1
|
Garcia ALH, de Souza MR, Picinini J, Soares S, Rohr P, Linden R, Schneider A, Freitas MPM, Ely HC, Bobermin LD, Dos Santos AQ, Dalberto D, da Silva J. Unraveling gene expression and genetic instability in dental fluorosis: Investigating the impact of chronic fluoride exposure. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 906:167393. [PMID: 37769727 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Chronic fluoride exposure, even in small quantities, when continuously ingested by the human population, can lead to a significant public health concern known as fluorosis. Our understanding of the effects of fluoride on human health, as well as its potential to impact DNA, is limited. The present study aimed to assess genetic instability in 20 individuals diagnosed with dental fluorosis and 20 individuals without the condition from the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The participants' dental fluorosis was evaluated using the Thylstrup-Fejerskov index (TF). To further evaluate genetic instability, several assays were conducted, including the alkaline and modified (+FPG) comet assay (using a visual score, VS), the buccal micronucleus (MN) cytome (BMCyt) assay, the cytokinesis-block MN (CBMN-Cyt) assay, and the measurement of telomere length (TL). In addition, the study utilized tools from Systems Biology to gain insights into the effects of fluoride exposure on humans, which aided in the selection and evaluation of mRNA expression levels of specific genes, namely PPA1 (inorganic pyrophosphatase 1), AQP5 (Aquaporin 5), and MT-ATP6 (Mitochondrially Encoded Adenosine Triphosphate Synthase Membrane Subunit 6). Furthermore, fluoride levels in the blood and urine were assessed using an ion-selective electrode, along with the evaluation of the inflammatory response in serum. The group with dental fluorosis exhibited 2.18 times higher MN frequencies specifically when assessed using the CBMN-Cyt assay, in comparison with individuals without fluorosis. Findings from the enzyme-modified comet assay indicated oxidative damage to purines in DNA. Furthermore, a decrease in TL was observed, along with elevated expression patterns of the PPA1 and AQP5 genes, and significant alterations in cytokine release. Significant correlations were identified between the TF and age, as well as the levels of necrotic cells. Additionally, noteworthy correlations were established between fluoride levels and the levels of MN, VS, and MT-ATP6. Although dental fluorosis results from fluoride exposure, our research highlights the potential influence of this condition on genomic instability and gene expression. Consequently, our findings stress the importance of continuously monitoring populations with a high incidence of dental fluorosis to enhance our comprehension of how genomic instability might correlate with the origins and consequences of health problems in these individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Leticia Hilario Garcia
- Laboratory of Genetic Toxicology, PPGBioSaúde (Postgraduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology Applied to Health), Lutheran University of Brazil (ULBRA), 92425-900 Canoas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Laboratory of Genetic Toxicology, La Salle University (UniLaSalle), Canoas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Melissa Rosa de Souza
- Laboratory of Genetic Toxicology, PPGBioSaúde (Postgraduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology Applied to Health), Lutheran University of Brazil (ULBRA), 92425-900 Canoas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Juliana Picinini
- Laboratory of Genetic Toxicology, PPGBioSaúde (Postgraduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology Applied to Health), Lutheran University of Brazil (ULBRA), 92425-900 Canoas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Solange Soares
- Laboratory of Genetic Toxicology, PPGBioSaúde (Postgraduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology Applied to Health), Lutheran University of Brazil (ULBRA), 92425-900 Canoas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Paula Rohr
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rafael Linden
- Laboratory of Analytical Toxicology, Institute of Health Sciences, Graduate Program on Toxicology and Analytical Toxicology, Feevale University, Novo Hamburgo, RS, Brazil
| | - Anelise Schneider
- Laboratory of Analytical Toxicology, Institute of Health Sciences, Graduate Program on Toxicology and Analytical Toxicology, Feevale University, Novo Hamburgo, RS, Brazil
| | - Maria Perpétua Mota Freitas
- Lutheran University of Brazil (ULBRA), Graduate Program in Dentistry, 92425-900 Canoas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - Larissa Daniele Bobermin
