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Lammi MJ, Qu C. Regulation of Oxygen Tension as a Strategy to Control Chondrocytic Phenotype for Cartilage Tissue Engineering and Regeneration. Bioengineering (Basel) 2024; 11:211. [PMID: 38534484 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering11030211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Cartilage defects and osteoarthritis are health problems which are major burdens on health care systems globally, especially in aging populations. Cartilage is a vulnerable tissue, which generally faces a progressive degenerative process when injured. This makes it the 11th most common cause of global disability. Conservative methods are used to treat the initial phases of the illness, while orthopedic management is the method used for more progressed phases. These include, for instance, arthroscopic shaving, microfracturing and mosaicplasty, and joint replacement as the final treatment. Cell-based implantation methods have also been developed. Despite reports of successful treatments, they often suffer from the non-optimal nature of chondrocyte phenotype in the repair tissue. Thus, improved strategies to control the phenotype of the regenerating cells are needed. Avascular tissue cartilage relies on diffusion for nutrients acquisition and the removal of metabolic waste products. A low oxygen content is also present in cartilage, and the chondrocytes are, in fact, well adapted to it. Therefore, this raises an idea that the regulation of oxygen tension could be a strategy to control the chondrocyte phenotype expression, important in cartilage tissue for regenerative purposes. This narrative review discusses the aspects related to oxygen tension in the metabolism and regulation of articular and growth plate chondrocytes and progenitor cell phenotypes, and the role of some microenvironmental factors as regulators of chondrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikko J Lammi
- Department of Medical and Translational Biology, Umeå University, SE-90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Chengjuan Qu
- Department of Odontology, Umeå University, SE-90187 Umeå, Sweden
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2
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Kuchynsky K, Stevens P, Hite A, Xie W, Diop K, Tang S, Pietrzak M, Khan S, Walter B, Purmessur D. Transcriptional profiling of human cartilage endplate cells identifies novel genes and cell clusters underlying degenerated and non-degenerated phenotypes. Arthritis Res Ther 2024; 26:12. [PMID: 38173036 PMCID: PMC10763221 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-023-03220-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low back pain is a leading cause of disability worldwide and is frequently attributed to intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration. Though the contributions of the adjacent cartilage endplates (CEP) to IVD degeneration are well documented, the phenotype and functions of the resident CEP cells are critically understudied. To better characterize CEP cell phenotype and possible mechanisms of CEP degeneration, bulk and single-cell RNA sequencing of non-degenerated and degenerated CEP cells were performed. METHODS Human lumbar CEP cells from degenerated (Thompson grade ≥ 4) and non-degenerated (Thompson grade ≤ 2) discs were expanded for bulk (N=4 non-degenerated, N=4 degenerated) and single-cell (N=1 non-degenerated, N=1 degenerated) RNA sequencing. Genes identified from bulk RNA sequencing were categorized by function and their expression in non-degenerated and degenerated CEP cells were compared. A PubMed literature review was also performed to determine which genes were previously identified and studied in the CEP, IVD, and other cartilaginous tissues. For single-cell RNA sequencing, different cell clusters were resolved using unsupervised clustering and functional annotation. Differential gene expression analysis and Gene Ontology, respectively, were used to compare gene expression and functional enrichment between cell clusters, as well as between non-degenerated and degenerated CEP samples. RESULTS Bulk RNA sequencing revealed 38 genes were significantly upregulated and 15 genes were significantly downregulated in degenerated CEP cells relative to non-degenerated cells (|fold change| ≥ 1.5). Of these, only 2 genes were previously studied in CEP cells, and 31 were previously studied in the IVD and other cartilaginous tissues. Single-cell RNA sequencing revealed 11 unique cell clusters, including multiple chondrocyte and progenitor subpopulations with distinct gene expression and functional profiles. Analysis of genes in the bulk RNA sequencing dataset showed that progenitor cell clusters from both samples were enriched in "non-degenerated" genes but not "degenerated" genes. For both bulk- and single-cell analyses, gene expression and pathway enrichment analyses highlighted several pathways that may regulate CEP degeneration, including transcriptional regulation, translational regulation, intracellular transport, and mitochondrial dysfunction. CONCLUSIONS This thorough analysis using RNA sequencing methods highlighted numerous differences between non-degenerated and degenerated CEP cells, the phenotypic heterogeneity of CEP cells, and several pathways of interest that may be relevant in CEP degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Kuchynsky
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, 3016 Fontana Laboratories, 140 W. 19th Ave, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Patrick Stevens
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Amy Hite
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - William Xie
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Khady Diop
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, 3016 Fontana Laboratories, 140 W. 19th Ave, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Shirley Tang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, 3016 Fontana Laboratories, 140 W. 19th Ave, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Maciej Pietrzak
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Safdar Khan
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Benjamin Walter
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, 3016 Fontana Laboratories, 140 W. 19th Ave, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Devina Purmessur
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, 3016 Fontana Laboratories, 140 W. 19th Ave, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA.
