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Song X, Liu J, Liu B, Piao C, Kong C, Li Z. RUNX2 interacts with SCD1 and activates Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway to promote the progression of clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Cancer Med 2023; 12:5764-5780. [PMID: 36200301 PMCID: PMC10028032 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.5326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have demonstrated that Runt-associated transcription factor 2 (RUNX2) serves as the main transcription factor for osteoblast differentiation and chondrocyte maturation. RUNX2 is related to a variety of tumors, particularly tumor invasion and metastasis, while the expression and molecular mechanisms of RUNX2 in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) keep to be determined. Stearyl CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1), an endoplasmic reticulum fatty acid desaturase, transfers saturated fatty acids to monounsaturated fatty acids, is expressed highly in numerous malignancies. METHODS The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) datebase and Western blot was used to analyzed the mRNA and protein levels of the target gene in ccRCC tissues and adjacent tissues. The proliferation ability of ccRCC cells was tested by colony forming and EdU assay. The migration ability of cells was detected by transwell assay. Immunoprecipitation was utilized to detect protein-protein interaction. Cycloheximide chase assay was used to measure the half-life of SCD1 protein. RESULTS In this study, the expressions of RUNX2 and SCD1 are increased in ccRCC tissues as well as ccRCC cell lines. Both RUNX2 and SCD1 could promote proliferation and migration in ccRCC cells. Furthermore, RUNX2 could physically interact with SCD1. In addition, the functional degradation and the inactivation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway triggered by the downregulation of RUNX2 could be partly offset by the overexpression of SCD1. CONCLUSION The findings indicate that the RUNX2/SCD1 axis may act as a potential therapeutic target via the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway of ccRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiandong Song
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Junlong Liu
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Bitian Liu
- Department of Urology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Chiyuan Piao
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Chuize Kong
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Zhenhua Li
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, P. R. China
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William S, Duncan T, Redmond TM. Pretreatment of human retinal pigment epithelial cells with sterculic acid forestalls fenretinide-induced apoptosis. Sci Rep 2022; 12:22442. [PMID: 36575190 PMCID: PMC9794835 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26383-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The ratio of saturated to monounsaturated fatty acids, thought to play a critical role in many cellular functions, is regulated by stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD), a rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of monounsaturated fatty acids. Previously, we observed a decrease in both SCD protein and enzymatic activity in apoptosis induced by fenretinide, a synthetic analog of retinoic acid, in the human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cell line ARPE-19. Here, we investigated the effect of pretreating ARPE-19 with sterculic acid, a cyclopropenoic fatty acid inhibitor of SCD, on preventing fenretinide-induced apoptosis, given the role of SCD in cell proliferation and apoptosis. We show that sterculic acid pretreatment prevents the effects of fenretinide-induced apoptosis shown by changes in cell morphology, viability, and caspase-3 activation. Analysis of endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated proteins shows that sterculic acid pretreatment reduced the fenretinide-induced upregulation of heme oxygenase-1, ATF3 and GADD153 expression that are in response to reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Sterculic acid is as effective as allopurinol in inhibition of xanthine oxidase (XDH), and this may play a role in reducing the potential role of XDH in fenretinide-induced ROS generation. Sterculic acid pretreatment also results in a reduction in SOD2 mRNA expression. Dihydroceramide accumulation, compared to ceramide, and ROS generation indicate that a ceramide-independent pathway mediates fenretinide-induced apoptosis, and ROS mediation is borne out by activation of the NF-κBp50 and NF-κBp65 downstream signaling cascade. Its prevention by sterculic acid pretreatment further indicates the latter's antioxidant/anti-inflammatory effect. Taken together, our results suggest that sterculic acid pretreatment can mitigate ROS-mediated fenretinide-induced apoptosis. Thus, sterculic acid may serve as a potential antioxidant and therapeutic agent. These effects may be independent of its effects on SCD activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel William
- grid.280030.90000 0001 2150 6316Laboratory of Retinal Cell and Molecular Biology, Bldg. 6/Room 112A, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, 6 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-0608 USA