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600, Anexo, Bairro Santa Cecília, Porto Alegre, RS 90035-003, Brazil
| | - André Quincozes Dos Santos
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600, Anexo, Bairro Santa Cecília, Porto Alegre, RS 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Daiana Dalberto
- Laboratory of Genetic Toxicology, PPGBioSaúde (Postgraduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology Applied to Health), Lutheran University of Brazil (ULBRA), 92425-900 Canoas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Juliana da Silva
- Laboratory of Genetic Toxicology, PPGBioSaúde (Postgraduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology Applied to Health), Lutheran University of Brazil (ULBRA), 92425-900 Canoas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Laboratory of Genetic Toxicology, La Salle University (UniLaSalle), Canoas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Rebelatto CLK, Boldrini-Leite LM, Daga DR, Marsaro DB, Vaz IM, Jamur VR, de Aguiar AM, Vieira TB, Furman BP, Aguiar CO, Brofman PRS. Quality Control Optimization for Minimizing Security Risks Associated with Mesenchymal Stromal Cell-Based Product Development. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12955. [PMID: 37629136 PMCID: PMC10455270 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have been considered a therapeutic strategy in regenerative medicine because of their regenerative and immunomodulatory properties. The translation of MSC-based products has some challenges, such as regulatory and scientific issues. Quality control should be standardized and optimized to guarantee the reproducibility, safety, and efficacy of MSC-based products to be administered to patients. The aim of this study was to develop MSC-based products for use in clinical practice. Quality control assays include cell characterization, cell viability, immunogenicity, and cell differentiation; safety tests such as procoagulant tissue factor (TF), microbiological, mycoplasma, endotoxin, genomic stability, and tumorigenicity tests; and potency tests. The results confirm that the cells express MSC markers; an average cell viability of 96.9%; a low expression of HLA-DR and costimulatory molecules; differentiation potential; a high expression of TF/CD142; an absence of pathogenic microorganisms; negative endotoxins; an absence of chromosomal abnormalities; an absence of genotoxicity and tumorigenicity; and T-lymphocyte proliferation inhibition potential. This study shows the relevance of standardizing the manufacturing process and quality controls to reduce variability due to the heterogeneity between donors. The results might also be useful for the implementation and optimization of new analytical techniques and automated methods to improve safety, which are the major concerns related to MSC-based therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Lúcia Kuniyoshi Rebelatto
- Core for Cell Technology, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba 80215-901, Brazil; (L.M.B.-L.); (D.R.D.); (D.B.M.); (I.M.V.); (V.R.J.); (T.B.V.); (B.P.F.); (C.O.A.); (P.R.S.B.)
- National Institute of Science and Technology for Regenerative Medicine—INCT-REGENERA, Rio de Janeiro 21941-599, Brazil
| | - Lidiane Maria Boldrini-Leite
- Core for Cell Technology, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba 80215-901, Brazil; (L.M.B.-L.); (D.R.D.); (D.B.M.); (I.M.V.); (V.R.J.); (T.B.V.); (B.P.F.); (C.O.A.); (P.R.S.B.)
- National Institute of Science and Technology for Regenerative Medicine—INCT-REGENERA, Rio de Janeiro 21941-599, Brazil
| | - Debora Regina Daga
- Core for Cell Technology, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba 80215-901, Brazil; (L.M.B.-L.); (D.R.D.); (D.B.M.); (I.M.V.); (V.R.J.); (T.B.V.); (B.P.F.); (C.O.A.); (P.R.S.B.)
- National Institute of Science and Technology for Regenerative Medicine—INCT-REGENERA, Rio de Janeiro 21941-599, Brazil
| | - Daniela Boscaro Marsaro
- Core for Cell Technology, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba 80215-901, Brazil; (L.M.B.-L.); (D.R.D.); (D.B.M.); (I.M.V.); (V.R.J.); (T.B.V.); (B.P.F.); (C.O.A.); (P.R.S.B.)
- National Institute of Science and Technology for Regenerative Medicine—INCT-REGENERA, Rio de Janeiro 21941-599, Brazil
| | - Isadora May Vaz
- Core for Cell Technology, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba 80215-901, Brazil; (L.M.B.-L.); (D.R.D.); (D.B.M.); (I.M.V.); (V.R.J.); (T.B.V.); (B.P.F.); (C.O.A.); (P.R.S.B.)
- National Institute of Science and Technology for Regenerative Medicine—INCT-REGENERA, Rio de Janeiro 21941-599, Brazil
| | - Valderez Ravaglio Jamur
- Core for Cell Technology, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba 80215-901, Brazil; (L.M.B.-L.); (D.R.D.); (D.B.M.); (I.M.V.); (V.R.J.); (T.B.V.); (B.P.F.); (C.O.A.); (P.R.S.B.)
