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Hassanpour M, Salybkov AA, Kobayashi S, Asahara T. Anti-inflammatory Prowess of endothelial progenitor cells in the realm of biology and medicine. NPJ Regen Med 2024; 9:27. [PMID: 39349482 PMCID: PMC11442670 DOI: 10.1038/s41536-024-00365-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2024] [Indexed: 10/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Endothelial inflammation plays a crucial role in vascular-related diseases, a leading cause of global mortality. Among various cellular players, endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) emerge as non-differentiated endothelial cells circulating in the bloodstream. Recent evidence highlights the transformative role of EPCs in shifting from an inflammatory/immunosuppressive crisis to an anti-inflammatory/immunomodulatory response. Despite the importance of these functions, the regulatory mechanisms governing EPC activities and their physiological significance in vascular regenerative medicine remain elusive. Surprisingly, the current literature lacks a comprehensive review of EPCs' effects on inflammatory processes. This narrative review aims to fill this gap by exploring the cutting-edge role of EPCs against inflammation, from molecular intricacies to broader medical perspectives. By examining how EPCs modulate inflammatory responses, we aim to unravel their anti-inflammatory significance in vascular regenerative medicine, deepening insights into EPCs' molecular mechanisms and guiding future therapeutic strategies targeting vascular-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Hassanpour
- Shonan Research, Institute of Innovative Medicine, Shonan Kamakura General Hospital, Kamakura, Kanagawa, Japan
- Center for Cell therapy & Regenerative Medicine, Shonan Kamakura General Hospital, Kamakura, Kanagawa, Japan
- Kidney Disease and Transplant Center, Shonan Kamakura General Hospital, Kamakura, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Amankeldi A Salybkov
- Shonan Research, Institute of Innovative Medicine, Shonan Kamakura General Hospital, Kamakura, Kanagawa, Japan
- Center for Cell therapy & Regenerative Medicine, Shonan Kamakura General Hospital, Kamakura, Kanagawa, Japan
- Kidney Disease and Transplant Center, Shonan Kamakura General Hospital, Kamakura, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Shuzo Kobayashi
- Shonan Research, Institute of Innovative Medicine, Shonan Kamakura General Hospital, Kamakura, Kanagawa, Japan
- Kidney Disease and Transplant Center, Shonan Kamakura General Hospital, Kamakura, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takayuki Asahara
- Shonan Research, Institute of Innovative Medicine, Shonan Kamakura General Hospital, Kamakura, Kanagawa, Japan.
- Center for Cell therapy & Regenerative Medicine, Shonan Kamakura General Hospital, Kamakura, Kanagawa, Japan.
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Chi Y, Zhang X, Liang D, Wang Y, Cai X, Dong J, Li L, Chi Z. ZnT8 Exerts Anti-apoptosis of Kidney Tubular Epithelial Cell in Diabetic Kidney Disease Through TNFAIP3-NF-κB Signal Pathways. Biol Trace Elem Res 2023; 201:2442-2457. [PMID: 35871203 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-022-03361-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Apoptosis of kidney tubular epithelial cells contributes to diabetic kidney disease (DKD) pathophysiology, but the mechanisms are not fully understood. Zinc transporter protein member 8 (ZnT8, SLC30A8) is a susceptive gene in diabetes. Here, we aim to investigate whether ZnT8 has effects on pathophysiology of DKD. The animal groups include control, ZnT8KO mice, STZ-induced, and ZnT8-KO-STZ. STZ-induced DKD was performed in male C57BL/6 J mice and in ZnT8-KO mice. High glucose (HG)-induced apoptosis in a normal rat kidney tubular epithelial cell line (NRK-52E cells) was performed in vitro. Transfection of hZnT8-EGFP or TNFAIP3 siRNA was done in NRK-52E cells. Flow cytometry with Annexin V-FITC/PI double staining and TUNEL analysis was performed for the detection of apoptosis. Gene expression at mRNA and protein levels was examined with real-time RT-PCR and Western blot. Urine albumin to creatinine ratio, proinflammatory cytokines, and apoptosis were enhanced in kidneys of STZ and ZnT8-KO-STZ mice compared to control or ZnT8-KO mice. ZnT8 overexpression after hZnT8-EGFP transfection decreased HG-stimulated inflammatory activity and apoptosis in NRK-52E cells. Furthermore, treatment with ZnSO4 blunted HG-induced apoptosis and NF-κB activation. ZnSO4 increased the abundance of zinc-finger protein TNF-α-induced protein 3 (TNFAIP3). Also, ZnT8 over-expression after hZnT8-EGFP transfection significantly ameliorates HG-induced NF-κB-dependent transcriptional activity and apoptotic protein expressions in NRK-52E cells, but the inhibitory effect of ZnT8 was significantly abolished with TNFAIP3 siRNA. Our study provides evidence that ZnT8 has protective effects against apoptosis of renal tubular epithelial cells through induction of TNFAIP3 and subsequent suppression of the NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinmao Chi
- Department of Physiology, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuli Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, 518000, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Nephrology, Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, 518000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Dan Liang
