMP peptide and radiation therapy was suggested by the finding that tumors in the AMP peptide/radiation therapy cohort demonstrated inhibited growth vs. radiation therapy-only treated tumors, while AMP peptide-treatment delayed the onset and reduced the severity of radiation therapy-induced oral mucositis. A differential effect on apoptosis appears to be one mechanism by which AMP-18 can stimulate growth and repair of injured mucosal epithelial cells while inhibiting proliferation of HNC cells. RNA microarray analysis identified pathways that are differentially targeted by AMP-18 in HNC vs. nontransformed cells. These observations confirm the notion that normal cells and tumor cells may respond differently to common biological stimuli, and that leveraging this finding in the case of AMP-18 may provide a clinically relevant opportunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peili Chen
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 60637, United States of America
- * E-mail: (PC); (FGT)
| | - Maria Mancini
- Biomodels, LLC, Watertown, Massachusetts, 02472, United States of America
| | - Stephen T. Sonis
- Biomodels, LLC, Watertown, Massachusetts, 02472, United States of America
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, United States of America
| | - Juan Fernandez-Martinez
- Biomodels, LLC, Watertown, Massachusetts, 02472, United States of America
- Mathematics Department, Universidad de Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 60637, United States of America
| | - Ezra E. W. Cohen
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 60637, United States of America
| | - F. Gary Toback
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 60637, United States of America
- * E-mail: (PC); (FGT)
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17
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Kim O, Yoon JH, Choi WS, Ashktorab H, Smoot DT, Nam SW, Lee JY, Park WS. Gastrokine 1 inhibits gastrin-induced cell proliferation. Gastric Cancer 2016; 19:381-391. [PMID: 25752269 PMCID: PMC5297461 DOI: 10.1007/s10120-015-0483-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastrokine 1 (GKN1) acts as a gastric tumor suppressor. Here, we investigated whether GKN1 contributes to the maintenance of gastric mucosal homeostasis by regulating gastrin-induced gastric epithelial cell growth. METHODS We assessed the effects of gastrin and GKN1 on cell proliferation in stable AGS(GKN1) and MKN1(GKN1) gastric cancer cell lines and HFE-145 nonneoplastic epithelial cells. Cell viability and proliferation were analyzed by MTT and BrdU incorporation assays, respectively. Cell cycle and expression of growth factor receptors were examined by flow cytometry and Western blot analyses. RESULTS Gastrin treatment stimulated a significant time-dependent increase in cell viability and proliferation in AGS(mock) and MKN1(mock), but not in HFE-145, AGS(GKN1), and MKN1(GKN1), cells, which stably expressed GKN1. Additionally, gastrin markedly increased the S-phase cell population, whereas GKN1 significantly inhibited the effect of gastrin by regulating the expression of G1/S cell-cycle regulators. Furthermore, gastrin induced activation of the NF-kB and β-catenin signaling pathways and increased the expression of CCKBR, EGFR, and c-Met in AGS and MKN1 cells. However, GKN1 completely suppressed these effects of gastrin via downregulation of gastrin/CCKBR/growth factor receptor expression. Moreover, GKN1 reduced gastrin and CCKBR mRNA expression in AGS and MKN1 cells, and there was an inverse correlation between GKN1 and gastrin, as well as between GKN1 and CCKBR mRNA expression in noncancerous gastric mucosae. CONCLUSION These data suggest that GKN1 may contribute to the maintenance of gastric epithelial homeostasis and inhibit gastric carcinogenesis by downregulating the gastrin-CCKBR signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Kim
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505 Banpo-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 137-701, Korea
| | - Jung Hwan Yoon
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505 Banpo-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 137-701, Korea
| | - Won Suk Choi
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505 Banpo-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 137-701, Korea
| | - Hassan Ashktorab
- Department of Medicine, Howard University, Washington, DC, 20060, USA
| | - Duane T Smoot
- Department of Medicine, Howard University, Washington, DC, 20060, USA
| | - Suk Woo Nam
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505 Banpo-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 137-701, Korea
| | - Jung Young Lee
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505 Banpo-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 137-701, Korea
| | - Won Sang Park
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505 Banpo-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 137-701, Korea.