- National Institute of Science and Technology for Regenerative Medicine—INCT-REGENERA, Rio de Janeiro 21941-599, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Melo de Aguiar
- Laboratory of Basic Biology of Stem Cells, Carlos Chagas Institute—Fiocruz-Paraná, Curitiba 81350-010, Brazil;
| | - Thalita Bastida Vieira
- Core for Cell Technology, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba 80215-901, Brazil; (L.M.B.-L.); (D.R.D.); (D.B.M.); (I.M.V.); (V.R.J.); (T.B.V.); (B.P.F.); (C.O.A.); (P.R.S.B.)
| | - Bianca Polak Furman
- Core for Cell Technology, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba 80215-901, Brazil; (L.M.B.-L.); (D.R.D.); (D.B.M.); (I.M.V.); (V.R.J.); (T.B.V.); (B.P.F.); (C.O.A.); (P.R.S.B.)
| | - Cecília Oliveira Aguiar
- Core for Cell Technology, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba 80215-901, Brazil; (L.M.B.-L.); (D.R.D.); (D.B.M.); (I.M.V.); (V.R.J.); (T.B.V.); (B.P.F.); (C.O.A.); (P.R.S.B.)
| | - Paulo Roberto Slud Brofman
- Core for Cell Technology, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba 80215-901, Brazil; (L.M.B.-L.); (D.R.D.); (D.B.M.); (I.M.V.); (V.R.J.); (T.B.V.); (B.P.F.); (C.O.A.); (P.R.S.B.)
- National Institute of Science and Technology for Regenerative Medicine—INCT-REGENERA, Rio de Janeiro 21941-599, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Basu A, Paul MK, Weiss S. The actin cytoskeleton: Morphological changes in pre- and fully developed lung cancer. BIOPHYSICS REVIEWS 2022; 3:041304. [PMID: 38505516 PMCID: PMC10903407 DOI: 10.1063/5.0096188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Actin, a primary component of the cell cytoskeleton can have multiple isoforms, each of which can have specific properties uniquely suited for their purpose. These monomers are then bound together to form polymeric filaments utilizing adenosine triphosphate hydrolysis as a source of energy. Proteins, such as Arp2/3, VASP, formin, profilin, and cofilin, serve important roles in the polymerization process. These filaments can further be linked to form stress fibers by proteins called actin-binding proteins, such as α-actinin, myosin, fascin, filamin, zyxin, and epsin. These stress fibers are responsible for mechanotransduction, maintaining cell shape, cell motility, and intracellular cargo transport. Cancer metastasis, specifically epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT), which is one of the key steps of the process, is accompanied by the formation of thick stress fibers through the Rho-associated protein kinase, MAPK/ERK, and Wnt pathways. Recently, with the advent of "field cancerization," pre-malignant cells have also been demonstrated to possess stress fibers and related cytoskeletal features. Analytical methods ranging from western blot and RNA-sequencing to cryo-EM and fluorescent imaging have been employed to understand the structure and dynamics of actin and related proteins including polymerization/depolymerization. More recent methods involve quantifying properties of the actin cytoskeleton from fluorescent images and utilizing them to study biological processes, such as EMT. These image analysis approaches exploit the fact that filaments have a unique structure (curvilinear) compared to the noise or other artifacts to separate them. Line segments are extracted from these filament images that have assigned lengths and orientations. Coupling such methods with statistical analysis has resulted in development of a new reporter for EMT in lung cancer cells as well as their drug responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shimon Weiss
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed:
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lee JY, Kang MH, Jang JE, Lee JE, Yang Y, Choi JY, Kang HS, Lee U, Choung JW, Jung H, Yoon YC, Jung KH, Hong SS, Yi EC, Park SG. Comparative analysis of mesenchymal stem cells cultivated in serum free media. Sci Rep 2022; 12:8620. [PMID: 35597800 PMCID: PMC9124186 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-12467-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cells are attractive candidates for the regeneration of tissue and organ. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been extensively investigated for their potential applications in regenerative medicine and cell therapy. For developing effective stem cell therapy, the mass production of consistent quality cells is required. The cell culture medium is the most critical aspect of the mass production of qualified stem cells. Classically, fetal bovine serum (FBS) has been used as a culture supplement for MSCs. Due to the undefined and heterologous composition of animal origin components in FBS, efforts to replace animal-derived components with non-animal-derived substances led to safe serum free media (SFM). Adipose derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADSCs) cultivated in SFM provided a more stable population doubling time (PDT) to later passage and more cells in a shorter time compared to FBS containing media. ADSCs cultivated in SFM had lower cellular senescence, lower immunogenicity, and higher genetic stability than ADSCs cultivated in FBS containing media. Differential expression analysis of mRNAs and proteins showed that the expression of genes related with apoptosis, immune response, and inflammatory response were significantly up-regulated in ADSCs cultivated in FBS containing media. ADSCs cultivated in SFM showed similar therapeutic efficacy in an acute pancreatitis mouse model to ADSCs cultivated in FBS containing media. Consideration of clinical trials, not only pre-clinical trial, suggests that cultivation of MSCs using SFM might offer more safe cell therapeutics as well as repeated administration due to low immunogenicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joo Youn Lee
