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Wang MY, Liu WJ, Wu LY, Wang G, Zhang CL, Liu J. The Research Progress in Transforming Growth Factor-β2. Cells 2023; 12:2739. [PMID: 38067167 PMCID: PMC10706148 DOI: 10.3390/cells12232739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta 2 (TGF-β2), an important member of the TGF-β family, is a secreted protein that is involved in many biological processes, such as cell growth, proliferation, migration, and differentiation. TGF-β2 had been thought to be functionally identical to TGF-β1; however, an increasing number of recent studies uncovered the distinctive features of TGF-β2 in terms of its expression, activation, and biological functions. Mice deficient in TGF-β2 showed remarkable developmental abnormalities in multiple organs, especially the cardiovascular system. Dysregulation of TGF-β2 signalling was associated with tumorigenesis, eye diseases, cardiovascular diseases, immune disorders, as well as motor system diseases. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of the research progress in TGF-β2 to support further research on TGF-β2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Yan Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen 518060, China; (M.-Y.W.); (W.-J.L.); (L.-Y.W.); (J.L.)
| | - Wen-Juan Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen 518060, China; (M.-Y.W.); (W.-J.L.); (L.-Y.W.); (J.L.)
| | - Le-Yi Wu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen 518060, China; (M.-Y.W.); (W.-J.L.); (L.-Y.W.); (J.L.)
| | - Gang Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen 518060, China; (M.-Y.W.); (W.-J.L.); (L.-Y.W.); (J.L.)
| | - Cheng-Lin Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen 518060, China; (M.-Y.W.); (W.-J.L.); (L.-Y.W.); (J.L.)
- Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen 518060, China; (M.-Y.W.); (W.-J.L.); (L.-Y.W.); (J.L.)
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He J, Zhao B, Huang X, Fu X, Liu G, Tian Y, Wu C, Mao J, Liu J, Gun S, Tian K. Gene network analysis reveals candidate genes related with the hair follicle development in sheep. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:428. [PMID: 35672687 PMCID: PMC9175362 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08552-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Merino sheep are the most famous fine wool sheep in the world. They have high wool production and excellent wool quality and have attracted worldwide attention. The fleece of the Merino sheep is composed predominantly of wool fibers grown from secondary wool follicles. Therefore, it is necessary to study the development of hair follicles to understand the mechanism of wool production. The hair follicle is a complex biological system involved in a dynamic process governed by gene regulation. The hair follicle development process is very complex and poorly understood. The purpose of our research is to identify candidate genes related to hair follicle development, provide a theoretical molecular breeding basis for the cultivation of fine wool sheep, and provide a reference for the problems of hair loss and alopecia areata that affect human beings. Results We analyzed mRNAs data in skin tissues of 18 Merino sheep at four embryonic days (E65, E85, E105 and E135) and two postnatal days (P7 and P30). G1 to G6 represent hair follicles developmental at six stages (i.e. E65 to P30). We identified 7879 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 12623 novel DEGs, revealed different expression patterns of these DEGs at six stages of hair follicle development, and demonstrated their complex interactions. DEGs with stage-specific expression were significantly enriched in epidermal differentiation and development, hair follicle development and hair follicle morphogenesis and were enriched in many pathways related to hair follicle development. The key genes (LAMA5, WNT10A, KRT25, SOSTDC1, ZDHHC21, FZD1, BMP7, LRP4, TGFβ2, TMEM79, SOX10, ITGB4, KRT14, ITGA6, and GLI2) affecting hair follicle morphogenesis were identified by network analysis. Conclusion This study provides a new reference for the molecular basis of hair follicle development and lays a foundation for further improving sheep hair follicle breeding. Candidate genes related to hair follicular development were found, which provided a theoretical basis for molecular breeding for the culture of fine wool sheep. These results are a valuable resource for biological investigations of fleece evolution in animals. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-022-08552-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junmin He
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Bingru Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xixia Huang
- College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, China
| | - Xuefeng Fu
- Key Laboratory of Genetics Breeding and Reproduction of the Fine Wool Sheep & Cashmere Goat in Xinjiang, Institute of Animal Science, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Sciences, Urumqi, China
| | - Guifen Liu
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Yuezhen Tian
- Key Laboratory of Genetics Breeding and Reproduction of the Fine Wool Sheep & Cashmere Goat in Xinjiang, Institute of Animal Science, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Sciences, Urumqi, China
| | - Cuiling Wu
- College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, China
| | - Jingyi Mao
- College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, China
| | - Jing Liu
- College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, China
| | - Shuangbao Gun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China.
| | - Kechuan Tian
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China.