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18
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Di Stadio CS, Altieri F, Miselli G, Elce A, Severino V, Chambery A, Quagliariello V, Villano V, de Dominicis G, Rippa E, Arcari P. AMP18 interacts with the anion exchanger SLC26A3 and enhances its expression in gastric cancer cells. Biochimie 2015; 121:151-60. [PMID: 26700142 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2015.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
AMP18 is a stomach-specific secreted protein expressed in normal gastric mucosa but absent in gastric cancer. AMP18 plays a major role in maintaining gastric mucosa integrity and is characterized by the presence of a BRICHOS domain consisting of about 100 amino acids, present also in several unrelated proteins, and probably endowed with a chaperon-like activity. In this work, we exploited a functional proteomic strategy to identify potential AMP18 interactors with the aim to add knowledge on its functional role within gastric cell lines and tissues. To this purpose, recombinant biotinylated AMP18 was purified and incubated with protein extract from human normal gastric mucosa by applying an affinity chromatography strategy. The interacting proteins were identified by peptide mass fingerprinting using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. The pool of interacting proteins contained SLC26A3, a protein expressed in the apical membrane of intestinal epithelial cells, supposed to play a critical role in Cl(-) absorption and fluid homeostasis. The interaction was also confirmed by Western blot with anti-SLC26A3 on transfected AGS cell extract following AMP18 pull-down. Furthermore, the interaction between AMP18 and SLC26A3 was also validated by confocal microscopy that showed a co-localization of both proteins at plasma membrane level. More importantly, for the first time, we showed that SLC26A3 is down-regulated in gastric cancer and that the overexpression of AMP18 in AMP-transfected gastric cancer cells up-regulated the expression of SLC26A3 both at transcriptional and translational level, the latter probably through the activation of the MAP kinases pathway. These findings strongly suggest that AMP18 might play an anti-inflammatory role in maintaining mucosal integrity also by regulating SLC26A3 level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Stella Di Stadio
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Filomena Altieri
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Miselli
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Ausilia Elce
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Valeria Severino
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Second University of Naples, Caserta, Italy
| | - Angela Chambery
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Second University of Naples, Caserta, Italy; IRCCS Multimedica, Milan, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Quagliariello
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Department of Anesthesia, Surgical and Emergency Sciences, Second University of Naples, Via Costantinopoli 16, I-80138, Naples, Italy
| | - Valentina Villano
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Emilia Rippa
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.
| | - Paolo Arcari
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy; CEINGE, Advanced Biotechnology Scarl, Via Gaetano Salvatore 486, I-80145, Naples, Italy.
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Gastrokine 1 induces senescence and apoptosis through regulating telomere length in gastric cancer. Oncotarget 2015; 5:11695-708. [PMID: 25344918 PMCID: PMC4294346 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aims to investigate whether gastrokine 1 (GKN1) induces senescence and apoptosis in gastric cancer cells by regulating telomere length and telomerase activity. Telomere length, telomerase activity, and hTERT expression decreased significantly in AGSGKN1 and MKN1GKN1 cells. Both stable cell lines showed increased expression of TRF1 and reduced expression of the hTERT and c-myc proteins. In addition, TRF1 induced a considerable decrease in cell growth, telomerase activity, and expression of hTERT mRNA and protein. GKN1 completely counteracted the effects of c-myc on cell growth, telomere length, and telomerase activity. Interestingly, GKN1 directly bound to c-myc and down-regulated its expression as well as inhibited its binding to the TRF1 protein and a hTERT promoter. Furthermore, GKN1 triggered senescence, followed by apoptosis via up-regulating the p53, p21, p27, and p16 proteins and down-regulating Skp2. Telomere length in 35 gastric cancers was shortened significantly compared with the corresponding gastric mucosae, whereas GKN1 expression was inversely correlated with telomere length and c-myc and hTERT mRNA expression. Taken together, these results suggest that GKN1 may shorten telomeres by acting as a potential c-myc inhibitor that eventually leads to senescence and apoptosis in gastric cancer cells.