- Xcell Therapeutics, Dongwon Bldg. 6F, 333, Yeongdong-daero, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06188, Korea.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology and College of Medicine Or College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Korea
| | - Min Hee Kang
- Xcell Therapeutics, Dongwon Bldg. 6F, 333, Yeongdong-daero, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06188, Korea
| | - Ji Eun Jang
- Xcell Therapeutics, Dongwon Bldg. 6F, 333, Yeongdong-daero, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06188, Korea
| | - Jeong Eon Lee
- Xcell Therapeutics, Dongwon Bldg. 6F, 333, Yeongdong-daero, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06188, Korea
| | - Yuyeong Yang
- Xcell Therapeutics, Dongwon Bldg. 6F, 333, Yeongdong-daero, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06188, Korea
| | - Ji Yong Choi
- Xcell Therapeutics, Dongwon Bldg. 6F, 333, Yeongdong-daero, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06188, Korea
| | - Hong Seok Kang
- Xcell Therapeutics, Dongwon Bldg. 6F, 333, Yeongdong-daero, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06188, Korea
| | - Uiil Lee
- Xcell Therapeutics, Dongwon Bldg. 6F, 333, Yeongdong-daero, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06188, Korea
| | - Ji Woong Choung
- Dacapo Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery Clinic, Jeongin Building, 559 Gangnamdae-ro, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06531, Korea
| | - Hyeryeon Jung
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology and College of Medicine Or College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Korea
| | - Young-Chan Yoon
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Inha University, 27 Inhang-ro, Jung-gu, Incheon, 22332, Korea
| | - Kyung Hee Jung
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Inha University, 27 Inhang-ro, Jung-gu, Incheon, 22332, Korea
| | - Soon-Sun Hong
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Inha University, 27 Inhang-ro, Jung-gu, Incheon, 22332, Korea
| | - Eugene C Yi
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology and College of Medicine Or College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Korea
| | - Sang Gyu Park
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Worldcup-ro, 206, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 16499, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Liu W, Li Z, Cui X, Luo F, Zhou C, Zhang J, Xing L. Genotoxicity, oxidative stress and transcriptomic effects of Nitenpyram on human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2022; 446:116065. [PMID: 35568224 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2022.116065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Despite of the global contamination and ubiquitous exposure to nitenpyram (NIT), little knowledge is available on the adverse effects to human health, with some evidence referring to its genotoxic potency to non-target organisms and esophageal squamous papilloma in rats. Human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs) was employed as an in vitro model more relevant to humans to assess the potential genotoxicity of NIT and to understand the underlying mechanisms at cellular and molecular levels. Noncytotoxic concentrations of NIT, 50-2500 μg/mL, dose-dependently elevated MNs and nuclear buds frequencies to 8.7-29‰ and 15-35‰, respectively. Additional metabolism by rat liver S9 fraction decreased chromosome impairment by 27-52% on MN frequencies and 63-76% on NB frequencies. A commercial NIT product, containing 20% of NIT and 60% of pymetrozine, caused higher cytotoxicity and chromosome impairment in comparison with NIT alone. Expressions of genes responses to DNA damage, ATM, ATR, p53, p21, Bax, H2AX, and GADD45A were disturbed by NIT treatment. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) amount and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were enhanced by NIT. Comet assay showed that lower concentrations of NIT, 12.5-100 μg/mL, induced the DNA damage. Transcriptomic analysis identified 468 differentially expressed genes (p < 0.05, |log2(Foldchange)| ≥ 1), from which 22 pathways were enriched. Multiple affected pathways were related to cancer including viral carcinogenesis and bladder cancer. NIT may produce genotoxicity via inducing oxidative stress and deregulating PI3K/Akt, AMPK and mTOR signaling pathways, associated with carcinogenetic potency. While environmental levels of NIT alone may pose little risk to human health, attention should be paid to the health risk arose from the synergistic or additive effects that may exist among NEOs and other types of pesticides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