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3
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Lin Y, Guo R, R G, Xu B. Tailored modulation of S100A1 and RASSF8 expression by butanediamide augments healing of rotator cuff tears. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15791. [PMID: 37601265 PMCID: PMC10434103 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives This investigation sought to elucidate promising treatment modalities for rotator cuff tears (RCTs) by delving into the molecular machinations instigating the affliction. The focus was on differentially expressed genes (DEGs) linked to RCTs, and the exploration of their roles and operative pathways. Methods DEGs were discerned from GEO datasets, followed by the establishment of a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network. Subsequently, the network's core genes were determined employing a Venn diagram. Enrichment analysis facilitated the unveiling of the biological roles and signal transduction pathways of these pivotal genes, thus shedding light on molecular strategies for RCT-targeted treatment. The Discovery Studio 2019 software was employed to sift through FDA-sanctioned drugs targeting these essential proteins. Moreover, the efficaciousness of these FDA-endorsed drugs vis-à-vis RCTs was corroborated by the construction of an in vivo animal model of the injury and the in vitro cultivation of tendon-derived stem cells. Results Bioinformatics outcomes revealed a significant overexpression of S100A1 and RASSF8 in RCT patients. The FDA drug repository indicated that Butanediamide has a selective affinity for S100A1 and RASSF8. Subsequent in vivo and in vitro experimentation demonstrated that Butanediamide could suppress S100A1 expression and bolster TDSC proliferation, thereby facilitating RCT healing. Conclusions S100A1 and RASSF8 are pivotal genes implicated in RCTs, and their roles have been elucidated. The FDA-approved compound, Butanediamide, may represent a prospective therapeutic agent for RCTs by targeting S100A1 and RASSF8, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Lin
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Ruipeng Guo
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Geng R
- Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bin Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
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Pandey V, Shukla D, Nirmal S, Devi BI, Christopher R. Biomarkers in Traumatic Brain Injuries: Narrative Review. INDIAN JOURNAL OF NEUROTRAUMA 2022. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1759853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
AbstractTraumatic brain injury (TBI) is a multistep interaction of brain antigens, cytokine-mediated humeral, and cellular immune reactions. Because of the limitations of clinical and radiological evaluation in TBI, there has been a considerable advancement toward the need for developing biomarkers that can predict the severity of TBI. Blood-based brain biomarkers hold the potential to predict the absence of intracranial injury and thus decrease unnecessary brain computed tomographic scanning. Various biomarkers have been studied that detects neuronal, axonal, and blood–brain barrier integrity. Biomarkers are still under investigation and hold promise in the future evaluation of TBI patients. They can be used for grading as well as a prognostication of head injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishram Pandey
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, NIMHANS, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Dhaval Shukla
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, NIMHANS, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Shubham Nirmal
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, NIMHANS, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Bhagavatula Indira Devi
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, NIMHANS, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Rita Christopher
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, NIMHANS, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
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Single-Cell RNA-Seq Analysis of Cells from Degenerating and Non-Degenerating Intervertebral Discs from the Same Individual Reveals New Biomarkers for Intervertebral Disc Degeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073993. [PMID: 35409356 PMCID: PMC8999935 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we used single-cell transcriptomic analysis to identify new specific biomarkers for nucleus pulposus (NP) and inner annulus fibrosis (iAF) cells, and to define cell populations within non-degenerating (nD) and degenerating (D) human intervertebral discs (IVD) of the same individual. Cluster analysis based on differential gene expression delineated 14 cell clusters. Gene expression profiles at single-cell resolution revealed the potential functional differences linked to degeneration, and among NP and iAF subpopulations. GO and KEGG analyses discovered molecular functions, biological processes, and transcription factors linked to cell type and degeneration state. We propose two lists of biomarkers, one as specific cell type, including C2orf40, MGP, MSMP, CD44, EIF1, LGALS1, RGCC, EPYC, HILPDA, ACAN, MT1F, CHI3L1, ID1, ID3 and TMED2. The second list proposes predictive IVD degeneration genes, including MT1G, SPP1, HMGA1, FN1, FBXO2, SPARC, VIM, CTGF, MGST1, TAF1D, CAPS, SPTSSB, S100A1, CHI3L2, PLA2G2A, TNRSF11B, FGFBP2, MGP, SLPI, DCN, MT-ND2, MTCYB, ADIRF, FRZB, CLEC3A, UPP1, S100A2, PRG4, COL2A1, SOD2 and MT2A. Protein and mRNA expression of MGST1, vimentin, SOD2 and SYF2 (p29) genes validated our scRNA-seq findings. Our data provide new insights into disc cells phenotypes and biomarkers of IVD degeneration that could improve diagnostic and therapeutic options.