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Papukashvili D, Rcheulishvili N, Liu C, Xie F, Tyagi D, He Y, Wang PG. Perspectives on miRNAs Targeting DKK1 for Developing Hair Regeneration Therapy. Cells 2021; 10:2957. [PMID: 34831180 PMCID: PMC8616136 DOI: 10.3390/cells10112957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Androgenetic alopecia (AGA) remains an unsolved problem for the well-being of humankind, although multiple important involvements in hair growth have been discovered. Up until now, there is no ideal therapy in clinical practice in terms of efficacy and safety. Ultimately, there is a strong need for developing a feasible remedy for preventing and treating AGA. The Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway is critical in hair restoration. Thus, AGA treatment via modulating this pathway is rational, although challenging. Dickkopf-related protein 1 (DKK1) is distinctly identified as an inhibitor of canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Thus, in order to stimulate the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, inhibition of DKK1 is greatly demanding. Studying DKK1-targeting microRNAs (miRNAs) involved in the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway may lay the groundwork for the promotion of hair growth. Bearing in mind that DKK1 inhibition in the balding scalp of AGA certainly makes sense, this review sheds light on the perspectives of miRNA-mediated hair growth for treating AGA via regulating DKK1 and, eventually, modulating Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Consequently, certain miRNAs regulating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway via DKK1 inhibition might represent attractive candidates for further studies focusing on promoting hair growth and AGA therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Yunjiao He
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518000, China; (D.P.); (N.R.); (C.L.); (F.X.); (D.T.)
| | - Peng George Wang
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518000, China; (D.P.); (N.R.); (C.L.); (F.X.); (D.T.)
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Yang M, Weng T, Zhang W, Zhang M, He X, Han C, Wang X. The Roles of Non-coding RNA in the Development and Regeneration of Hair Follicles: Current Status and Further Perspectives. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:720879. [PMID: 34708037 PMCID: PMC8542792 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.720879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alopecia is a common problem that affects almost every age group and is considered to be an issue for cosmetic or psychiatric reasons. The loss of hair follicles (HFs) and hair caused by alopecia impairs self-esteem, thermoregulation, tactile sensation and protection from ultraviolet light. One strategy to solve this problem is HF regeneration. Many signalling pathways and molecules participate in the morphology and regeneration of HF, such as Wnt/β-catenin, Sonic hedgehog, bone morphogenetic protein and Notch. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), especially microRNAs and long ncRNAs, have significant modulatory roles in HF development and regeneration via regulation of these signalling pathways. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the status and future prospects of ncRNAs in HF regeneration and could prompt novel ncRNA-based therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Yang
- Department of Burns & Wound Care Center, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Trauma and Burn of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tingting Weng
- Department of Burns & Wound Care Center, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Trauma and Burn of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Burns & Wound Care Center, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Trauma and Burn of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Manjia Zhang
- The First Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaojie He
- Department of General Practice, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chunmao Han
- Department of Burns & Wound Care Center, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Trauma and Burn of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xingang Wang
- Department of Burns & Wound Care Center, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Trauma and Burn of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