- Troops of 95988 Unit, Changchun, Jilin, 158000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of Tissue Culture, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyi Cai
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, 518000, People's Republic of China
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong Province, 515000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiqiu Dong
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, 518000, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingzhi Li
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, 518000, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhihong Chi
- Department of Pathophysiology, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110001, People's Republic of China
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Chen H, Wu X, Zhou H, He Z, Li H, Wang Q. Epidermal growth factor upregulates the expression of A20 in hepatic cells via the MEK1/MSK1/p-p65 (Ser276) signaling pathway. Am J Transl Res 2021; 13:708-718. [PMID: 33594320 PMCID: PMC7868826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor α-induced protein 3 (A20) suppresses inflammation by inhibiting the activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB). The aberrant expression of A20 is reportedly correlated with tumor development in human malignancies, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Proinflammatory mediators, including tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin-1, and lipopolysaccharide, may induce A20 expression. The present study revealed that epidermal growth factor (EGF) significantly increased A20 mRNA and protein levels in normal hepatic and hepatoma cells via the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase-1 (MEK1)/mitogen- and stress-activated protein kinase-1 (MSK1)/phosphorylated (p)-p65 (Ser276) signaling pathway. A significant positive correlation was observed between the expression of EGF receptor and A20 in HCC and normal healthy liver tissues. The EGF-induced A20 upregulation was NF-κB-dependent and abolished by either the overexpression of the nuclear factor of a κ light polypeptide gene enhancer in a B-cell inhibitor α or treatment with the NF-κB inhibitor BAY11-7082. However, unlike TNF-α, EGF expression did not result in the upregulation of inflammatory molecules, including intercellular adhesion molecule 1, vascular cell adhesion molecule 1, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1. These results indicate that EGF preferentially upregulated the protective mediator A20 over proinflammatory factors. To our knowledge, the present study is the first to demonstrate that EGF induced A20 expression by activating the MEK1/MSK1/p-p65 (Ser276) signaling pathway without causing an apparent inflammatory response. These results may further extend our understanding of liver inflammation and tumor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyang Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Henan Cancer Hospital, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou 450008, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Xuan Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Henan Cancer Hospital, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou 450008, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Hanqiong Zhou
- Department of Internal Medicine, Henan Cancer Hospital, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou 450008, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Zhen He
- Department of Internal Medicine, Henan Cancer Hospital, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou 450008, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Hongle Li
- Molecular Pathology Department, Affiliated Oncology Hospital, Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou 450008, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Qiming Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Henan Cancer Hospital, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou 450008, Henan, P. R. China
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Albuquerque PLMM, Paiva JHHGL, Martins AMC, Meneses GC, da Silva GB, Buckley N, Daher EDF. Clinical assessment and pathophysiology of Bothrops venom-related acute kidney injury: a scoping review. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2020; 26:e20190076. [PMID: 32704246 PMCID: PMC7359628 DOI: 10.1590/1678-9199-jvatitd-2019-0076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Bothrops are one of the most common medically important snakes found in Latin America. Its venom is predominantly hemotoxic and proteolytic, which means that local lesion (edema and redness) and hemorrhagic symptoms are recurrent in envenoming by this snake. Although hemorrhage is usually the major cause of death, snakebite-related acute kidney injury is another potentially fatal clinical complication that may lead to chronic kidney disease. The present review highlights the main studies on Bothrops venom-related acute kidney injury, including observational, cross-sectional, case-control and cohort human studies available up to December 2019. The following descriptors were used according to Medical Subject Headings (MeSH): on Medline/Pubmed and Google Scholar "acute kidney injury" or "kidney disease" and "Bothrops"; on Lilacs and SciELO "kidney disease" or "acute kidney injury" and "Bothrops". Newcastle-Ottawa quality assessment scale was used to appraise the quality of the cross-sectional and cohort studies included. The selection of more severe patients who looked for health care units and tertiary centers is a risk of