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Azami M, Beheshtizadeh N. Identification of regeneration-involved growth factors in cartilage engineering procedure promotes its reconstruction. Regen Med 2021; 16:719-731. [PMID: 34287065 DOI: 10.2217/rme-2021-0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: To fabricate mature cartilage for implantation, developmental biological processes and proteins should be understood and employed. Methods: A systems biology study of all protein-coding genes participating in cartilage regeneration resulted in a network graph with 11 nodes and 28 edges. Gene ontology and centrality analysis were performed based on the degree index. Results: The four most crucial biological processes along with the seven most interactive proteins involved in cartilage regeneration were identified. Some proteins, which are under serious discussion in cartilage developmental and disease processes, are included in regeneration. Conclusions: Findings positively correlate with the literature, supporting the use of the four most impressive proteins as growth factors applicable to cartilage tissue engineering, including COL2A1, SOX9, CTGF and TGFβ1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Azami
- Department of Tissue Engineering & Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Regenerative Medicine group (REMED), Universal Scientific Education & Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Nima Beheshtizadeh
- Department of Tissue Engineering & Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Regenerative Medicine group (REMED), Universal Scientific Education & Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
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7
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Zhang L, Zhao J, Hao Q, Xu X, Han H, Li J. Serum NSE and S100B protein levels for evaluating the impaired consciousness in patients with acute carbon monoxide poisoning. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e26458. [PMID: 34160445 PMCID: PMC8238324 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000026458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the associations between the levels of neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and S100B protein and coma duration, and evaluate the optimal cut-off values for prediction coma duration ≥ 72 hours in patients with acute carbon monoxide poisoning (ACOP).A total of 60 patients with ACOP were divided into 3 following groups according to their status of consciousness and coma duration at admission: Awake group [Glasgow Coma Scale score (GCS score) ≥ 13 points], Coma < 72 hours group (GCS score < 13 points and coma duration < 72 h), and Coma ≥ 72 hours group (GCS score < 13 points and coma duration ≥ 72 h). The levels of serum NSE and S100B protein were measured after admission.There were significant differences in GCS score, carbon monoxide (CO) exposure time, NSE, and S100B levels between the Coma ≥ 72 h group and the Awake group, and between the Coma < 72 h group and the Awake group. Significant differences in GCS score, NSE, and S100B levels were also found between Coma ≥ 72 h group and Coma < 72 h group. Correlation analysis showed that NSE and S100B were positively correlated (rs = 0.590, P < .01); NSE and S100B were negatively correlated with GCS score (rs = -0.583, rs = -0.590, respectively, both P < .01). The areas under the curve (AUCs) of NSE, S100B, and GCS score to predict the coma duration ≥ 72 hours were 0.754, 0.791, and 0.785, respectively. Pairwise comparisons did not show differences among the 3 groups (all P > .05). The sensitivity and specificity of NSE prediction with a cut-off value of 13 μg/L were 80% and 64%, respectively, and those of S100B prediction with a cut-off value of 0.43 μg/L were 70% and 88%, respectively.The NSE and S100B protein levels were significantly correlated with the degree of impaired consciousness and had the same clinical value in predicting coma duration of ≥ 72 hours in patients with ACOP.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Qingqing Hao
- Department of Cardiology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
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Kleissner M, Sramko M, Kohoutek J, Kautzner J, Kettner J. Serum S100 Protein Is a Reliable Predictor of Brain Injury After Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest: A Cohort Study. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:624825. [PMID: 33634170 PMCID: PMC7900190 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.624825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To evaluate serum S100 protein at hospital admission and after 48 h in early neuroprognostication of comatose survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). Methods: The study included 48 consecutive patients after OHCA, who survived for at least 72 h after the event. The patients were divided based on their best cerebral performance category (CPC) achieved over a 30 day follow-up period: favorable neurological outcome (CPC 1-2) vs. unfavorable neurological outcome (CPC 3-4). Predictors of an unfavorable neurological outcome were identified by multivariable regression analysis. Analysis of the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) was used to determine the cut-off value for S100, having a 0% false-positive prediction rate. Results: Of the 48 patients, 30 (63%) had a favorable and 18 (38%) had an unfavorable neurological outcome. Eleven patients (23%) died over the 30 day follow-up. Increased S100 levels at 48 h after OHCA, but not the baseline S100 levels, were independently associated with unfavorable neurological outcome, with an area under the ROC curve of 0.85 (confidence interval 0.74-0.96). A 48 h S100 value ≥0.37 μg/L had a specificity of 100% and sensitivity of 39% in predicting an unfavorable 30 day neurological outcome. Conclusion: This study showed that S100 values assessed 48 h after an OHCA could independently predict an unfavorable neurological outcome at 30 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Kleissner
- Department of Cardiology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine (IKEM), Prague, Czechia.,Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Marek Sramko
- Department of Cardiology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine (IKEM), Prague, Czechia.,First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jan Kohoutek
- Department of Cardiology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine (IKEM), Prague, Czechia
| | - Josef Kautzner
- Department of Cardiology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine (IKEM), Prague, Czechia.,Palacky University Medical School, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Jiri Kettner
- Department of Cardiology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine (IKEM), Prague, Czechia.,Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
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Arrais AC, Melo LHMF, Norrara B, Almeida MAB, Freire KF, Melo AMMF, Oliveira LCD, Lima FOV, Engelberth RCGJ, Cavalcante JDS, Araújo DPD, Guzen FP, Freire MAM, Cavalcanti JRLP. S100B protein: general characteristics and pathophysiological implications in the Central Nervous System. Int J Neurosci 2020; 132:313-321. [DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2020.1807979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cristina Arrais
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the State of Rio Grande do Norte, Mossoró, RN, Brazil
| | - Lívia Helena M. F. Melo