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20
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Fahlbusch FB, Ruebner M, Huebner H, Volkert G, Bartunik H, Winterfeld I, Hartner A, Menendez-Castro C, Noegel SC, Marek I, Wachter D, Schneider-Stock R, Beckmann MW, Kehl S, Rascher W. Trophoblast expression dynamics of the tumor suppressor gene gastrokine 2. Histochem Cell Biol 2015; 144:281-91. [PMID: 26070363 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-015-1336-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Gastrokines (GKNs) were originally described as stomach-specific tumor suppressor genes. Recently, we identified GKN1 in extravillous trophoblasts (EVT) of human placenta. GKN1 treatment reduced the migration of the trophoblast cell line JEG-3. GKN2 is known to inhibit the proliferation, migration and invasion of gastric cancer cells and may interact with GKN1. Recently, GKN2 was detected in the placental yolk sac of mice. We therefore aimed to further characterize placental GKN2 expression. By immunohistochemistry, healthy first-trimester placenta showed ubiquitous staining for GKN2 at its early gestational stage. At later gestational stages, a more differentiated expression pattern in EVT and villous cytotrophoblasts became evident. In healthy third-trimester placenta, only EVT retained strong GKN2 immunoreactivity. In contrast, HELLP placentas showed a tendency of increased levels of GKN2 expression with a more prominent GKN2 staining in their syncytiotrophoblast. Choriocarcinoma cell lines did not express GKN2. Besides its trophoblastic expression, we found human GKN2 in fibrotic villi, in amniotic membrane and umbilical cord. GKN2 co-localized with smooth muscle actin in villous myofibroblasts and with HLA-G and GKN1 in EVT. In the rodent placenta, GKN2 was specifically located in the spongiotrophoblast layer. Thus, the gestational age-dependent and compartment-specific expression pattern of GKN2 points to a role for placental development. The syncytial expression of GKN2 in HELLP placentas might represent a reduced state of functional differentiation of the syncytiotrophoblast. Moreover, the specific GKN2 expression in the rodent spongiotrophoblast layer (equivalent to human EVT) might suggest an important role in EVT physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian B Fahlbusch
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Loschgestr. 15, 91054, Erlangen, Germany,
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Hao Y, Fan T, Nan K. Optimization and Corroboration of the Regulatory Pathway of p42.3 Protein in the Pathogenesis of Gastric Carcinoma. COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN MEDICINE 2015; 2015:683679. [PMID: 26106439 PMCID: PMC4463992 DOI: 10.1155/2015/683679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To optimize and verify the regulatory pathway of p42.3 in the pathogenesis of gastric carcinoma (GC) by intelligent algorithm. METHODS Bioinformatics methods were used to analyze the features of structural domain in p42.3 protein. Proteins with the same domains and similar functions to p42.3 were screened out for reference. The possible regulatory pathway of p42.3 was established by integrating the acting pathways of these proteins. Then, the similarity between the reference proteins and p42.3 protein was figured out by multiparameter weighted summation method. The calculation result was taken as the prior probability of the initial node in Bayesian network. Besides, the probability of occurrence in different pathways was calculated by conditional probability formula, and the one with the maximum probability was regarded as the most possible pathway of p42.3. Finally, molecular biological experiments were conducted to prove it. RESULTS In Bayesian network of p42.3, probability of the acting pathway "S100A11→RAGE→P38→MAPK→Microtubule-associated protein→Spindle protein→Centromere protein→Cell proliferation" was the biggest, and it was also validated by biological experiments. CONCLUSIONS The possibly important role of p42.3 in the occurrence of gastric carcinoma was verified by theoretical analysis and preliminary test, helping in studying the relationship between p42.3 and gastric carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibin Hao
- Zhengzhou Central Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan 450007, China
| | - Tianli Fan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Kejun Nan
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
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22