| | - Todd Duncan
- grid.280030.90000 0001 2150 6316Laboratory of Retinal Cell and Molecular Biology, Bldg. 6/Room 112A, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, 6 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-0608 USA
| | - T. Michael Redmond
- grid.280030.90000 0001 2150 6316Laboratory of Retinal Cell and Molecular Biology, Bldg. 6/Room 112A, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, 6 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-0608 USA
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Li MT, Liu LL, Zhou Q, Huang LX, Shi YX, Hou JB, Lu HT, Yu B, Chen W, Guo ZY. Phyllanthus Niruri L. Exerts Protective Effects Against the Calcium Oxalate-Induced Renal Injury via Ellgic Acid. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:891788. [PMID: 36034880 PMCID: PMC9400657 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.891788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Urolithiasis or kidney stones is a common and frequently occurring renal disease; calcium oxalate (CaOx) crystals are responsible for 80% of urolithiasis cases. Phyllanthus niruri L. (PN) has been used to treat urolithiasis. This study aimed to determine the potential protective effects and molecular mechanism of PN on calcium oxalate-induced renal injury.Methods: Microarray data sets were generated from the calcium oxalate-induced renal injury model of HK-2 cells and potential disease-related targets were identified. Network pharmacology was employed to identify drug-related targets of PN and construct the active ingredient-target network. Finally, the putative therapeutic targets and active ingredients of PN were verified in vitro and in vivo.Results: A total of 20 active ingredients in PN, 2,428 drug-related targets, and 127 disease-related targets were identified. According to network pharmacology analysis, HMGCS1, SQLE, and SCD were identified as predicted therapeutic target and ellagic acid (EA) was identified as the active ingredient by molecular docking analysis. The increased expression of SQLE, SCD, and HMGCS1 due to calcium oxalate-induced renal injury in HK-2 cells was found to be significantly inhibited by EA. Immunohistochemical in mice also showed that the levels of SQLE, SCD, and HMGCS1 were remarkably restored after EA treatment.Conclusion: EA is the active ingredient in PN responsible for its protective effects against CaOx-induced renal injury. SQLE, SCD, and HMGCS1 are putative therapeutic targets of EA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mao-Ting Li
- Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lu-Lu Liu
- Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Zhou
- Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin-Xi Huang
- Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu-Xuan Shi
- Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie-Bin Hou
- Department of Nephrology, the Second Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hong-Tao Lu
- Department of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bing Yu
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Stem Cell and Medicine, Navy Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Wei Chen, ; Zhi-Yong Guo,
| | - Zhi-Yong Guo
- Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Wei Chen, ; Zhi-Yong Guo,
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Orienti I, Armida M, Dobrowolny G, Pepponi R, Sollazzini G, Pezzola A, Casola I, Musarò A, Popoli P, Potenza RL. Fenretinide Beneficial Effects on Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis-associated SOD1 G93A Mutant Protein Toxicity: In Vitro and In Vivo Evidences. Neuroscience 2021; 473:1-12. [PMID: 34363869 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is the most frequent motor neuron disease for which effective treatment options are still lacking. ALS occurs in sporadic and familial forms which are clinically indistinguishable; about 20% of familial ALS cases are linked to mutations of the superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) gene. Fenretinide (FEN), a cancer chemopreventive and antiproliferative agent currently used in several clinical trials, is a multi-target drug which also exhibits redox regulation activities. We analyzed the effects of FEN on mutant SOD1 (mSOD1) toxicity in motoneuronal (NSC34) and a muscle (C2C12) cell lines and evaluated the impacts of chronic administration of a new nanomicellar fenretinide formulation (NanoMFen) on ALS disease progression in the SOD1G93A mouse model. The results showed that FEN significantly prevents the toxicity of mSOD1 expression in NSC34 motor neuron; furthermore, FEN is able to partially overcome the toxic effect of mSOD1 on the myogenic program of C2C12 muscle cells. Administration of NanoMFen ameliorates the disease progression and increases median survival of mSOD1G93A ALS mice, even when given after disease onset; beneficial effects in ALS mice, however, is restricted to female sex. Our data support the therapeutic potential of FEN against ALS-associated SOD1G93A mutant protein toxicity and promote further studies to elucidate specific cellular targets of the drug in ALS. Furthermore, the sex-related efficacy of NanoMFen in mSOD1G93A ALS mice strengthens the importance, in the perspective of a precision medicine approach, of gender pharmacology in ALS research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Orienti
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Monica Armida