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the State of Rio Grande do Norte, Mossoró, RN, Brazil
| | - Bianca Norrara
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the State of Rio Grande do Norte, Mossoró, RN, Brazil
| | - Marina Abuquerque B. Almeida
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the State of Rio Grande do Norte, Mossoró, RN, Brazil
| | - Kalina Fernandes Freire
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the State of Rio Grande do Norte, Mossoró, RN, Brazil
| | - Acydalia Madruga M. F. Melo
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the State of Rio Grande do Norte, Mossoró, RN, Brazil
| | - Lucidio Clebeson de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the State of Rio Grande do Norte, Mossoró, RN, Brazil
| | - Francisca Overlânia Vieira Lima
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the State of Rio Grande do Norte, Mossoró, RN, Brazil
| | - Rovena Clara G. J. Engelberth
- Laboratory of Neurochemical Studies, Department of Physiology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Jeferson de Souza Cavalcante
- Laboratory of Neurochemical Studies, Department of Physiology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Dayane Pessoa de Araújo
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the State of Rio Grande do Norte, Mossoró, RN, Brazil
| | - Fausto Pierdoná Guzen
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the State of Rio Grande do Norte, Mossoró, RN, Brazil
| | - Marco Aurelio M. Freire
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the State of Rio Grande do Norte, Mossoró, RN, Brazil
| | - José Rodolfo L. P. Cavalcanti
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the State of Rio Grande do Norte, Mossoró, RN, Brazil
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Ledreux A, Pryhoda MK, Gorgens K, Shelburne K, Gilmore A, Linseman DA, Fleming H, Koza LA, Campbell J, Wolff A, Kelly JP, Margittai M, Davidson BS, Granholm AC. Assessment of Long-Term Effects of Sports-Related Concussions: Biological Mechanisms and Exosomal Biomarkers. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:761. [PMID: 32848549 PMCID: PMC7406890 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Concussion or mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) in athletes can cause persistent symptoms, known as post-concussion syndrome (PCS), and repeated injuries may increase the long-term risk for an athlete to develop neurodegenerative diseases such as chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), and Alzheimer's disease (AD). The Center for Disease Control estimates that up to 3.8 million sport-related mTBI are reported each year in the United States. Despite the magnitude of the phenomenon, there is a current lack of comprehensive prognostic indicators and research has shown that available monitoring tools are moderately sensitive to short-term concussion effects but less sensitive to long-term consequences. The overall aim of this review is to discuss novel, quantitative, and objective measurements that can predict long-term outcomes following repeated sports-related mTBIs. The specific objectives were (1) to provide an overview of the current clinical and biomechanical tools available to health practitioners to ensure recovery after mTBIs, (2) to synthesize potential biological mechanisms in animal models underlying the long-term adverse consequences of mTBIs, (3) to discuss the possible link between repeated mTBI and neurodegenerative diseases, and (4) to discuss the current knowledge about fluid biomarkers for mTBIs with a focus on novel exosomal biomarkers. The conclusions from this review are that current post-concussion clinical tests are not sufficiently sensitive to injury and do not accurately quantify post-concussion alterations associated with repeated mTBIs. In the current review, it is proposed that current practices should be amended to include a repeated symptom inventory, a cognitive assessment of executive function and impulse control, an instrumented assessment of balance, vestibulo-ocular assessments, and an improved panel of blood or exosome biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Ledreux
- Knoebel Institute for Healthy Aging, University of Denver, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Moira K. Pryhoda
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Denver, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Kim Gorgens
- Graduate School of Professional Psychology, University of Denver, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Kevin Shelburne
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Denver, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Anah Gilmore
- Knoebel Institute for Healthy Aging, University of Denver, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Daniel A. Linseman
- Knoebel Institute for Healthy Aging, University of Denver, Denver, CO, United States
- Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Holly Fleming
- Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Lilia A. Koza
- Knoebel Institute for Healthy Aging, University of Denver, Denver, CO, United States
- Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Julie Campbell
- Pioneer Health and Performance, University of Denver, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Adam Wolff
- Denver Neurological Clinic, Denver, CO, United States
| | - James P. Kelly
- Marcus Institute for Brain Health, Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Martin Margittai
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Denver, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Bradley S. Davidson
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Denver, Denver, CO, United States
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Abstract
Sports-related traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) range in severity from severe to subconcussive. Although technologies exist for clinical diagnosis of more severe injuries, methods for diagnosis of milder forms of brain injury are limited. Developing objective measures to indicate pathogenic processes after a suspected mild TBI is challenging for multiple reasons. The field of biomarker discovery for diagnosing TBI continues to expand, with newly identified candidate biomarkers being reported regularly. Brain-specific biomarkers include proteins derived from neurons and glia, and are often measured to assess neural injury and repair, and to predict outcomes. Ideally, changes in biomarker levels should indicate pathologic events and answer critical questions for accurate diagnosis and prognosis. For example, does the presence or a change in the biomarker level suggest greater vulnerability for sustaining a second concussion or show that the window of increased vulnerability has passed? Likewise, do changes in biomarker levels predict postconcussion syndrome or recovery/repair? Although there are numerous promising candidates for fluid biomarkers that may diagnose mild TBI or concussion, none has reached the clinic to date. In this chapter, we will define biomarkers, discuss the importance of understanding their normal and pathologic functions, and outline some considerations for interpreting detection assay results in TBI. We will then review five proposed blood and cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers (tau, neurofilament, ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase L1, S100β, and glial fibrillary acidic protein) used currently to address TBI. Lastly, we will discuss a future trajectory for developing new, clinically useful fluid biomarkers.