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Rippa E, Altieri F, Di Stadio CS, Miselli G, Lamberti A, Federico A, Quagliariello V, Papale F, Guerra G, Arcari P. Ectopic expression of gastrokine 1 in gastric cancer cells up-regulates tight and adherens junction proteins network. Pathol Res Pract 2015; 211:577-83. [PMID: 26008777 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2015.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Gastrokine 1 (GKN1) is a stomach-specific protein important in the replenishment of the surface lumen epithelial cell layer and in maintaining mucosal integrity. A role in cell proliferation and differentiation has also been hypothesized. Despite these findings, the function(s) as well as the cellular localization of GKN1 in the cellular machinery are currently not clarified. The investigation of subcellular localization of GKN1 in gastric cancer cells can provide insights into its potential cellular roles. Subcellular fractions of gastric cancer cells (AGS) transfected with full-length GKN1 (flGKN1) or incubated with recombinant GKN1 (rGKN1) lacking the first 20 amino acids at N-terminal were analyzed by Western blot and confocal microscopy and compared with those from normal gastric tissue. Wild type GKN1 (wtGKN1) and flGKN1 were revealed in the cytoplasm and in the membrane fractions of gastric cells, whereas rGKN1 was revealed in the cytoplasmic fractions, but a high amount was detected in the membrane pellet of the AGS lysate. The cellular distribution of GKN1 was also confirmed by confocal microscopy. The purified protein was also used to highlight its possible association with actin through confocal microscopy, pelleting assay, and size-exclusion chromatography. GKN1 co-localizes with actin in normal gastric tissue, but no direct interaction was observed between the two proteins in vitro. Most likely, GKN1 indirectly participates in actin stabilization since its overexpression in gastric cancer cells strongly increases the expression of tight and adherens junction proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Rippa
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Filomena Altieri
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Chiara Stella Di Stadio
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Miselli
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Annalisa Lamberti
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonella Federico
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy; CNR, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology G. Salvatore, Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Quagliariello
- Department of Anesthesia, Surgical and Emergency Sciences, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Papale
- Department of Anesthesia, Surgical and Emergency Sciences, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Germano Guerra
- Department of Medicine and Health Science, University of Molise, Isernia, Italy
| | - Paolo Arcari
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy; CEINGE, Advanced Biotechnology Scarl, Naples, Italy.
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SHI LINSEN, WANG HAO, WANG FENG, FENG MIN, WANG MENG, GUAN WENXIAN. Effects of gastrokine‑2 expression on gastric cancer cell apoptosis by activation of extrinsic apoptotic pathways. Mol Med Rep 2014; 10:2898-904. [PMID: 25270871 PMCID: PMC4227429 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrokine‑2 is a putative gastric cancer‑specific tumor suppressor gene, the loss of which is known to be involved in the development and progression of gastric cancer, and restoration of gastrokine‑2 expression inhibits growth of gastric cancer cells in vitro. However, the underlying mechanism of these effects requires elucidation. In the present study, expression patterns of gastrokine‑2 protein were examined in gastric cancer tissues and cell lines. Expression of gastrokine‑2 was restored in gastric cancer cells in order to assess its effect on cell viability, apoptosis and gene expression. A total of 76 gastric cancer tissues with corresponding normal mucosae samples, and two gastric cancer cell lines (SGC‑7901 and AGS) were subjected to western blot analysis of gastrokine‑2 expression. SGC‑7901 cells were transiently transfected with gastrokine‑2 cDNA and then treated with anti‑CD95 and/or anti‑Fas antibodies prior to analysis of cell viability, apoptosis and gene expression levels. Expression of gastrokine‑2 protein was reduced or absent in gastric cancer tissues and gastric cancer cell lines. Following restoration of gastrokine‑2 expression, the protein expression level of Fas was significantly increased, but no marked change was observed in the levels of bcl‑2 and Bax proteins. Expression of gastrokine‑2 protein reduced gastric cancer cell viability and induced apoptosis. Activity of caspase‑3 and caspase‑8 was increased, but caspase‑9 activity remained unchanged in the SGC‑7901 cells. Reduction or knockout of gastrokine‑2 protein expression may contribute to gastric cancer development or progression, as the current study demonstrated that restoration of gastrokine‑2 expression induces apoptosis of gastric cancer cells through the extrinsic apoptosis pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - WEN-XIAN GUAN
- Correspondence to: Mr. Wen-Xian Guan, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Drum Tower Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China, E-mail:
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Guo XY, Dong L, Qin B, Jiang J, Shi AM. Decreased expression of gastrokine 1 in gastric mucosa of gastric cancer patients. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:16702-16706. [PMID: 25469040 PMCID: PMC4248215 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i44.16702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Revised: 08/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the expression of gastrokine 1 (GKN1) in normal gastric mucosa, precancerous lesions and gastric cancer tissues, and to analyse its correlations with tumour site and pathological pattern.