- National Center for Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriella Dobrowolny
- DAHFMO-Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Sapienza University of Rome, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
| | - Rita Pepponi
- National Center for Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriella Sollazzini
- National Center for Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Pezzola
- National Center for Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Irene Casola
- DAHFMO-Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Sapienza University of Rome, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Musarò
- DAHFMO-Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Sapienza University of Rome, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
| | - Patrizia Popoli
- National Center for Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Rosa Luisa Potenza
- National Center for Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
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Zhao X, Wang M, Liu J, Su X. Stearoyl CoA Desaturase 1 and Inositol-Requiring Protein 1 α Determine the Efficiency of Oleic Acid in Alleviating Silica Nanoparticle-Induced Insulin Resistance. J Biomed Nanotechnol 2021; 17:1349-1363. [PMID: 34446138 DOI: 10.1166/jbn.2021.3109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Despite the widespread use of silica nanoparticles (SiNPs), their metabolic impact and mechanisms of action have not been well studied. Exposure to SiNPs induces insulin resistance (IR) in hepatocytes by endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress via inositol-requiring protein 1α (IRE1α) activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK). It has been well established that stearoyl CoA desaturase (SCD1) and its major product oleic acid elicited beneficial effects in restoring ER homeostasis. However, the potential coordination of SCD1 and IRE1α in determining SiNP regulation of insulin signaling is unclear. Herein, we investigated the effects of SCD1 and oleic acid on IR induced by SiNPs or thapsigargin in hepatocytes. SCD1 overexpression or oleic acid efficiently reversed SiNP-induced ER stress and IR, whereas the effects of thapsigargin treatment could not be restored. Thapsigargin diminished SCD1 protein levels, leading to the accumulation of IRE1α and sustained activation of the IRE1α/JNK pathway. Moreover, knockdown of activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) upstream of SCD1 suppressed SiNP-induced SCD1 expression, rescued the activated IRE1α, and inhibited insulin signaling but was not able to restore the effects of thapsigargin. Collectively, downregulation of SCD1 and excess accumulation of IRE1α protein prevented the beneficial effects of exogenous oleic acid on IR induced by ER stress. Our results provide valuable mechanistic insights into the synergic regulation of IR by SiNPs and ER stress and suggest a combinational strategy to restore ER homeostasis by targeting SCD1 and IRE1α proteins, as well as supplementation of unsaturated fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyang Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Soochow University Medical College, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Soochow University Medical College, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Jingjing Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Soochow University Medical College, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Xiong Su
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Soochow University Medical College, Suzhou, 215123, China
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Sterculic Acid: The Mechanisms of Action beyond Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase Inhibition and Therapeutic Opportunities in Human Diseases. Cells 2020; 9:cells9010140. [PMID: 31936134 PMCID: PMC7016617 DOI: 10.3390/cells9010140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In many tissues, stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1) catalyzes the biosynthesis of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAS), (i.e., palmitoleate and oleate) from their saturated fatty acid (SFA) precursors (i.e., palmitate and stearate), influencing cellular membrane physiology and signaling, leading to broad effects on human physiology. In addition to its predominant role in lipid metabolism and body weight control, SCD1 has emerged recently as a potential new target for the treatment for various diseases, such as nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, Alzheimer’s disease, cancer, and skin disorders. Sterculic acid (SA) is a cyclopropene fatty acid originally found in the seeds of the plant Sterculia foetida with numerous biological activities. On the one hand, its ability to inhibit stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) allows its use as a coadjuvant of several pathologies where this enzyme has been associated. On the other hand, additional effects independently of its SCD inhibitory properties, involve anti-inflammatory and protective roles in retinal diseases such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD). This review aims to summarize the mechanisms by which SA exerts its actions and to highlight the emerging areas where this natural compound may be of help for the development of new therapies for human diseases.