bias. Due to the methodological heterogeneity of the studies, a critical analysis of the results was performed based on the hypothesis that the design of the included studies influences the incidence of acute kidney injury. Fifteen human studies (total participants 4624) were included according to stablished criteria. The coagulation abnormalities (hemorrhagic symptoms, abnormal fibrinogen and activated partial thromboplastin time) were associated with acute kidney injury in the most recent studies reported. The findings observed in this review provide up-to-date evidence about the acute kidney injury pathogenesis following Bothrops syndrome. Studies pointed out that coagulation abnormalities comprise the major pathway for acute kidney injury development. This review may improve patient management by primary healthcare providers, allowing earlier diagnosis and treatment of Bothrops venom-related acute kidney injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polianna Lemos Moura Moreira Albuquerque
- University of Fortaleza (Unifor), Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
- Toxicological Information and Assistance Center, Instituto Doutor Jose Frota Hospital, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | | | - Alice Maria Costa Martins
- Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Ceará (UFC), Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | | | - Geraldo Bezerra da Silva
- Public Health and Medical Sciences Graduate Programs, School of Medicine, University of Fortaleza, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
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Organ-Protective Effects and the Underlying Mechanism of Dexmedetomidine. Mediators Inflamm 2020; 2020:6136105. [PMID: 32454792 PMCID: PMC7232715 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6136105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Dexmedetomidine (DEX) is a highly selective α2 adrenergic receptor (α2AR) agonist currently used in clinical settings. Because DEX has dose-dependent advantages of sedation, analgesia, antianxiety, inhibition of sympathetic nervous system activity, cardiovascular stabilization, and significant reduction of postoperative delirium and agitation, but does not produce respiratory depression and agitation, it is widely used in clinical anesthesia and ICU departments. In recent years, much clinical study and basic research has confirmed that DEX has a protective effect on a variety of organs, including the nervous system, heart, lungs, kidneys, liver, and small intestine. It acts by reducing the inflammatory response in these organs, activating antiapoptotic signaling pathways which protect cells from damage. Therefore, based on wide clinical application and safety, DEX may become a promising clinical multiorgan protection drug in the future. In this article, we review the physiological effects related to organ protection in α2AR agonists along with the organ-protective effects and mechanisms of DEX to understand their combined application value.
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Dexmedetomidine Preconditioning Protects Rats from Renal Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury Accompanied with Biphasic Changes of Nuclear Factor-Kappa B Signaling. J Immunol Res 2020; 2020:3230490. [PMID: 32377532 PMCID: PMC7183529 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3230490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is one of the most common and troublesome perioperative complications. Dexmedetomidine (DEX) is a potent α2-adrenoceptor (α2-AR) agonist with anti-inflammatory and renoprotective effects. In this study, a rat renal ischemia–reperfusion injury (IRI) model was induced. At 24 h after reperfusion, the IRI-induced damage and the renoprotection of DEX preconditioning were confirmed both biochemically and histologically. Changes in nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), as well as its downstream anti-inflammatory factor A20 and proinflammatory factor tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), were detected. Atipamezole, a nonselective antagonist, was then added 5 min before the administration of DEX to further analyze DEX's effects on NF-κB, and another anti-inflammatory medicine, methylprednisolone, was used in comparison with DEX, to further analyze DEX's effects on NF-κB. Different concentrations of DEX (0 nM, 0.1 nM, 1 nM, 10 nM, 100 nM, 1 μM, and 10 μM) were applied to preincubated human renal tubular epithelial cell line (HK-2) cells in vitro. After anoxia and reoxygenation, the MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) tetrazolium assay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were performed to evaluate the levels of NF-κB downstream anti-inflammatory cytokines. The results showed that, unlike methylprednisolone, DEX preconditioning led to a time-dependent biphasic change (first activation then inhibition) of NF-κB in the rat renal IRI models that were given 25 μg/kg i.p. It was accompanied by a similarly biphasic change of TNF-α and an early and persistent upregulation of A20. In vitro, DEX's cellular protection showed a concentration-dependent biphasic change which was protective within the range of 0 to 100 nM but became opposite when concentrations are greater than 1 μM. The changes in the A20 and NF-κB messenger RNA (mRNA) levels were consistent with the renoprotective ability of DEX. In other words, DEX preconditioning protected the rats from renal IRI via regulation biphasic change of NF-κB signaling.