METHODS: Thirty gastric cancer patients (12 cases of diffuse type and 18 cases of intestinal type), 13 atrophic gastritis patients and 15 healthy volunteers with almost normal gastric mucosa (superficial gastritis) were enrolled in this study. Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection was examined in all subjects. All gastric mucosa biopsy specimens were obtained. Cancer-adjacent specimens were taken from corresponding gastric cancer patients. Immunohistochemistry and real-time PCR were performed to determine the expressions of the GKN1 protein and mRNA, respectively.
RESULTS: H. pylori infection had no significant association with age, gender, tumour site or pathological pattern in all subjects. Compared with the superficial gastritis and atrophic gastritis groups, the expression of GKN1 protein (P = 0.011) and mRNA (P < 0.001) in gastric cancer was significantly decreased. The GKN1 mRNA level in diffuse type gastric cancer was significantly lower than in intestinal type gastric cancer (0.296 ± 0.076 vs 0.525 ± 0.164, P < 0.001).
CONCLUSION: Compared with almost normal gastric mucosa, GKN1 expression in the gastric mucosa of gastric cancer patients is decreased; this is associated with progression and prognosis of gastric cancer.
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25
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Altieri F, Di Stadio CS, Severino V, Sandomenico A, Minopoli G, Miselli G, Di Maro A, Ruvo M, Chambery A, Quagliariello V, Masullo M, Rippa E, Arcari P. Anti-amyloidogenic property of human gastrokine 1. Biochimie 2014; 106:91-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2014.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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26
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Yoon JH, Choi WS, Kim O, Park WS. The role of gastrokine 1 in gastric cancer. J Gastric Cancer 2014; 14:147-55. [PMID: 25328759 PMCID: PMC4199881 DOI: 10.5230/jgc.2014.14.3.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Revised: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Homeostatic imbalance between cell proliferation and death in gastric mucosal epithelia may lead to gastritis and gastric cancer. Despite abundant gastrokine 1 (GKN1) expression in the normal stomach, the loss of GKN1 expression is frequently detected in gastric mucosa infected with Helicobacter pylori, as well as in intestinal metaplasia and gastric cancer tissues, suggesting that GKN1 plays an important role in gastric mucosal defense, and the gene functions as a gastric tumor suppressor. In the stomach, GKN1 is involved in gastric mucosal inflammation by regulating cytokine production, the nuclear factor-κB signaling pathway, and cyclooxygenase-2 expression. GKN1 also inhibits the carcinogenic potential of H. pylori protein CagA by binding to it, and up-regulates antioxidant enzymes. In addition, GKN1 reduces cell viability, proliferation, and colony formation by inhibiting cell cycle progression and epigenetic modification by down-regulating the expression levels of DNMT1 and EZH2, and DNMT1 activity, and inducing apoptosis through the death receptor-dependent pathway. Furthermore, GKN1 also inhibits gastric cancer cell invasion and metastasis via coordinated regulation of epithelial mesenchymal transition-related protein expression, reactive oxygen species production, and PI3K/Akt signaling pathway activation. Although the modes of action of GKN1 have not been clearly described, recent limited evidence suggests that GKN1 acts as a gastric-specific tumor suppressor. This review aims to discuss, comment, and summarize the recent progress in the understanding of the role of GKN1 in gastric cancer development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Hwan Yoon
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Won Suk Choi
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Olga Kim
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Won Sang Park
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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27
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Kim O, Yoon JH, Choi WS, Ashktorab H, Smoot DT, Nam SW, Lee JY, Park WS. GKN2 contributes to the homeostasis of gastric mucosa by inhibiting GKN1 activity. J Cell Physiol 2014; 229:762-71. [PMID: 24151046 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Gastrokine 1 (GKN1) plays an important role in maintaining gastric mucosa integrity. Here, we investigated whether gastrokine 2 (GKN2) contributes to the homeostasis of gastric epithelial cells by regulating GKN1 activity. We analyzed cell viability, proliferation, and death in AGS cells transfected with GKN1, GKN2, GKN1 plus GKN2 using MTT, BrdU incorporation, and apoptosis assays, respectively. In addition, the expression levels of the cell cycle- and apoptosis-related proteins, miR-185, DNMT1, and EZH2 were determined. We