| | - Zechang Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Xiaoyu Cui
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Fang Luo
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Chunyan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Jiangyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Liguo Xing
- Shenyang Research Institute of Chemical Industry of SINOCHEM Group, Shenyang 110027, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Garcia ALH, Matzenbacher CA, Soares S, Rohr P, da Silva J. Fluorosilicic acid and cotinine, separately and in combination, induce genotoxicity and telomeric reduction in human osteoblast cell line MG63. MUTATION RESEARCH. GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2022; 876-877:503474. [PMID: 35483789 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2022.503474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal fluorosis is a severe case in which bone deformations and bone tissue weakening occur due to excessive fluorine deposition. Recently, data on smoking have been published that smoke constituents can indirectly influence bone mass and interfere in the metabolism of fluorides in humans. Thus, the present in vitro study aimed to assess the genetic instability in human osteoblast MG63 cells exposed to fluorosilicic acid (FA) and cotinine (COT), separately and in combination, in concentrations found in human plasma. For this, cell cytotoxicity was performed by MTT assay; DNA damage was performed by alkaline comet assay (CA), modified by repair endonucleases (+FPG); micronuclei test (MN) using CBMN-Cyt assay; and telomere length (TL) by qPCR in MG63 cells. No cytotoxicity was observed for all concentrations tested in this study. Alkaline CA results showed a significant increase in DNA damage at all FA concentrations (0.03125-0.300 mg/L), in the two highest concentrations of COT (125 and 250 ng/mL), and the highest concentration of FA+COT (0.300 mg/L+250 ng/mL). Alkaline CA+FPG test was used to detect oxidized nucleobases, which occurred at the two highest concentrations of FA, COT, and FA+COT. Micronuclei test showed an increase in the frequency of MN at all concentrations of FA (0.075-0.300 mg/L) except in the lowest concentration (0.03125 mg/L), in the two highest concentrations of COT (125 and 250 ng/mL), and all concentrations of FA+COT. There was no significant difference in nuclear division index, binucleated cells, nucleoplasmic bridge, and nuclear bud. A TL reduction was observed in cells treated with the highest concentrations of FA alone (0.300 mg/L) and FA+COT (0.300 mg/L+250 ng/mL). Finally, our study showed that FA and COT (mainly alone) at concentrations found in human plasma induced oxidative damage and genetic instability in human osteoblast cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana L H Garcia
- Lutheran University of Brazil (ULBRA), Laboratory of Genetic Toxicology, PPGBioSaúde (Postgraduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology Applied to Health) and PPGGTA (Postgraduate Program in Genetics and Applied Toxicology), 92425-900, Canoas, RS, Brazil; Laboratory of Genetic Toxicology, La Salle University (UniLaSalle), Canoas, RS, Brazil.
| | - Cristina A Matzenbacher
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Department of Genetics, C.P. 15053, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Solange Soares
- Lutheran University of Brazil (ULBRA), Laboratory of Genetic Toxicology, PPGBioSaúde (Postgraduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology Applied to Health) and PPGGTA (Postgraduate Program in Genetics and Applied Toxicology), 92425-900, Canoas, RS, Brazil
| | - Paula Rohr
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliana da Silva
- Lutheran University of Brazil (ULBRA), Laboratory of Genetic Toxicology, PPGBioSaúde (Postgraduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology Applied to Health) and PPGGTA (Postgraduate Program in Genetics and Applied Toxicology), 92425-900, Canoas, RS, Brazil; Laboratory of Genetic Toxicology, La Salle University (UniLaSalle), Canoas, RS, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Yadahalli R, Kheur S, Adwani A, Bhonde R, Raj AT, Patil S. Nuclear Blebbing Frequency in Tobacco-Induced Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders: A Pilot Study. Acta Cytol 2021; 65:403-410. [PMID: 34120116 DOI: 10.1159/000516496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tobacco contains several genotoxic agents including N-nitrosamine which has the potential to cause significant nuclear damage. Nuclear blebbing is a form of protrusion on the nuclear membrane and could potentially be caused by tobacco-induced genotoxicity and is closely associated with malignancy. Thus, the present study aimed to assess if tobacco-associated oral potentially malignant disorders including oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) and oral leukoplakia have a higher nuclear blebbing