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Hou Q, Zhu S, Zhang C, Huang Y, Guo Y, Li P, Chen X, Wen Y, Han Q, Liu F. Berberine improves intestinal epithelial tight junctions by upregulating A20 expression in IBS-D mice. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 118:109206. [PMID: 31306972 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate effects of berberine exerts on A20 expression and regulation of intestinal epithelial tight junctions via the TNF-α-NF-κB-MLCK pathway in Diarrhea-Predominant Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS-D). C57BL/6 wild type (WT) and A20 IEC-KO mice (48 each) were randomly divided into normal control (NC), model control (MC), rifaximin and berberine groups (12 mice per group). An experimental model of IBS-D was established using 4% acetic acid and evaluated by haematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining. rifaximin and berberine mice were treated with rifaximin and berberine, respectively. Intestinal epithelial space of WT berberine mice improved more than A20 IEC-KO berberine mice compared to MC mice. WT berberine mice exhibited greater expression of A20 compared with MC mice(P < 0.01). TNF-α, NF-kB p65, MLCK, MLC, TRAF6 and RIP1 levels in A20 IEC-KO and WT berberine mice were all decreased compared to MC mice(P all<0.05). NF-κB p65, MLCK and TRAF6 levels were increased in A20 IEC-KO berberine mice as compared to WT berberine mice (P all<0.05). Intestinal epithelial levels of occludin, claudin-1, ZO-1 and F-actin increased in all berberine mice (P all<0.01-0.05), while occludin, claudin-1, and ZO-1 levels were lower in A20 IEC-KO berberine mice(P < 0.05). Berberine downregulates abnormal activation of the TNF-α-NF-κB-MLCK pathway by upregulating expression of A20 in a mouse model of IBS-D, thereby protecting intestinal epithelial tight junctions and repairing the damage IBS-D causes to the intestinal epithelial barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuke Hou
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China; School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Shuilian Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Changrong Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Yongquan Huang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Yajuan Guo
- Inernational Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Peiwu Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Xinlin Chen
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Health Statistics, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Yi Wen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Quanbin Han
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Fengbin Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
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A20 rescues hepatocytes from apoptosis through the NF-κB signaling pathway in rats with acute liver failure. Biosci Rep 2019; 39:BSR20180316. [PMID: 30446523 PMCID: PMC6328859 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20180316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Acute liver failure (ALF) is a disease of acute derangements in the hepatic synthetic function with defects involving innate immune responses, which was reported to be negatively regulated by tumor necrosis factor α-induced protein 3 (A20). Herein, the present study was conducted to investigate the effects the A20 protein on the proliferation and apoptosis of hepatocytes through the nuclear factor (NF)-κB signaling pathway in the rat models simulating ALF. Methods: Male Wistar rats were used to simulate ALF in the model rats. Next, the positive expression of A20 and Caspase-3 proteins was measured in liver tissues. Rat hepatocytes were separated and subjected to pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC, inhibitor of NF-κB pathway) or A20 siRNA. Additionally, both mRNA and protein levels of A20, NF-κB, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6), and receptor-interacting protein 1 (RIP1) were determined. Finally, we detected the hepatocyte proliferation, cell cycle entry, and apoptosis. Results: ALF rats displayed a lower positive expression of A20 protein and a higher expression of Caspase-3 protein. Furthermore, A20 was down-regulated, while NF-κB, TRAF6, and RIP1 were all up-regulated in ALF rats. Notably, A20 inhibited activation of NF-κB signaling pathway. The blockade of NF-κB signaling pathway enhanced proliferation and cell cycle progression of hepatocytes, whereas inhibited apoptosis of hepatocytes. On the contrary, A20 siRNA reversed the above situation. Conclusion: A20 inhibits apoptosis of hepatocytes and promotes the proliferation through the NF-κB signaling pathway in ALF rats, potentially providing new insight into the treatment of ALF.
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Abstract
Inflammation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) play crucial roles in the progression of chronic kidney diseases. Vitamin D has been shown anti-inflammatory effects, but the underlying mechanism is not fully understood. Here, we investigated whether calcitriol exerts protective effects via upregulating A20 in angiotensinII (AngII)-induced renal injury. Male C57BL/6 mice were infused with vehicle or AngII for 10 days. Calcitriol reduced infiltration of T lymphocytes and macrophages. This reduction of inflammatory cells was accompanied by elevated A20 and decreased pro-inflammatory cytokines (PICs) and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Calcitriol could inhibit NF-κB activation and necroptotic pathway. Induction of A20 was located primarily to the tubular epithelial cells. In rat proximal tubular epithelial cells (NRK-52E), calcitriol stably upregulated A20 and reduced the PICs and ROS. Inhibitory effect of A20 on PICs and ROS depended on suppressing NF-κB pathway and necroptotic pathway, respectively. A20 knockdown diminished the effect of calcitriol on suppressing NF-κB and necroptotic pathways. However, A20 deficiency could not abrogate the inhibitory effect of calcitriol on NF-κB and necroptotic pathways. Our results established that A20 is involved in the renoprotective effect by calcitriol via negatively modulating the NF-κB pathway and necroptotic pathway in AngII-induced renal injury.