also compared the expression of GKN1, GKN2, and CagA in 50 non-neoplastic gastric mucosae and measured GKN2 expression in 169 gastric cancers by immunohistochemistry. GKN2 inhibited anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic activities, miR-185 induction, and anti-epigenetic modifications of GKN1. There was a positive correlation between GKN1 and GKN2 expression (P = 0.0074), and the expression of GKN1, but not GKN2, was significantly lower in Helicobacter pylori CagA-positive gastric mucosa (P = 0.0013). Interestingly, ectopic GKN1 expression in AGS cells increased GKN2 mRNA and protein expression in a time-dependent manner (P = 0.01). Loss of GKN2 expression was detected in 126 (74.6%) of 169 gastric cancers by immunohistochemical staining and was closely associated with GKN1 expression and differentiation of gastric cancer cells (P = 0.0002 and P = 0.0114, respectively). Overall, our data demonstrate that in the presence of GKN2, GKN1 loses its ability to decrease cell proliferation, induce apoptosis, and inhibit epigenetic alterations in gastric cancer cells. Thus, we conclude that GKN2 may contribute to the homeostasis of gastric epithelial cells by inhibiting GKN1 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Kim
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seocho-gu, Seoul, South Korea
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28
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Dai J, Zhang N, Wang J, Chen M, Chen J. Gastrokine-2 is downregulated in gastric cancer and its restoration suppresses gastric tumorigenesis and cancer metastasis. Tumour Biol 2014; 35:4199-207. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-013-1550-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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29
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Wu JY, Cheng CC, Wang JY, Wu DC, Hsieh JS, Lee SC, Wang WM. Discovery of tumor markers for gastric cancer by proteomics. PLoS One 2014; 9:e84158. [PMID: 24404153 PMCID: PMC3880290 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) has a high rate of morbidity and mortality among various cancers worldwide. The development of noninvasive diagnostic methods or technologies for tracking the occurrence of GC is urgent, and searching reliable biomarkers is considered.This study intended to directly discover differential biomarkers from GC tissues by two-dimension-differential gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE), and further validate protein expression by western blotting (WB) and immunohistochemistry (IHC).Pairs of GC tissues (gastric cancer tissues and the adjacent normal tissues) obtained from surgery was investigated for 2D-DIEG.Five proteins wereconfirmed by WB and IHC, including glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78), glutathione s-transferase pi (GSTpi), apolipoprotein AI (ApoAI), alpha-1 antitrypsin (A1AT) and gastrokine-1 (GKN-1). Among the results, GRP78, GSTpi and A1ATwere significantlyup-regulated and down-regulated respectively in gastric cancer patients. Moreover, GRP78 and ApoAI were correlated with A1AT for protein expressions.This study presumes these proteins could be candidates of reliable biomarkers for gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeng-Yih Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Chia Cheng
- Institute of Nuclear Energy Research, Atomic Energy Council, Executive Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Jaw-Yuan Wang
- Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung,Taiwan
| | - Deng-Chyang Wu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Hsiao-Kang Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jan-Sing Hsieh
- Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung,Taiwan
| | - Shui-Cheng Lee
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Ming Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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30
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Yoon JH, Cho ML, Choi YJ, Back JY, Park MK, Lee SW, Choi BJ, Ashktorab H, Smoot DT, Nam SW, Lee JY, Park WS. Gastrokine 1 regulates NF-κB signaling pathway and cytokine expression in gastric cancers. J Cell Biochem 2013; 114:1800-9. [PMID: 23444260 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Gastrokine 1 (GKN1) plays an important role in the gastric mucosal defense mechanism and also acts as a functional gastric tumor suppressor. In this study, we examined the effect of GKN1 on the expression of inflammatory mediators, including NF-κB, COX-2, and cytokines in GKN1-transfected AGS cells and shGKN1-transfected HFE-145 cells. Lymphocyte migration and cell viability were also analyzed after treatment with GKN1 and inflammatory cytokines in AGS cells by transwell chemotaxis and an MTT assay, respectively. In GKN1-transfected AGS cells, we observed inactivation and reduced expression of NF-κB and