frequency than patients with normal oral mucosa with no history of tobacco use. METHODS The sample consisted of patients with OSF (n = 30) and oral leukoplakia (n = 10) and normal oral mucosa (n = 10). Exfoliated cells collected from the study groups were smeared on a clean microscopic slide and stained by May-Grunwald-Giemsa stain. A baseline frequency of nuclear blebbing was evaluated using a bright-field microscope with a ×100 objective. The number of nuclear blebbing per 1,000 epithelial cells was recorded and expressed in percentage. ANOVA, the Mann-Whitney U test, and Spearman's correlation were used to analyze the data. RESULTS The mean rank of distribution of nuclear blebbing showed significant difference between all 3 groups, with the highest frequency noted in leukoplakia, followed by oral submucous and normal oral mucosa. Within OSF, the frequency of nuclear blebbing significantly increased from early stage to advanced stage. In OSF, a statistically significant positive linear correlation was noted between duration (in years), frequency (per day) of tobacco use, clinical grading, and nuclear blebbing. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSIONS The frequency of nuclear blebbing was significantly higher in oral potentially malignant disorders than normal mucosa. Nuclear blebbing also exhibited a strong dose- and time-dependent correlation with tobacco usage and clinical staging in OSF. The nuclear blebbing frequency could be a noninvasive, economic tool to assess malignant risk in tobacco-induced oral potentially malignant disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roopa Yadahalli
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Dr. D.Y. Patil Dental College and Hospital, Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, India
| | - Supriya Kheur
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Dr. D.Y. Patil Dental College and Hospital, Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, India
| | - Aanchal Adwani
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Dr. D.Y. Patil Dental College and Hospital, Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, India
| | - Ramesh Bhonde
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Dr. D.Y. Patil Dental College and Hospital, Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, India
| | - A Thirumal Raj
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Sri Venkateswara Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, India
| | - Shankargouda Patil
- Division of Oral Pathology College of Dentistry, Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Garcia ALH, Picinini J, Silveira MD, Camassola M, Visentim APV, Salvador M, da Silva J. Fluorosilicic acid induces DNA damage and oxidative stress in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. MUTATION RESEARCH. GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2021; 861-862:503297. [PMID: 33551106 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2020.503297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Excess fluoride in water can produce changes in tooth enamel mineralization and lead to diseases such as dental or skeletal fluorosis. The present study aimed to assess the genotoxic effects, oxidative stress, and osteoblastic mineralization induced by fluorosilicic acid (FA) in murine bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs). BM-MSCs were isolated from the femurs and tibias of rats and cultured under standard conditions. Cells exposure occurred for 3, 7, 14, and 21 days to different concentrations of FA (0.6-9.6 mg/L). Cytotoxicity was observed in 14 and 21 days of exposure for all concentrations of FA (cell proliferation below 60%), and for 3 and 7 days, in which the proliferation was above 80%. Alkaline comet assay results demonstrated significant increased damage at concentrations of 0.3-2.4 mg/L, and the micronucleus test showed increased rates for micronucleus (1.2-2.4 mg/L) and nuclear buds (NBUDs) (0.3-2.4 mg/L) (P < 0.05/Dunnett's test). An alkaline comet assay modified by repair endonuclease (FPG) was used to detect oxidized nucleobases, which occurred at 0.6 mg/L. The oxidative stress was evaluated by lipid peroxidation (TBARS) and antioxidant activity (TAC). Only lipid peroxidation was increased at concentrations of 0.6 mg/L and 1.2 mg/L (P < 0.001/Tukey's test). The osteogenesis process determined the level of extracellular matrix mineralization. The mean concentration of Alizarin red increased significantly in 14 days at the 0.6 mg/L concentration group (P < 0.05/Tukey's test) compared to the control group, and a significant difference between the groups regarding the activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) was observed. Unlike other studies, our results indicated that FA in BM-MSCs at concentrations used in drinking water induced genotoxicity, oxidative stress, and acceleration of bone mineralization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana L H Garcia
- Lutheran University of Brazil (ULBRA), Laboratory of Genetic Toxicology, PPGBioSaúde (Postgraduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology Applied to Health), 92425-900, Canoas, RS, Brazil.