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Zhen R, Yang J, Wang Y, Li Y, Chen B, Song Y, Ma G, Yang B. Hepatocyte growth factor improves bone regeneration via the bone morphogenetic protein‑2‑mediated NF‑κB signaling pathway. Mol Med Rep 2018; 17:6045-6053. [PMID: 29436622 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.8559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone regeneration is an important process associated with the treatment of osteonecrosis, which is caused by various factors. Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is an active biological factor that has multifunctional roles in cell biology, life sciences and clinical medicine. It has previously been suggested that bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)‑2 exerts beneficial roles in bone formation, repair and angiogenesis in the femoral head. The present study aimed to investigate the benefits and molecular mechanisms of HGF in bone regeneration. The viability of osteoblasts and osteoclasts were studied in vitro. In addition, the expression levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‑α, monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)‑1, interleukin (IL)‑1 and IL‑6 were detected in a mouse fracture model following treatment with HGF. The expression and activity of nuclear factor (NF)‑κB were also analyzed in osteocytes post‑treatment with HGF. Histological analysis was used to determine the therapeutic effects of HGF on mice with fractures. The migration and differentiation of osteoblasts and osteoclasts were investigated in HGF‑incubated cells. Furthermore, angiogenesis and BMP‑2 expression were analyzed in the mouse fracture model post‑treatment with HGF. The results indicated that HGF regulates the cell viability of osteoblasts and osteoclasts, and also balanced the ratio between osteoblasts and osteoclasts. In addition, HGF decreased the serum expression levels of TNF‑α, MCP‑1, IL‑1 and IL‑6 in experimental mice. The results of a mechanistic analysis demonstrated that HGF upregulated p65, IκB kinase‑β and IκBα expression in osteoblasts from experimental mice. In addition, the expression levels of vascular endothelial growth factor, BMP‑2 receptor, receptor activator of NF‑κB ligand and macrophage colony‑stimulating factor were upregulated by HGF, which may effectively promote blood vessel regeneration, and contribute to the formation and revascularization of tissue‑engineered bone. Furthermore, HGF promoted BMP‑2 expression and enhanced angiogenesis at the fracture location. These results suggested that HGF treatment may significantly promote bone regeneration in a mouse fracture model. In conclusion, these results indicated that HGF is involved in bone regeneration, angiogenesis and the balance between osteoblasts and osteoclasts, thus suggesting that HGF may be considered a potential agent for the treatment of fractures via the promotion of bone regeneration through regulation of the BMP‑2‑mediated NF‑κB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixin Zhen
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Chengde Medical College Affiliated Hospital, Chengde, Hebei 067000, P.R. China
| | - Jianing Yang
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Chengde Medical College Affiliated Hospital, Chengde, Hebei 067000, P.R. China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Chengde Medical College Affiliated Hospital, Chengde, Hebei 067000, P.R. China
| | - Yubo Li
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Chengde Medical College Affiliated Hospital, Chengde, Hebei 067000, P.R. China
| | - Bin Chen
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Chengde Medical College Affiliated Hospital, Chengde, Hebei 067000, P.R. China
| | - Youxin Song
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Chengde Medical College Affiliated Hospital, Chengde, Hebei 067000, P.R. China
| | - Guiyun Ma
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Chengde Medical College Affiliated Hospital, Chengde, Hebei 067000, P.R. China
| | - Bo Yang
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Chengde Medical College Affiliated Hospital, Chengde, Hebei 067000, P.R. China
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Su BC, Chen JY. Antimicrobial Peptide Epinecidin-1 Modulates MyD88 Protein Levels via the Proteasome Degradation Pathway. Mar Drugs 2017; 15:md15110362. [PMID: 29144391 PMCID: PMC5706051 DOI: 10.3390/md15110362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The cationic antimicrobial peptide epinecidin-1 was identified from Epinephelus coioides and possesses multiple biological functions, including antibacterial, antifungal, anti-tumor, and immunomodulatory effects. In addition, epinecidin-1 suppresses lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation by neutralizing LPS and ameliorating LPS/Toll-like receptor (TLR)-4 internalization. However, it is unclear whether the actions of epinecidin-1 depend on the regulation of TLR adaptor protein MyD88 or endogenous TLR signaling antagonists, which include A20, interleukin-1 receptor associated kinase (IRAK)-M, and suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS)-1. Our results demonstrate that epinecidin-1 alone does not affect A20, IRAK-M, or SOCS-1 protein levels. However, pre-incubation of epinecidin-1 significantly inhibits LPS-induced upregulation of A20, IRAK-M, and SOCS-1. In addition, epinecidin-1 significantly reduces the abundance of MyD88 protein. Both MG132 (a specific proteasome inhibitor) and Heclin (a specific Smurf E3 ligase inhibitor) are able to abolish epinecidin-1-mediated MyD88 degradation. Thus, our data suggest that epinecidin-1 directly inhibits MyD88 via induction of the Smurf E3 ligase proteasome pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bor-Chyuan Su
- Marine Research Station, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, 23-10 Dahuen Rd., Jiaushi, Ilan 262, Taiwan.
| | - Jyh-Yih Chen
- Marine Research Station, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, 23-10 Dahuen Rd., Jiaushi, Ilan 262, Taiwan.