COX-2, whereas shGKN1-transfected HFE-145 cells showed activation and increased expression of NF-κB and COX-2. GKN1 expression induced production of inflammatory cytokines including IL-8 and -17A, but decreased expression of IL-6 and -10. We also found IL-17A expression in 9 (13.6%) out of 166 gastric cancer tissues and its expression was closely associated with GKN1 expression. GKN1 also acted as a chemoattractant for the migration of Jurkat T cells and peripheral B lymphocytes in the transwell assay. In addition, GKN1 significantly reduced cell viability in both AGS and HFE-145 cells. These data suggest that the GKN1 gene may inhibit progression of gastric epithelial cells to cancer cells by regulating NF-κB signaling pathway and cytokine expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Hwan Yoon
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505 Banpo-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul 137-701, Korea
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31
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Geahlen JH, Lapid C, Thorell K, Nikolskiy I, Huh WJ, Oates EL, Lennerz JKM, Tian X, Weis VG, Khurana SS, Lundin SB, Templeton AR, Mills JC. Evolution of the human gastrokine locus and confounding factors regarding the pseudogenicity of GKN3. Physiol Genomics 2013; 45:667-83. [PMID: 23715263 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00169.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In a screen for genes expressed specifically in gastric mucous neck cells, we identified GKN3, the recently discovered third member of the gastrokine family. We present confirmatory mouse data and novel porcine data showing that mouse GKN3 expression is confined to mucous cells of the corpus neck and antrum base and is prominently expressed in metaplastic lesions. GKN3 was proposed originally to be expressed in some human populations and a pseudogene in others. To investigate that hypothesis, we studied human GKN3 evolution in the context of its paralogous genomic neighbors, GKN1 and GKN2. Haplotype analysis revealed that GKN3 mimics GKN2 in patterns of exonic SNP allocation, whereas GKN1 appeared to be more stringently selected. GKN3 showed signatures of both directional selection and population based selective sweeps in humans. One such selective sweep includes SNP rs10187256, originally identified as an ancestral tryptophan to premature STOP codon mutation. The derived (nonancestral) allele went to fixation in Asia. We show that another SNP, rs75578132, identified 5 bp downstream of rs10187256, exhibits a second selective sweep in almost all Europeans, some Latinos, and some Africans, possibly resulting from a reintroduction of European genes during African colonization. Finally, we identify a mutation that would destroy the splice donor site in the putative exon3-intron3 boundary, which occurs in all human genomes examined to date. Our results highlight a stomach-specific human genetic locus, which has undergone various selective sweeps across European, Asian, and African populations and thus reflects geographic and ethnic patterns in genome evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica H Geahlen
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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Pavone LM, Del Vecchio P, Mallardo P, Altieri F, De Pasquale V, Rea S, Martucci NM, Di Stadio CS, Pucci P, Flagiello A, Masullo M, Arcari P, Rippa E. Structural characterization and biological properties of human gastrokine 1. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2013; 9:412-21. [PMID: 23319233 DOI: 10.1039/c2mb25308a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Gastrokine-1 (GKN1), a protein expressed in normal gastric tissue, but absent in gastric cancer tissues and derived cell lines, has recently emerged as a potential biomarker for gastric cancer. To better establish the molecular properties of GKN1, the first protocol for the production of mature human GKN1 in the expression system of Pichia pastoris was settled. The recombinant protein showed anti-proliferative properties specifically on gastric cancer cell lines thus indicating that it was properly folded. Characterization of structural and biochemical properties of recombinant GKN1 was achieved by limited proteolysis analysis, circular dichroism and fluorescence spectroscopy. The analysis of GKN1 primary structure coupled to proteolytic experiments highlighted that GKN1 was essentially resistant to proteolytic enzymes and showed the presence of at least a disulphide bond between Cys61 and one of the other three Cys (Cys122, Cys145 and Cys159) of the molecule. The secondary structure analysis revealed a prevailing β-structure. Spectroscopic and calorimetric investigations on GKN1 thermal denaturation pointed out its high thermal stability and suggested a more complex than a two-state unfolding process. The resulting protein was endowed with a globular structure characterized by domains showing different stabilities toward chemical and physical denaturants. These results are in agreement with the prediction of GKN1 secondary structure and a three-dimensional structure model. Our findings provide the basis for the development of new pharmaceutical compounds of potential use for gastric cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Michele Pavone