| | - Juliana Picinini
- Lutheran University of Brazil (ULBRA), Laboratory of Genetic Toxicology, PPGBioSaúde (Postgraduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology Applied to Health), 92425-900, Canoas, RS, Brazil
| | - Maiele D Silveira
- Lutheran University of Brazil (ULBRA), Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering PPGBioSaúde (Postgraduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology Applied to Health), 92425-900, Canoas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Melissa Camassola
- Lutheran University of Brazil (ULBRA), Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering PPGBioSaúde (Postgraduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology Applied to Health), 92425-900, Canoas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Ana P V Visentim
- Institute, University of Caxias do Sul, Rua Travessão Solferino 610, Cruzeiro, Caxias do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Mirian Salvador
- Institute, University of Caxias do Sul, Rua Travessão Solferino 610, Cruzeiro, Caxias do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Juliana da Silva
- Lutheran University of Brazil (ULBRA), Laboratory of Genetic Toxicology, PPGBioSaúde (Postgraduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology Applied to Health), 92425-900, Canoas, RS, Brazil; Laboratory of Genetic Toxicology, La Salle University (UniLaSalle), Canoas, RS, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Sharma S, Bhonde R. Genetic and epigenetic stability of stem cells: Epigenetic modifiers modulate the fate of mesenchymal stem cells. Genomics 2020; 112:3615-3623. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2020.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
10
|
Paz MFCJ, de Alencar MVOB, de Lima RMP, Sobral ALP, do Nascimento GTM, dos Reis CA, Coêlho MDPSDS, do Nascimento MLLB, Gomes Júnior AL, Machado KDC, de Menezes AAPM, de Lima RMT, de Oliveira Filho JWG, Dias ACS, dos Reis AC, da Mata AMOF, Machado SA, Sousa CDDC, da Silva FCC, Islam MT, de Castro e Sousa JM, Melo Cavalcante AADC. Pharmacological Effects and Toxicogenetic Impacts of Omeprazole: Genomic Instability and Cancer. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:3457890. [PMID: 32308801 PMCID: PMC7146093 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3457890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 10/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Omeprazole (OME) is commonly used to treat gastrointestinal disorders. However, long-term use of OME can increase the risk of gastric cancer. We aimed to characterize the pharmacological effects of OME and to correlate its adverse effects and toxicogenetic risks to the genomic instability mechanisms and cancer-based on database reports. Thus, a search (till Aug 2019) was made in the PubMed, Scopus, and ScienceDirect with relevant keywords. Based on the study objective, we included 80 clinical reports, forty-six in vitro, and 76 in vivo studies. While controversial, the findings suggest that long-term use of OME (5 to 40 mg/kg) can induce genomic instability. On the other hand, OME-mediated protective effects are well reported and related to proton pump blockade and anti-inflammatory activity through an increase in gastric flow, anti-inflammatory markers (COX-2 and interleukins) and antiapoptotic markers (caspases and BCL-2), glycoprotein expression, and neutrophil infiltration reduction. The reported adverse and toxic effects, especially in clinical studies, were atrophic gastritis, cobalamin deficiencies, homeostasis disorders, polyp development, hepatotoxicity, cytotoxicity, and genotoxicity. This study highlights that OME may induce genomic instability and increase the risk of certain types of cancer. Therefore, adequate precautions should be taken, especially in its long-term therapeutic strategies and self-medication practices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Márcia Fernanda Correia Jardim Paz
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology (RENORBIO), Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, PI, Brazil
- Laboratory of Genetic Toxicity, Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, PI, Brazil
| | | | | | - André Luiz Pinho Sobral
- Laboratory of Genetic Toxicity, Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, PI, Brazil
- University Hospital, Teresina, PI, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Antonio Luiz Gomes Júnior
- Laboratory of Genetic Toxicity, Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, PI, Brazil
- University Centre UNINOVAFAPI, Teresina, PI, Brazil
| | | | | | - Rosália Maria Torres de Lima
- Laboratory of Genetic Toxicity, Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, PI, Brazil
| | | | - Ana Carolina Soares Dias
- Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, MA, Brazil
| | - Antonielly Campinho dos Reis
- Laboratory of Genetic Toxicity, Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, PI, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Felipe Cavalcanti Carneiro da Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology (RENORBIO), Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, PI, Brazil
- Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Piauí, Picos, PI, Brazil
| | - Muhammad Torequl Islam
- Department for Management of Science and Technology Development, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
| | | | - Ana Amélia de Carvalho Melo Cavalcante
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology (RENORBIO), Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, PI, Brazil
- Laboratory of Genetic Toxicity, Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, PI, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Neri S. Genetic Stability of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells for Regenerative Medicine Applications: A Fundamental Biosafety Aspect. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20102406. [PMID: 31096604 PMCID: PMC6566307 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20102406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSC) show widespread application for a variety of clinical conditions; therefore, their use necessitates continuous monitoring of their safety. The risk assessment of mesenchymal stem cell-based therapies cannot be separated from an accurate and deep knowledge of their biological properties and in vitro and in vivo behavior. One of the most relevant safety issues is represented by the genetic stability of MSCs, that can be altered during in vitro manipulation, frequently required before clinical application. MSC genetic stability has the potential to influence the transformation and the therapeutic effect of these cells. At present, karyotype evaluation represents the definitely prevailing assessment of MSC stability, but DNA alterations of smaller size should not be underestimated. This review will focus on current scientific knowledge about the genetic stability of mesenchymal stem cells. The techniques used and possible improvements together with regulatory aspects will also be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simona Neri