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Saeed A, Dullaart RPF, Schreuder TCMA, Blokzijl H, Faber KN. Disturbed Vitamin A Metabolism in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD). Nutrients 2017; 10:nu10010029. [PMID: 29286303 PMCID: PMC5793257 DOI: 10.3390/nu10010029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin A is required for important physiological processes, including embryogenesis, vision, cell proliferation and differentiation, immune regulation, and glucose and lipid metabolism. Many of vitamin A’s functions are executed through retinoic acids that activate transcriptional networks controlled by retinoic acid receptors (RARs) and retinoid X receptors (RXRs).The liver plays a central role in vitamin A metabolism: (1) it produces bile supporting efficient intestinal absorption of fat-soluble nutrients like vitamin A; (2) it produces retinol binding protein 4 (RBP4) that distributes vitamin A, as retinol, to peripheral tissues; and (3) it harbors the largest body supply of vitamin A, mostly as retinyl esters, in hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). In times of inadequate dietary intake, the liver maintains stable circulating retinol levels of approximately 2 μmol/L, sufficient to provide the body with this vitamin for months. Liver diseases, in particular those leading to fibrosis and cirrhosis, are associated with impaired vitamin A homeostasis and may lead to vitamin A deficiency. Liver injury triggers HSCs to transdifferentiate to myofibroblasts that produce excessive amounts of extracellular matrix, leading to fibrosis. HSCs lose the retinyl ester stores in this process, ultimately leading to vitamin A deficiency. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome and is a spectrum of conditions ranging from benign hepatic steatosis to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH); it may progress to cirrhosis and liver cancer. NASH is projected to be the main cause of liver failure in the near future. Retinoic acids are key regulators of glucose and lipid metabolism in the liver and adipose tissue, but it is unknown whether impaired vitamin A homeostasis contributes to or suppresses the development of NAFLD. A genetic variant of patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing 3 (PNPLA3-I148M) is the most prominent heritable factor associated with NAFLD. Interestingly, PNPLA3 harbors retinyl ester hydrolase activity and PNPLA3-I148M is associated with low serum retinol level, but enhanced retinyl esters in the liver of NAFLD patients. Low circulating retinol in NAFLD may therefore not reflect true “vitamin A deficiency”, but rather disturbed vitamin A metabolism. Here, we summarize current knowledge about vitamin A metabolism in NAFLD and its putative role in the progression of liver disease, as well as the therapeutic potential of vitamin A metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Saeed
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands.
- Institute of Molecular Biology & Bio-Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan.
| | - Robin P F Dullaart
- Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Tim C M A Schreuder
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Hans Blokzijl
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Klaas Nico Faber
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Poliakov E, Samuel W, Duncan T, Gutierrez DB, Mata NL, Redmond TM. Inhibitory effects of fenretinide metabolites N-[4-methoxyphenyl]retinamide (MPR) and 4-oxo-N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)retinamide (3-keto-HPR) on fenretinide molecular targets β-carotene oxygenase 1, stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 and dihydroceramide Δ4-desaturase 1. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176487. [PMID: 28448568 PMCID: PMC5407626 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic capacity of fenretinide (N-[4-hydroxyphenyl] retinamide; 4-HPR) has been demonstrated for several conditions, including cancer, obesity, diabetes, and ocular disease. Yet, the mechanisms of action for its pleiotropic effects are still undefined. We hypothesized that investigation of two of the major physiological metabolites of fenretinide, N-[4-methoxyphenyl]retinamide (MPR) and 4-oxo-N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)retinamide (3-keto-HPR), might begin to resolve the multifaceted effects of this synthetic retinoid. We analyzed the effects of fenretinide, MPR, 3-keto-HPR, and the non-retinoid RBP4 ligand A1120, on the activity of known targets of fenretinide, stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1) and dihydroceramide Δ4-desaturase 1 (DES1) in ARPE-19 cells, and purified recombinant mouse beta-carotene oxygenase 1 (BCO1) in vitro. Lipids and retinoids were extracted and quantified by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and reversed phase HPLC, respectively. The data demonstrate that while fenretinide is an inhibitor of the activities of these three enzymes, that 3-keto-HPR is a more potent inhibitor of all three enzymes, potentially mediating most of the in vivo beneficial effects of fenretinide. However, while MPR does not affect SCD1 and DES1 activity, it is a potent specific inhibitor of BCO1. We conclude that a deeper understanding of the mechanisms of action of fenretinide and its metabolites provides new avenues for therapeutic specificity. For example, administration of 3-keto-HPR instead of fenretinide may be preferential if inhibition of SCD1 or DES1 activity is the goal (cancer), while MPR may be better for BCO1 modulation (carotenoid metabolism). Continued investigation of fenretinide metabolites in the context of fenretinide’s various therapeutic uses will begin to resolve the pleotropic nature of this compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Poliakov
- Laboratory of Retinal Cell and Molecular Biology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (EP); (TMR)
| | - William Samuel
- Laboratory of Retinal Cell and Molecular Biology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Todd Duncan
- Laboratory of Retinal Cell and Molecular Biology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Danielle B. Gutierrez
- Laboratory of Retinal Cell and Molecular Biology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Nathan L. Mata
- Acucela Inc., Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - T. Michael Redmond