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
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MAO WEI, CHEN JIE, PENG TIELI, YIN XIAOFEI, CHEN LIANZHOU, CHEN MINHU. Role of trefoil factor 1 in gastric cancer and relationship between trefoil factor 1 and gastrokine 1. Oncol Rep 2012; 28:1257-62. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2012.1939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Mao W, Chen J, Peng TL, Yin XF, Chen LZ, Chen MH. Downregulation of gastrokine-1 in gastric cancer tissues and restoration of its expression induced gastric cancer cells to apoptosis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2012; 31:49. [PMID: 22621392 PMCID: PMC3511871 DOI: 10.1186/1756-9966-31-49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Gastrokine-1 (GKN1), a secreted protein, is specifically expressed in gastric mucosa to protect and maintain the integrity of gastric epithelium. The present study investigated differential expression of GKN1 in normal, precancerous, and cancerous gastric tissues, and explored the biological functions of GKN1 protein in gastric cancer cells. Methods RT-PCR, Western blot, and immunohistochemistry were performed to detect GKN1 expression in normal, precancerous, cancerous gastric tissues and seven gastric cancer cell lines. Gene transfection was used to restore GKN1 expression in gastric cancer AGS cells. Phenotypic changes (i.e., cell viability, apoptosis, cell cycle modulation, and sensitivity of gastric cancer cells to fluorouracil (5-FU)) were assayed in the transfected cells. DNA microarrays were used to analyze expression changes of apoptosis-related genes. Results Significant downregulation or absence of GKN1 expression in seven gastric cancer cell lines were detected and progressive decrease of GKN1 expression from normal mucosa, precancerous tissue, to cancer tissues was observed. Moreover, restoration of GKN1 expression suppressed gastric cancer cell viability and induced the cells to undergo apoptosis. GKN1 expression also enhanced tumor cell sensitivity to 5-FU treatment. Moreover, it was found that GKN1 expression in AGS cells modulated expression of 19 apoptosis-related genes. Conclusions Expression of GKN1 is progressively lost from normal mucosa, precancerous to cancerous gastric tissues, while restoration of GKN1 expression induces gastric cancer cells to undergo apoptosis, and enhances sensitivity of gastric cancer cells to 5-FU-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Mao
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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35
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Kočevar N, Odreman F, Vindigni A, Grazio SF, Komel R. Proteomic analysis of gastric cancer and immunoblot validation of potential biomarkers. World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18:1216-28. [PMID: 22468085 PMCID: PMC3309911 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i11.1216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2011] [Revised: 05/26/2011] [Accepted: 06/03/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To search for and validate differentially expressed proteins in patients with gastric adenocarcinoma.
METHODS: We used two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry to search for differentially expressed proteins in patients with gastric adenocarcinoma. A set of proteins was validated with immunoblotting.
RESULTS: We identified 30 different proteins involved in various biological processes: metabolism, development, death, response to stress, cell cycle, cell communication, transport, and cell motility. Eight proteins were chosen for further validation by immunoblotting. Our results show that gastrokine-1, 39S ribosomal protein L12 (mitochondrial precursor), plasma cell-induced resident endoplasmic reticulum protein, and glutathione S-transferase mu 3 were significantly underexpressed in gastric adenocarcinoma relative to adjacent non-tumor tissue samples. On the other hand, septin-2, ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 N, and transaldolase were significantly overexpressed. Translationally controlled tumor protein was shown to be differentially expressed only in patients with cancer of the gastric cardia/esophageal border.
CONCLUSION: This work presents a set of possible diagnostic biomarkers, validated for the first time. It might contribute to the efforts of understanding gastric cancer carcinogenesis.
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