- Laboratorio di Immunoreumatologia e Rigenerazione Tissutale, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Guo X, Ni J, Liang Z, Xue J, Fenech MF, Wang X. The molecular origins and pathophysiological consequences of micronuclei: New insights into an age-old problem. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2018; 779:1-35. [PMID: 31097147 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Micronuclei (MN), the small nucleus-like bodies separated from the primary nucleus, can exist in cells with numerical and/or structural chromosomal aberrations in apparently normal tissues and more so in tumors in humans. While MN have been observed for over 100 years, they were merely and constantly considered as passive indicators of chromosome instability (CIN) for a long time. Relatively little is known about the molecular origins and biological consequences of MN. Rapid technological advances are helping to close these gaps. Very recent studies provide exciting evidence that MN act as key platform for chromothripsis and a trigger of innate immune response, suggesting that MN could affect cellular functions by both genetic and nongenetic means. These previously unappreciated findings have reawakened widespread interests in MN. In this review, the diverse mechanisms leading to MN generation and the complex fate profiles of MN are discussed, together with the evidence for their contribution to CIN, inflammation, senescence and cell death. Moreover, we put this knowledge together into a speculative perspective on how MN may be responsible for cancer development and how their presence may influence the choice of treatment. We suggest that the heterogeneous responses to MN may function physiological to ensure the arrestment, elimination and immune clearance of damaged cells, but pathologically, may enable the survival and oncogenic transformation of cells bearing CIN. These insights not only underscore the complexity of MN biology, but also raise a host of new questions and provide fertile ground for future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xihan Guo
- School of Life Sciences, The Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, China
| | - Juan Ni
- School of Life Sciences, The Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, China
| | - Ziqing Liang
- School of Life Sciences, The Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, China
| | - Jinglun Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Michael F Fenech
- University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia; Genome Health Foundation, North Brighton, SA, 5048, Australia.
| | - Xu Wang
- School of Life Sciences, The Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Biomaterial-assisted cell therapy in osteoarthritis: From mesenchymal stem cells to cell encapsulation. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2017; 31:730-745. [DOI: 10.1016/j.berh.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 04/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
14
|
Mamidi MK, Das AK, Zakaria Z, Bhonde R. Mesenchymal stromal cells for cartilage repair in osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2016; 24:1307-16. [PMID: 26973328 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Treatment for articular cartilage damage is quite challenging as it shows limited repair and regeneration following injury. Non-operative and classical surgical techniques are inefficient in restoring normal anatomy and function of cartilage in osteoarthritis (OA). Thus, investigating new and effective strategies for OA are necessary to establish feasible therapeutic solutions. The emergence of the new discipline of regenerative medicine, having cell-based therapy as its primary focus, may enable us to achieve repair and restore the damaged articular cartilage. This review describes progress and development of employing mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC)-based therapy as a promising alternative for OA treatment. The objective of this review is to first, discuss how in vitro MSC chondrogenic differentiation mimics in vivo embryonic cartilage development, secondly, to describe various chondrogenic differentiation strategies followed by pre-clinical and clinical studies demonstrating their feasibility and efficacy. However, several challenges need to be tackled before this research can be translated to the clinics. In particular, better understanding of the post-transplanted cell behaviour and learning to enhance their potency in the disease microenvironment is essential. Final objective is to underscore the importance of isolation, storage, cell shipment, route of administration, optimum dosage and control batch to batch variations to realise the full potential of MSCs in OA clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M K Mamidi
- School of Regenerative Medicine, Manipal University, Bangalore 560065, India
| | - A K Das
- Department of Surgery, Taylor's University School of Medicine, Sungai Buloh Hospital, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Z Zakaria
- Hematology Unit, Cancer Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, Jalan Pahang, 50588 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - R Bhonde
- School of Regenerative Medicine, Manipal University, Bangalore 560065, India.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Sharma S, Bhonde R. Mesenchymal stromal cells are genetically stable under a hostile in vivo–like scenario as revealed by in vitro micronucleus test. Cytotherapy 2015; 17:1384-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2015.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|