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Schubert AK, Smink JJ, Arp M, Ringe J, Hegewald AA, Sittinger M. Quality Assessment of Surgical Disc Samples Discriminates Human Annulus Fibrosus and Nucleus Pulposus on Tissue and Molecular Level. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19061761. [PMID: 29899321 PMCID: PMC6032144 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19061761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A discrimination of the highly specialised annulus fibrosus (AF) and nucleus pulposus (NP) cells in the mature human intervertebral disc (IVD) is thus far still not possible in a reliable way. The aim of this study was to identify molecular markers that distinguish AF and NP cells in human disc tissue using microarray analysis as a screening tool. AF and NP samples were obtained from 28 cervical discs. First, all samples underwent quality sorting using two novel scoring systems for small-sized disc tissue samples including macroscopic, haptic and histological evaluation. Subsequently, samples with clear disc characteristics of either AF or NP that were free from impurities of foreign tissue (IVD score) and with low signs of disc degeneration on cellular level (DD score) were selected for GeneChip analysis (HGU1332P). The 11 AF and 9 NP samples showed distinctly different genome-wide transcriptomes. The majority of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) could be specifically assigned to the AF, whereas no DEG was exclusively expressed in the NP. Nevertheless, we identified 11 novel marker genes that clearly distinguished AF and NP, as confirmed by quantitative gene expression analysis. The novel established scoring systems and molecular markers showed the identity of AF and NP in disc starting material and are thus of great importance in the quality assurance of cell-based therapeutics in regenerative treatment of disc degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Kathrin Schubert
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Tissue Engineering Laboratory and Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
- CO.DON AG, 14513 Teltow, Germany.
| | | | - Mirko Arp
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany.
| | - Jochen Ringe
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Tissue Engineering Laboratory and Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Aldemar A Hegewald
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany.
- Department of Neurosurgery and Spine Surgery, Helios Baltic Sea Hospital Damp, 24351 Damp, Germany.
| | - Michael Sittinger
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Tissue Engineering Laboratory and Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
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13
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Khan MI, Su YK, Zou J, Yang LW, Chou RH, Yu C. S100B as an antagonist to block the interaction between S100A1 and the RAGE V domain. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0190545. [PMID: 29444082 PMCID: PMC5812564 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Ca2+-binding human S100A1 protein is a type of S100 protein. S100A1 is a significant mediator during inflammation when Ca2+ binds to its EF-hand motifs. Receptors for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) correspond to 5 domains: the cytoplasmic, transmembrane, C2, C1, and V domains. The V domain of RAGE is one of the most important target proteins for S100A1. It binds to the hydrophobic surface and triggers signaling transduction cascades that induce cell growth, cell proliferation, and tumorigenesis. We used nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to characterize the interaction between S100A1 and the RAGE V domain. We found that S100B could interact with S100A1 via NMR 1H-15N HSQC titrations. We used the HADDOCK program to generate the following two binary complexes based on the NMR titration results: S100A1-RAGE V domain and S100A1-S100B. After overlapping these two complex structures, we found that S100B plays a crucial role in blocking the interaction site between RAGE V domain and S100A1. A cell proliferation assay WST-1 also supported our results. This report could potentially be useful for new protein development for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Imran Khan
- National Tsing Hua University, Chemistry Department, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Kai Su
- National Tsing Hua University, Chemistry Department, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Jinhao Zou
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Lee-Wei Yang
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- Physics Division, National Center for Theoretical Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Ruey-Hwang Chou
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chin Yu
- National Tsing Hua University, Chemistry Department, Hsinchu, Taiwan
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14
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Gul SS, Huesgen K, Wang KK, Tyndall JA. MicroRNAs as potential prognosticators of neurological outcome in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients. Biomark Med 2017; 11:1113-1123. [DOI: 10.2217/bmm-2017-0215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest survival rates have increased due to advancement in resuscitative measures, yet approximately 90% of survivors ultimately die or have severe neurologic dysfunction caused by ischemic injury. Currently, there are few early prognostic indicators of which patients have possibility of meaningful recovery. This leads to uncertainty for families and clinicians, as well as aggressive, invasive and expensive treatments despite medical futility. Several biomarkers investigated in traumatic brain injury have shown prognostication potential in ischemic brain injury. miRNAs, small noncoding RNAs responsible for gene regulation, have been studied in cardiovascular diseases, and have shown prognostication potential due to tissue specificity and stability in circulation. This review discusses available evidence on miRNAs prognosticating neurological outcomes after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah S Gul
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Florida, 1329, SW 16th Street, Suite 5270, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
| | - Karl Huesgen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Florida, 1329, SW 16th Street, Suite 5270, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
| | - Kevin K Wang
- Program for Neurotrauma, Neuroproteomics & Biomarker Research, Department of Psychiatry, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, 1149 Newell Drive, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Joseph A Tyndall