- Laboratory of Retinal Cell and Molecular Biology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (EP); (TMR)
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Mishra S, Peterson K, Yin L, Berger A, Fan J, Wistow G. Accumulation of cholesterol and increased demand for zinc in serum-deprived RPE cells. Mol Vis 2016; 22:1387-1404. [PMID: 28003730 PMCID: PMC5166821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Having observed that confluent ARPE-19 cells (derived from human RPE) survive well in high-glucose serum-free medium (SFM) without further feeding for several days, we investigated the expression profile of RPE cells under the same conditions. METHODS Expression profiles were examined with microarray and quantitative PCR (qPCR) analyses, followed by western blot analysis of key regulated proteins. The effects of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and zinc supplementation were examined with qPCR. Immunofluorescence was used to localize the LDL receptor and to examine LDL uptake. Cellular cholesterol levels were measured with filipin binding. Expression patterns in primary fetal RPE cells were compared using qPCR. RESULTS Microarray analyses of gene expression in ARPE-19, confirmed with qPCR, showed upregulation of lipid and cholesterol biosynthesis pathways in SFM. At the protein level, the cholesterol synthesis control factor SRBEF2 was activated, and other key lipid synthesis proteins increased. Supplementation of SFM with LDL reversed the upregulation of lipid and cholesterol synthesis genes, but not of cholesterol transport genes. The LDL receptor relocated to the plasma membrane, and LDL uptake was activated by day 5-7 in SFM, suggesting increased demand for cholesterol. Confluent ARPE-19 cells in SFM accumulated intracellular cholesterol, compared with cells supplemented with serum, over 7 days. Over the same time course in SFM, the expression of metallothioneins decreased while the major zinc transporter was upregulated, consistent with a parallel increase in demand for zinc. Supplementation with zinc reversed expression changes for metallothionein genes, but not for other zinc-related genes. Similar patterns of regulation were also seen in primary fetal human RPE cells in SFM. CONCLUSIONS ARPE-19 cells respond to serum deprivation and starvation with upregulation of the lipid and cholesterol pathways, accumulation of intracellular cholesterol, and increased demand for zinc. Similar trends are seen in primary fetal RPE cells. Cholesterol accumulation basal to RPE is a prominent feature of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), while dietary zinc is protective. It is conceivable that accumulating defects in Bruch's membrane and dysfunction of the choriocapillaris could impede transport between RPE and vasculature in AMD. Thus, this pattern of response to serum deprivation in RPE-derived cells may have relevance for some aspects of the progression of AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanghamitra Mishra
- Section on Molecular Structure and Functional Genomics, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Katherine Peterson
- Section on Molecular Structure and Functional Genomics, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Lili Yin
- Section on Molecular Structure and Functional Genomics, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Alan Berger
- Lowe Family Genomics Core, Johns Hopkins University - School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Jianguo Fan
- Section on Molecular Structure and Functional Genomics, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Graeme Wistow
- Section on Molecular Structure and Functional Genomics, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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Nie XH, Ou-yang J, Xing Y, Li DY, Dong XY, Liu RE, Xu RX. Paeoniflorin inhibits human glioma cells via STAT3 degradation by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2015; 9:5611-22. [PMID: 26508835 PMCID: PMC4610779 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s93912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the underlying mechanism for the potent proapoptotic effect of paeoniflorin (PF) on human glioma cells in vitro, focusing on signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling. Significant time- and dose-dependent apoptosis and inhibition of proliferation were observed in PF-treated U87 and U251 glioma cells. Expression of STAT3, its active form phosphorylated STAT3 (p-STAT3), and several downstream molecules, including HIAP, Bcl-2, cyclin D1, and Survivin, were significantly downregulated upon PF treatment. Overexpression of STAT3 induced resistance to PF, suggesting that STAT3 was a critical target of PF. Interestingly, rapid downregulation of STAT3 was consistent with its accelerated degradation, but not with its dephosphorylation or transcriptional modulation. Using specific inhibitors, we demonstrated that the prodegradation effect of PF on STAT3 was mainly through the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway rather than via lysosomal degradation. These findings indicated that PF-induced growth suppression and apoptosis in human glioma cells through the proteasome-dependent degradation of STAT3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-hu Nie
- Affiliated Bayi Brain Hospital, Southern Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia Ou-yang
- Nanchang University Medical College, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Xing
- Department of Gastroenterology, The 98th Hospital of Nanjing Military Command, Huzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan-yan Li
- Spleen & Stomach Institution, Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xing-yu Dong
- Affiliated Bayi Brain Hospital, Southern Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ru-en Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ru-xiang Xu
- Bayi Brain Hospital, The Military General Hospital of Beijing PLA, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Rodriguez-Cuenca S, Barbarroja N, Vidal-Puig A. Dihydroceramide desaturase 1, the gatekeeper of ceramide induced lipotoxicity. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2015; 1851:40-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2014.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Revised: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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