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Huang F, Zhang RY, Song L. Beneficial effect of magnolol on lupus nephritis in MRL/lpr mice by attenuating the NLRP3 inflammasome and NF‑κB signaling pathway: A mechanistic analysis. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:4817-4822. [PMID: 28791390 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Lupus nephritis (LN) is a common complication of systemic lupus erythematosus. The present study aimed to elucidate the protective effect of magnolol (MG) on the progression of LN, via inhibition of key signaling pathways. The results of the present study demonstrated that administration of MG caused inhibition of the activation of NACHT, LRR and PYD domains‑containing protein 3 and interleukin‑1β production. Histopathological analysis confirmed that the vehicle‑treated group exhibited characteristic glomerular disease, which was observed to be suppressed following the administration of MG; a marked decrease in glomerular and vascular lesions was observed compared with the vehicle control. This decrease was further demonstrated through analysis of kidney sections. The expression level of cell surface glycoprotein F4/80 was demonstrated to be markedly decreased in the MG‑treated mice compared with the vehicle control group. The MG‑treated mice exhibited a marked decrease in serum and renal tumor necrosis factor‑α expression levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Huang
- Department of Urology, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong 276003, P.R. China
| | - Rui-Yun Zhang
- Headquarters of Emergency Room, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong 276003, P.R. China
| | - Lei Song
- Department of Urology, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong 276003, P.R. China
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Narayan P, Duan B, Jiang K, Li J, Paka L, Yamin MA, Friedman SL, Weir MR, Goldberg ID. Late intervention with the small molecule BB3 mitigates postischemic kidney injury. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2016; 311:F352-61. [PMID: 27252491 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00455.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemia-reperfusion-mediated acute kidney injury can necessitate renal replacement therapy and is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. We have identified BB3, a small molecule, which when first administered at 24 h after renal ischemia in rats, improved survival, augmented urine output, and reduced the increase in serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen. Compared with control kidneys, the kidneys of BB3-treated animals exhibited reduced levels of kidney injury molecule-1, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, and reduced tubular apoptosis and acute tubular necrosis but enhanced tubular regeneration. Consistent with its hepatocyte growth factor-like mode of action, BB3 treatment promoted phosphorylation of renal cMet and Akt and upregulated renal expression of the survival protein Bcl-2. These data suggest that the kidney is amenable to pharmacotherapy even 24 h after ischemia-reperfusion and that activation of the hepatocyte growth factor signaling pathway with the small molecule BB3 confers interventional benefits late into ischemia-reperfusion injury. These data formed, in part, the basis for the use of BB3 in a clinical trial in kidney recipients presenting with delayed graft function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakash Narayan
- Department of Preclinical Research, Angion Biomedica Corporation, New York, New York;
| | - Bin Duan
- Department of Preclinical Research, Angion Biomedica Corporation, New York, New York
| | - Kai Jiang
- Department of Preclinical Research, Angion Biomedica Corporation, New York, New York
| | - Jingsong Li
- Department of Preclinical Research, Angion Biomedica Corporation, New York, New York
| | - Latha Paka
- Department of Preclinical Research, Angion Biomedica Corporation, New York, New York
| | - Michael A Yamin
- Department of Preclinical Research, Angion Biomedica Corporation, New York, New York
| | - Scott L Friedman
- Division of Liver Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; and
| | - Matthew R Weir
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Itzhak D Goldberg
- Department of Preclinical Research, Angion Biomedica Corporation, New York, New York
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Yang Z, Zhong Z, Li M, Xiong Y, Wang Y, Peng G, Ye Q. Hypothermic machine perfusion increases A20 expression which protects renal cells against ischemia/reperfusion injury by suppressing inflammation, apoptosis and necroptosis. Int J Mol Med 2016; 38:161-71. [PMID: 27177159 PMCID: PMC4899006 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2016.2586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an urgent need to improve the quality of donor organs obtained after cardiac death. In the present study, we examined the potential mechanisms through which A20 protects renal cells against ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI) following either hypothermic machine perfusion (HMP) or static cold storage (CS) of the kidneys in a rabbit model. The expression of markers of apoptosis, necroptosis and inflammation in frozen kidney tissues were detected by western blot analysis, RT-qPCR and ELISA. Compared with the CS group, A20 expression was significantly higher in the tissue from the HMP group (P<0.01). By contrast, the expression of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) was significantly lower in HMP group (P<0.01), whereas IκBα expression was significantly higher (P<0.01). The expression of apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1), phosphorylated (p-)c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and activated caspase-3 in the HMP group was significantly downregulated compared with that in the CS group (all P<0.01). In addition, A20 inhibited receptor-interacting protein kinase 3 (RIPK3)-mediated necroptosis in the kidney. RIPK3 expression in the HMP group was significantly lower than that in the CS group (P<0.01), although the levels in both groups were higher than those in the sham group (P<0.01). Based on these findings, we propose a novel mechanism underlying the anti-apoptotic effect of A20 in renal cells in which A20 binds to ASK1 and promotes the degradation of ASK1 leading to the suppression of JNK activation and eventually, to the blockade of apoptosis. Thus, HMP reduces inflammation, apoptosis and necroptosis by upregulating the expression of A20; this mechanism may be responsible for protecting the kidney against IRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixuan Yang
- Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Institute of Hepatobiliary Diseases of Wuhan University, Transplant Center of Wuhan University, Hubei Key Laboratory of Medical Technology on Transplantation, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Zibiao Zhong
- Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Institute of Hepatobiliary Diseases of Wuhan University, Transplant Center of Wuhan University, Hubei Key Laboratory of Medical Technology on Transplantation, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Mingxia Li
- Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Institute of Hepatobiliary Diseases of Wuhan University, Transplant Center of Wuhan University, Hubei Key Laboratory of Medical Technology on Transplantation, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Yan Xiong
- Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Institute of Hepatobiliary Diseases of Wuhan University, Transplant Center of Wuhan University, Hubei Key Laboratory of Medical Technology on Transplantation, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Yanfeng Wang
- Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Institute of Hepatobiliary Diseases of Wuhan University, Transplant Center of Wuhan University, Hubei Key Laboratory of Medical Technology on Transplantation, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Guizhu Peng
- Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Institute of Hepatobiliary Diseases of Wuhan University, Transplant Center of Wuhan University, Hubei Key Laboratory of Medical Technology on Transplantation, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Qifa Ye
- Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Institute of Hepatobiliary Diseases of Wuhan University, Transplant Center of Wuhan University, Hubei Key Laboratory of Medical Technology on Transplantation, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
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15
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Mao S, Zhang J. The emerging role of hepatocyte growth factor in renal diseases. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2015; 36:303-9. [DOI: 10.3109/10799893.2015.1080275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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16
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Reihill JA, Malcomson B, Bertelsen A, Cheung S, Czerwiec A, Barsden R, Elborn JS, Dürkop H, Hirsch B, Ennis M, Kelly C, Schock BC. Induction of the inflammatory regulator A20 by gibberellic acid in airway epithelial cells. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 173:778-89. [PMID: 26013851 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2014] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE NF-κB-driven inflammation is negatively regulated by the zinc finger protein A20. Gibberellic acid (GA3 ) is a plant-derived diterpenoid with documented anti-inflammatory activity, which is reported to induce A20-like zinc finger proteins in plants. Here, we sought to investigate the anti-inflammatory effect of GA3 in airway epithelial cells and determine if the anti-inflammatory action relates to A20 induction. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Primary nasal epithelial cells and a human bronchial epithelial cell line (16HBE14o-) were used. Cells were pre-incubated with GA3 , stimulated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa LPS; IL-6 and IL-8 release, A20, NF-κB and IκBα expression were then evaluated. To determine if any observed anti-inflammatory effect occurred via an A20-dependent mechanism, A20 was silenced using siRNA. KEY RESULTS Cells pre-incubated with GA3 had significantly increased levels of A20 mRNA (4 h) and protein (24 h), resulting in a significant reduction in IL-6 and IL-8 release. This effect was mediated via reduced IκBα degradation and reduced NF-κB (p65) expression. Furthermore, the anti-inflammatory action of GA3 was abolished in A20-silenced cells. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS We showed that A20 induction by GA3 attenuates inflammation in airway epithelial cells, at least in part through its effect on NF-κB and IκBα. GA3 or gibberellin-derived derivatives could potentially be developed into anti-inflammatory drugs for the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases associated with A20 dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Reihill
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - B Malcomson
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - A Bertelsen
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - S Cheung
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - A Czerwiec
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - R Barsden
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - J S Elborn
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - H Dürkop
- Institute für Pathodiagnostik, Berlin, Germany
| | - B Hirsch
- Charité-University, Institute of Pathology, Berlin, Germany
| | - M Ennis
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - C Kelly
- Northern Ireland Centre for Stratified Medicine, University of Ulster, Londonderry, UK
| | - B C Schock
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, UK
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Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a multisystem autoimmune disorder that has a broad spectrum of effects on the majority of organs, including the kidneys. Approximately 40-70% of patients with SLE will develop lupus nephritis. Renal assault during SLE is initiated by genes that breach immune tolerance and promote autoantibody production. These genes might act in concert with other genetic factors that augment innate immune signalling and IFN-I production, which in turn can generate an influx of effector leucocytes, inflammatory mediators and autoantibodies into end organs, such as the kidneys. The presence of cognate antigens in the glomerular matrix, together with intrinsic molecular abnormalities in resident renal cells, might further accentuate disease progression. This Review discusses the genetic insights and molecular mechanisms for key pathogenic contributors in SLE and lupus nephritis. We have categorized the genes identified in human studies of SLE into one of four pathogenic events that lead to lupus nephritis. We selected these categories on the basis of the cell types in which these genes are expressed, and the emerging paradigms of SLE pathogenesis arising from murine models. Deciphering the molecular basis of SLE and/or lupus nephritis in each patient will help physicians to tailor specific therapies.