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Florida, 1329, SW 16th Street, Suite 5270, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
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15
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Piltti J, Bygdell J, Qu C, Lammi MJ. Effects of long-term low oxygen tension in human chondrosarcoma cells. J Cell Biochem 2017; 119:2320-2332. [PMID: 28865129 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The cell-based therapies could be potential methods to treat damaged cartilage tissues. Instead of native hyaline cartilage, the current therapies generate mainly weaker fibrocartilage-type of repair tissue. A correct microenvironment influences the cellular phenotype, and together with external factors it can be used, for example, to aid the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells to defined types of differentiated adult cells. In this study, we investigated the effect of long-term exposure to 5% low oxygen atmosphere on human chondrosarcoma HCS-2/8 cells. This atmosphere is close to normal oxygen tension of cartilage tissue. The proteome was analyzed with label-free mass spectrometric method and further bioinformatic analysis. The qRT-PCR method was used to gene expression analysis, and ELISA and dimethylmethylene blue assays for type II collagen and sulfated glycosaminoglycan measurements. The 5% oxygen atmosphere did not influence cell proliferation, but enhanced slightly ACAN and COL2A1 gene expression. Proteomic screening revealed a number of low oxygen-induced protein level responses. Increased ones included NDUFA4L2, P4HA1, NDRG1, MIF, LDHA, PYGL, while TXNRD1, BAG2, TXN2, AQSTM1, TNFRSF1B, and EPHX1 decreased during the long-term low oxygen atmosphere. Also a number of proteins previously not related to low oxygen tension changed during the treatment. Of those S100P, RPSS26, NDUFB11, CDV3, and TUBB8 had elevated levels, while ALCAM, HLA-B, EIF1, and ACOT9 were lower in the samples cultured at low oxygen tension. In conclusion, low oxygen condition causes changes in the cellular amounts of several proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juha Piltti
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Chengjuan Qu
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Mikko J Lammi
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P.R. China
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16
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Martin F, Lehmann M, Sack U, Anderer U. Featured Article: In vitro development of personalized cartilage microtissues uncovers an individualized differentiation capacity of human chondrocytes. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2017; 242:1746-1756. [PMID: 28853609 DOI: 10.1177/1535370217728498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Personalized features in the treatment of knee injuries and articular replacement therapies play an important role in modern life with increasing demand. Therefore, cell-based therapeutic approaches for the regeneration of traumatic defects of cartilage tissue were developed. However, great variations in the quality of repair tissue or therapeutic outcome were observed. The aim of the study was to capture and visualize individual differentiation capacities of chondrocytes derived from different donors with regard to a possible personal regeneration capacity using a cell-based therapy. The redifferentiation potential of monolayer cultured cells was analyzed in a scaffold-free three-dimensional tissue model. Furthermore, stimulating options using cartilage maturation factors such as L-ascorbic acid and transforming growth factor beta 2 (TGF-β2) on this process were of special interest. Cells and tissues were analyzed via histological and immunohistochemical methods. Gene expression was measured by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. In monolayer culture, cells from all donors showed an almost identical differentiation profile. In contrast, the differentiation state of cartilage-like three-dimensional microtissues revealed clear differences with respect to individual donors. Analyses at the protein and mRNA levels showed high variations regarding cartilage-typical matrix components (e.g. proteoglycans, collagen type II) and intracellular proteins (e.g. S100). Interestingly, only donor chondrocytes with a basic tendency to re-differentiate in a three-dimensional environment were able to increase this tissue-specific maturation when exposed to L-ascorbic acid and/or TGF-β2. Our approach revealed clear-cut possibilities for classification of individual donors into responders or non-responders. On the basis of these results an in vitro platform could be designed to discriminate responders from non-responders. This in vitro three-dimensional test system may be a suitable basis to establish a "personalized diagnostic tool" with the opportunity to assess the capacity of expanded chondrocytes to respond to an autologous cell-based therapy. Impact statement A challenge in cell-based cartilage regeneration therapies is the identification of a "personalized diagnostic tool" to predict the chondrogenic potency of cells from patients who are going to be treated with autologous cells. Comparing the phenotype of isolated chondrocytes from different donors in vitro revealed an individual cartilage-specific differentiation capacity. These personalized features are not detectable in vitro until the monolayer cells have the possibility to rearrange in 3D tissues. Cells from articular cartilage in monolayer culture may not be a suitable basis to discriminate responders from non-responders with respect to a personalized cell-based therapy to treat cartilage defects. A more physiological 3D (micro-)environment enable the cells to present their individual differentiation capacity. The here described microtissue model might be the basis for an in vitro platform to predict the therapeutic outcome of autologous cell-based cartilage repair and/or a suitable tool to identify early biomarkers to classify the patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Martin
- 1 Department of Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Environment and Natural Sciences, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Senftenberg D-01968, Germany.,2 Institute of Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig D-04103, Germany
| | - Mario Lehmann
- 1 Department of Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Environment and Natural Sciences, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Senftenberg D-01968, Germany.,2 Institute of Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig D-04103, Germany
| | - Ulrich Sack