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Hai E, Han W, Wu Z, Ma R, Shang F, Wang M, Liang L, Rong Y, Pan J, Wang Z, Wang R, Su R, Zhao Y, Liu Z, Wang Z, Li J, Zhang Y. Chi-miR-370-3p regulates hair follicle morphogenesis of Inner Mongolian cashmere goats. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2021; 11:jkab091. [PMID: 33755111 PMCID: PMC8104936 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkab091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs), a class of 22 nucleotide (nt) noncoding RNAs, negatively regulate mRNA posttranscriptional modification in various biological processes. Morphogenesis of skin hair follicles in cashmere goats is a dynamic process involving many key signaling molecules, but the associated cellular biological mechanisms induced by these key signaling molecules have not been reported. In this study, differential expression, bioinformatics, and Gene Ontology/Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analyses were performed on miRNA expression profiles of Inner Mongolian cashmere goats at 45, 55, and 65 days during the fetal period, and chi-miR-370-3p was identified and investigated further. Real-time fluorescence quantification (qRT-PCR), dual luciferase reporting, and Western blotting results showed that transforming growth factor beta receptor 2 (TGF-βR2) and fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) were the target genes of chi-miR-370-3p. Chi-miR-370-3p also regulated the expression of TGF-βR2 and FGFR2 at mRNA and protein levels in epithelial cells and dermal fibroblasts. DNA staining, Cell Counting Kit-8, and fluorescein-labelled Annexin V results showed that chi-miR-370-3p inhibited the proliferation of epithelial cells and fibroblasts but had no effect on apoptosis. Cell scratch test results showed that chi-miR-370-3p promoted the migration of epithelial cells and fibroblasts. Chi-miR-370-3p inhibits the proliferation of epithelial cells and fibroblasts by targeting TGF-βR2 and FGFR2, thereby improving cell migration ability and ultimately regulating the fate of epithelial cells and dermal fibroblasts to develop the placode and dermal condensate, inducing hair follicle morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erhan Hai
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Wenjing Han
- College of Chemistry and Life Science, Chifeng University, Chifeng 024000, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Zhihong Wu
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, Inner Mongolia, China
- Department of Agriculture, College of Hetao, Bayannur 015000, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Rong Ma
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Fangzheng Shang
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Min Wang
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Lili Liang
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Youjun Rong
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Jianfeng Pan
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Zhiying Wang
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Ruijun Wang
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Rui Su
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Yanhong Zhao
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Zhihong Liu
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Zhixin Wang
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Jinquan Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Hohhot 010018, Inner Mongolia, China
- Key Laboratory of Mutton Sheep Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Hohhot 010018, Inner Mongolia, China
- Engineering Research Center for Goat Genetics and Breeding, Hohhot 010018, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Yanjun Zhang
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, Inner Mongolia, China
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Defining microRNA signatures of hair follicular stem and progenitor cells in healthy and androgenic alopecia patients. J Dermatol Sci 2020; 101:49-57. [PMID: 33183906 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2020.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The exact pathogenic mechanism causes hair miniaturization during androgenic alopecia (AGA) has not been delineated. Recent evidence has shown a role for non-coding regulatory RNAs, such as microRNAs (miRNAs), in skin and hair disease. There is no reported information about the role of miRNAs in hair epithelial cells of AGA. OBJECTIVES To investigate the roles of miRNAs affecting AGA in normal and patient's epithelial hair cells. METHODS Normal follicular stem and progenitor cells, as well as follicular patient's stem cells, were sorted from hair follicles, and a miRNA q-PCR profiling to compare the expression of 748 miRNA (miRs) in sorted cells were performed. Further, we examined the putative functional implication of the most differentially regulated miRNA (miR-324-3p) in differentiation, proliferation and migration of cultured keratinocytes by qRT-PCR, immunofluorescence, and scratch assay. To explore the mechanisms underlying the effects of miR-324-3p, we used specific chemical inhibitors targeting pathways influenced by miR-324-3p. RESULT We provide a comprehensive assessment of the "miRNome" of normal and AGA follicular stem and progenitor cells. Differentially regulated miRNA signatures highlight several miRNA candidates including miRNA-324-3p as mis regulated in patient's stem cells. We find that miR-324-3p promotes differentiation and migration of cultured keratinocytes likely through the regulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β signaling. Importantly, pharmacological inhibition of the TGF-β signaling pathway using Alk5i promotes hair shaft elongation in an organ-culture system. CONCLUSION Together, we offer a platform for understanding miRNA dynamic regulation in follicular stem and progenitor cells in baldness and highlight miR-324-3p as a promising target for its treatment.