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Hepatocyte growth factor: A regulator of inflammation and autoimmunity. Autoimmun Rev 2014; 14:293-303. [PMID: 25476732 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2014.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is a pleiotropic cytokine that has been extensively studied over several decades, but was only recently recognized as a key player in mediating protection of many types of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. HGF was reported to prevent and attenuate disease progression by influencing multiple pathophysiological processes involved in inflammatory and immune response, including cell migration, maturation, cytokine production, antigen presentation, and T cell effector function. In this review, we discuss the actions and mechanisms of HGF in inflammation and immunity and the therapeutic potential of this factor for the treatment of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.
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Wertz I, Dixit V. A20--a bipartite ubiquitin editing enzyme with immunoregulatory potential. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 809:1-12. [PMID: 25302362 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0398-6_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Proper regulation of inflammation is essential for combating pathogen invasion and maintaining homeostasis. While hyporesponsive hosts succumb to infections, unchecked inflammatory reactions promote debilitating and fatal conditions including septic shock, autoimmune disease, atherosclerosis, graft rejection, and cancer. Pathogens, host immune cell ligands, and pro-inflammatory cytokines such as Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), Interleukin-1-beta (IL1-beta), and Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induce an array of inflammatory responses by activating a variety of cell types. Although much is known about how inflammatory responses are initiated and sustained, less is known about how inflammation is attenuated to maintain a homeostatic balance. In this chapter, we review the key role played by A20, also referred to as Tumor Necrosis Factor Inducible Protein 3 (TNFAIP3) in restoring cellular homeostasis through NF-kappaB inhibition, and discuss the molecular basis for its potent anti-inflammatory function as related to the ubiquitin editing and ubiquitin binding activities of A20.
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20
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Bodonyi-Kovacs G, Strom TB, Putheti P. A20—A Biomarker of Allograft Outcome: A Showcase in Kidney Transplantation. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 809:103-16. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0398-6_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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21
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A20-An Omnipotent Protein in the Liver: Prometheus Myth Resolved? ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 809:117-39. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0398-6_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Adenovirus-mediated dual gene expression of human interleukin-10 and hepatic growth factor exerts protective effect against CCl4-induced hepatocyte injury in rats. Dig Dis Sci 2012; 57:1857-65. [PMID: 22399249 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-012-2117-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2011] [Accepted: 02/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocyte injury is a common pathological cause of various liver diseases. Due to a lack of an effective preventive treatment, gene therapy has become an interesting approach to prevent and alleviate liver injury. AIMS A protective effect of adenovirus-mediated dual gene expression of human interleukin-10 (hIL-10) and human hepatocyte growth factor (hHGF) was investigated against tetrachloromethane (CCl(4))-induced hepatocyte injury in rats. METHODS An adenoviral vector carrying the hIL-10 and hHGF genes was constructed, and its protective effect against rat hepatocyte injury was investigated both in vivo and in vitro. RESULTS In the in vitro CCl(4)-induced cell injury model, simultaneous transfection of hIL-10 and hHGF genes via an adenoviral vector resulted in production of anti-hepatocyte biological factors by an autocrine mechanism, then significantly improved hepatocyte viability. In the in vivo rat model, synergistic effects of these two gene products protected hepatocytes from damage by reducing the CC1(4)-induced hepatocyte degeneration, hepatic fibrosis, and intrahepatic inflammatory cell infiltration, thereby preserving liver function. CONCLUSION Adenovirus-mediated dual gene expression of hIL-10 and hHGF effectively protected against liver damage by likely regulating immune responses to reduce hepatocyte injury and by promoting hepatocyte regeneration. The hIL-10 and hHGF dual gene expression vector has significant potential in the field of liver disease therapeutics and constitutes one of the most promising current strategies for gene therapy.
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