- 2 Institute of Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig D-04103, Germany.,3 Translational Centre for Regenerative Medicine (TRM), University of Leipzig, Leipzig D-04103, Germany
| | - Ursula Anderer
- 1 Department of Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Environment and Natural Sciences, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Senftenberg D-01968, Germany
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17
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Lin YM, Lim JFY, Lee J, Choolani M, Chan JKY, Reuveny S, Oh SKW. Expansion in microcarrier-spinner cultures improves the chondrogenic potential of human early mesenchymal stromal cells. Cytotherapy 2017; 18:740-53. [PMID: 27173750 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2016.03.293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS Cartilage tissue engineering with human mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSC) is promising for allogeneic cell therapy. To achieve large-scale hMSC propagation, scalable microcarrier-based cultures are preferred over conventional static cultures on tissue culture plastic. Yet it remains unclear how microcarrier cultures affect hMSC chondrogenic potential, and how this potential is distinguished from that of tissue culture plastic. Hence, our study aims to compare the chondrogenic potential of human early MSC (heMSC) between microcarrier-spinner and tissue culture plastic cultures. METHODS heMSC expanded on either collagen-coated Cytodex 3 microcarriers in spinner cultures or tissue culture plastic were harvested for chondrogenic pellet differentiation with empirically determined chondrogenic inducer bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2). Pellet diameter, DNA content, glycosaminoglycan (GAG) and collagen II production, histological staining and gene expression of chondrogenic markers including SOX9, S100β, MMP13 and ALPL, were investigated and compared in both conditions. RESULTS BMP2 was the most effective chondrogenic inducer for heMSC. Chondrogenic pellets generated from microcarrier cultures developed larger pellet diameters, and produced more DNA, GAG and collagen II per pellet with greater GAG/DNA and collagen II/DNA ratios compared with that of tissue culture plastic. Moreover, they induced higher expression of chondrogenic genes (e.g., S100β) but not of hypertrophic genes (e.g., MMP13 and ALPL). A similar trend showing enhanced chondrogenic potential was achieved with another microcarrier type, suggesting that the mechanism is due to the agitated nature of microcarrier cultures. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study demonstrating that scalable microcarrier-spinner cultures enhance the chondrogenic potential of heMSC, supporting their use for large-scale cell expansion in cartilage cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youshan Melissa Lin
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore.
| | - Jessica Fang Yan Lim
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Jialing Lee
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Mahesh Choolani
- Experimental Fetal Medicine Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Jerry Kok Yen Chan
- Experimental Fetal Medicine Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore; Department of Reproductive Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore; Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
| | - Shaul Reuveny
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Steve Kah Weng Oh
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore.
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18
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Gul SS, Huesgen KW, Wang KK, Mark K, Tyndall JA. Prognostic utility of neuroinjury biomarkers in post out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) patient management. Med Hypotheses 2017; 105:34-47. [PMID: 28735650 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2017.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Despite aggressive intervention, patients who survive an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) generally have very poor prognoses, with nationwide survival rates of approximately 10-20%. Approximately 90% of survivors will have moderate to severe neurological injury ranging from moderate cognitive impairment to brain death. Currently, few early prognostic indicators are considered reliable enough to support patients' families and clinicians' in their decisions regarding medical futility. Blood biomarkers of neurological injury after OHCA may be of prognostic value in these cases. When most bodily tissues are oxygen-deprived, cellular metabolism switches from aerobic to anaerobic respiration. Neurons are a notable exception, however, being dependent solely upon aerobic respiration. Thus, after several minutes without circulating oxygen, neurons sustain irreversible damage, and certain measurable biomarkers are released into the circulation. Prior studies have demonstrated value in blood biomarkers in prediction of survival and neurologic impairment after OHCA. We hypothesize that understanding peptide biomarker kinetics in the early return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) period, especially in the setting of refractory cardiac arrest, may assist clinicians in determining prognosis earlier in acute resuscitation. Specifically, during and after immediate resuscitation and return of ROSC, clinicians and families face a series of important questions regarding patient prognosis, futility of care and allocation of scarce resources such as the early initiation of extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (ECPR). The ability to provide early prognostic information in this setting is highly valuable. Currently available, as well as potential biomarkers that could be good candidates in prognostication of neurological outcomes after OHCA or in the setting of refractory cardiac arrest will be reviewed and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Gul
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Florida, 1329, SW 16th Street, Suite 5270, Gainesville, FL 32608, United States
| | - K W Huesgen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Florida, 1329, SW 16th Street, Suite 5270, Gainesville, FL 32608, United States
| | - K K Wang
- Program for Neurotrauma, Neuroproteomics & Biomarker Research, Department of Psychiatry, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, 1149 Newell Drive, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States
| | - K Mark
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Florida, 1329, SW 16th Street, Suite 5270, Gainesville, FL 32608, United States
| | - J A Tyndall
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Florida, 1329, SW 16th Street, Suite 5270, Gainesville, FL 32608, United States.