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Khan AQ, Ahmad F, Raza SS, Zarif L, Siveen KS, Sher G, Agha MV, Rashid K, Kulinski M, Buddenkotte J, Uddin S, Steinhoff M. Role of non-coding RNAs in the progression and resistance of cutaneous malignancies and autoimmune diseases. Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 83:208-226. [PMID: 32717336 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Luan L, Shi J, Yu Z, Andl T. The major miR-31 target genes STK40 and LATS2 and their implications in the regulation of keratinocyte growth and hair differentiation. Exp Dermatol 2018; 26:497-504. [PMID: 28419554 DOI: 10.1111/exd.13355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Emerging evidence indicates that even subtle changes in the expression of key genes of signalling pathways can have profound effects. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are masters of subtlety and generally have only mild effects on their target genes. The microRNA miR-31 is one of the major microRNAs in many cutaneous conditions associated with activated keratinocytes, such as the hyperproliferative diseases psoriasis, non-melanoma skin cancer and hair follicle growth. miR-31 is a marker of the hair growth phase, and in our miR-31 transgenic mouse model it impairs the function of keratinocytes. This leads to aberrant proliferation, apoptosis, and differentiation that results in altered hair growth, while the loss of miR-31 leads to increased hair growth. Through in vitro and in vivo studies, we have defined a set of conserved miR-31 target genes, including LATS2 and STK40, which serve as new players in the regulation of keratinocyte growth and hair follicle biology. LATS2 can regulate growth of keratinocytes and we have identified a function of STK40 that can promote the expression of key hair follicle programme regulators such as HR, DLX3 and HOXC13.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liming Luan
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jianyun Shi
- State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhengquan Yu
- State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Thomas Andl
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
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Maatough A, Whitfield GK, Brook L, Hsieh D, Palade P, Hsieh JC. Human Hairless Protein Roles in Skin/Hair and Emerging Connections to Brain and Other Cancers. J Cell Biochem 2017; 119:69-80. [PMID: 28543886 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian hairless protein (HR) is a 130 kDa nuclear transcription factor that is essential for proper skin and hair follicle function. Previous studies have focused on the role of HR in skin maintenance and hair cycling. However, the hairless gene (HR) is also expressed in brain and other tissues, where its role remains poorly understood. HR has been reported to contain functional domains that potentially serve in DNA binding, histone demethylation, nuclear translocation and protein-protein interactions. Indeed, HR has been shown to interact with and repress the action of the nuclear receptors for vitamin D and thyroid hormone as well as RAR-related orphan receptor alpha, possibly via recruitment of histone deacetylases. HR may also have important functions in non-skin tissues given that nearly 200 HR mutations have been identified in patients with various cancers, including prostate, breast, lung, melanoma, uterine, and glioma. This suggests that HR and/or mutants thereof have relevance to the growth and survival of cancer cells. For example, the reported intrinsic histone H3K9 demethylase activity of HR may activate dormant genes to contribute to carcinogenesis. Alternatively, the demonstrated ability of HR to interact with p53 and/or the p53 DNA response element to influence p53-regulated pathways may explain, at least in part, why many cancers express mutated HR proteins. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of HR bioactions, how HR mutations may be contributing to alopecia as well as to cancer, and, finally, outline future directions in the study of this largely enigmatic nuclear protein. J. Cell. Biochem. 119: 69-80, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anas Maatough
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine-Phoenix, University of Arizona, Phoenix 85004-2153, Arizona
| | - G Kerr Whitfield
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine-Phoenix, University of Arizona, Phoenix 85004-2153, Arizona
| | - Lemlem Brook
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine-Phoenix, University of Arizona, Phoenix 85004-2153, Arizona
| | - David Hsieh
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas 75390, Texas
| | - Patricia Palade
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine-Phoenix, University of Arizona, Phoenix 85004-2153, Arizona
| | - Jui-Cheng Hsieh
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine-Phoenix, University of Arizona, Phoenix 85004-2153, Arizona
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The Molecular Revolution in Cutaneous Biology: Noncoding RNAs: New Molecular Players in Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology. J Invest Dermatol 2017; 137:e105-e111. [PMID: 28411840 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Progress in genome sequencing achieved during the last two decades revealed that only about 2% of the genome codes for proteins, while the largest genome fraction is encoding thousands of non-coding RNAs. Non-coding RNAs play indispensable roles in regulating the activity and stability of the genome. Recent research in the area of the non-coding transcriptome signified the crucial roles for RNA regulatory networks in the normal development and their implications in a variety of pathological conditions. Here, recent advances in our understanding of non-coding RNA-mediated regulation of skin development and homeostasis are highlighted, focusing mainly on the regulatory roles of miRNAs and lncRNAs.
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