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19
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Piltti J, Bygdell J, Fernández-Echevarría C, Marcellino D, Lammi MJ. Rho-kinase inhibitor Y-27632 and hypoxia synergistically enhance chondrocytic phenotype and modify S100 protein profiles in human chondrosarcoma cells. Sci Rep 2017. [PMID: 28623370 PMCID: PMC5473921 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03958-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Articular chondrocytes are slowly dividing cells that tend to lose their cell type-specific phenotype and ability to produce structurally and functionally correct cartilage tissue when cultured. Thus, culture conditions, which enhance the maintenance of chondrocyte phenotype would be very useful for cartilage research. Here we show that Rho-kinase inhibition by Y-27632 under hypoxic conditions efficiently maintains and even enhances chondrocyte-specific extracellular matrix production by chondrocytic cells. The effects of long-term Y-27632 exposure to human chondrosarcoma 2/8 cell phenotype maintenance and extracellular matrix production were studied at normoxia and at a 5% low oxygen atmosphere. Y-27632 treatment at normoxia induced ACAN and COL2A1 gene up-regulation and a minor increase of sulfated glycosaminoglycans (sGAGs), while type II collagen expression was not significantly up-regulated. A further increase in expression of ACAN and COL2A1 was achieved with Y-27632 treatment and hypoxia. The production of sGAGs increased by 65.8%, and ELISA analysis revealed a 6-fold up-regulation of type II collagen. Y-27632 also induced the up-regulation of S100-A1 and S100-B proteins and modified the expression of several other S100 protein family members, such as S100-A4, S100-A6, S100-A13 and S100-A16. The up-regulation of S100-A1 and S100-B proteins is suggested to enhance the chondrocytic phenotype of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juha Piltti
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, Linnaeus väg 9, 90187, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Joakim Bygdell
- Computational Life Science Cluster (CLiC), Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Linnaeus väg 10, 90187, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Daniel Marcellino
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, Linnaeus väg 9, 90187, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Mikko J Lammi
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, Linnaeus väg 9, 90187, Umeå, Sweden. .,School of Public Health, Health Science Center of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Xi'an, China.
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20
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Diaz-Romero J, Nesic D. S100A1 and S100B: Calcium Sensors at the Cross-Roads of Multiple Chondrogenic Pathways. J Cell Physiol 2017; 232:1979-1987. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- José Diaz-Romero
- Osteoarticular Research Group; Department of Clinical Research; University of Bern; Bern Switzerland
| | - Dobrila Nesic
- Osteoarticular Research Group; Department of Clinical Research; University of Bern; Bern Switzerland
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21
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Diaz-Romero J, Kürsener S, Kohl S, Nesic D. S100B + A1 CELISA: A Novel Potency Assay and Screening Tool for Redifferentiation Stimuli of Human Articular Chondrocytes. J Cell Physiol 2016; 232:1559-1570. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jose Diaz-Romero
- Osteoarticular Research Group; Department of Clinical Research; University of Bern; Bern Switzerland
| | - Sibylle Kürsener
- Osteoarticular Research Group; Department of Clinical Research; University of Bern; Bern Switzerland
| | - Sandro Kohl
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology; Inselspital; University of Bern; Bern Switzerland
| | - Dobrila Nesic
- Osteoarticular Research Group; Department of Clinical Research; University of Bern; Bern Switzerland
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology; Inselspital; University of Bern; Bern Switzerland
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22
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Blood biomarkers for brain injury: What are we measuring? Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 68:460-473. [PMID: 27181909 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Accurate diagnosis for mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) remains challenging, as prognosis and return-to-play/work decisions are based largely on patient reports. Numerous investigations have identified and characterized cellular factors in the blood as potential biomarkers for TBI, in the hope that these factors may be used to gauge the severity of brain injury. None of these potential biomarkers have advanced to use in the clinical setting. Some of the most extensively studied blood biomarkers for TBI include S100β, neuron-specific enolase, glial fibrillary acidic protein, and Tau. Understanding the biological function of each of these factors may be imperative to achieve progress in the field. We address the basic question: what are we measuring? This review will discuss blood biomarkers in terms of cellular origin, normal and pathological function, and possible reasons for increased blood levels. Considerations in the selection, evaluation, and validation of potential biomarkers will also be addressed, along with mechanisms that allow brain-derived proteins to enter the bloodstream after TBI. Lastly, we will highlight perspectives and implications for repetitive neurotrauma in the field of blood biomarkers for brain injury.
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23
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MORI Y, MORI D, CHUNG UI, TANAKA S, HEIERHORST J, BUCHOU T, BAUDIER J, KAWAGUCHI H, SAITO T. S100A1 and S100B are dispensable for endochondral ossification during skeletal development. Biomed Res 2014; 35:243-50. [DOI: 10.2220/biomedres.35.243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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