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de Souza Fonseca PA, Suárez-Vega A, Cánovas A. Unrevealing functional candidate genes for bovine fertility through RNA sequencing meta-analysis and regulatory elements networks of co-expressed genes and lncRNAs. Funct Integr Genomics 2022; 22:1361-1376. [PMID: 36001276 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-022-00893-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The high genetic heterogeneity and environmental effects of subfertility in livestock species make the elucidation of the genetic mechanisms associated with reproductive efficiency a difficult task. Network and co-expression network meta-analyses were applied alongside genetic variant calling and long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) characterization to identify functionally relevant target genes and regulatory subnetworks associated with fertility in dairy cattle. In total, 505 lncRNAs (441 previously annotated in the bovine reference genome ARS-UCD 1.2 and 64 novel lncRNAs) were identified. Seven differentially expressed genes between high-fertile (HF) and sub-fertile (SF) Holstein cows were identified in the network meta-analysis (CA5A, ENSBTAG00000051149, ENSBTAG00000003272, DEFB7, DIO2, TRPV3, and COL4A4). Additionally, seven functional candidate differentially co-expressed (DcoExp) modules with a differential regulatory pattern (|z-score|>2) were identified between HF and SF cows. The functional candidate genes and DcoExp modules identified were associated with fertility relevant processes such as the regulation of embryonic implantation and proliferation, interaction and molecule transfer between the fetus and the cow, and the immune system. These results help to better understand the genetic mechanisms associated with reproductive efficiency in dairy cattle through the identification of potential biomarkers and genetic variants associated with differentially expressed regulatory gene and lncRNAs regulatory element networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Augusto de Souza Fonseca
- Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Aroa Suárez-Vega
- Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Angela Cánovas
- Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.
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2
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Bae H, You S, Lim W, Song G. Flufenoxuron disturbs early pregnancy in pigs via induction of cell death with ER-mitochondrial dysfunction. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 401:122996. [PMID: 32763671 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The use of pesticides can result in unintended side effects, such as environmental pollution and animal diseases; in serious cases, it may cause abortion. Flufenoxuron is an inhibitor of chitin synthesis that is used widely as a pesticide on farmland. It is difficult to break down and therefore accumulates in the body, and has also been detected in breast milk. Moreover, the effects of flufenoxuron in pregnancy remain elusive. Therefore, we investigated the effects of flufenoxuron on early pregnancy. Our results suggested that flufenoxuron inhibits cell development and cell cycle progression in porcine trophectoderm (pTr) cell and porcine endometrial luminal epithelial (pLE) cell lines through the repression of signal transduction pathways. Flufenoxuron induced programmed cell death through DNA fragmentation and apoptotic signals. In addition, flufenoxuron induced ROS production, ER stress, and mitochondrial malfunction; consequently, the cytosolic and mitochondrial calcium levels were increased. Expression of proteins on the ER-mitochondrial axis was increased by flufenoxuron. Cell migration was decreased by flufenoxuron treatment between pLE and pTr cells. In addition, the expression of pregnancy-related genes was decreased flufenoxuron. Collectively, our results indicated that flufenoxuron may be harmful to livestock and women in the early stages of pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyocheol Bae
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology and Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungkwon You
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology and Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
| | - Whasun Lim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Republic of Korea.
| | - Gwonhwa Song
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology and Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
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3
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Shiuan E, Inala A, Wang S, Song W, Youngblood V, Chen J, Brantley-Sieders DM. Host deficiency in ephrin-A1 inhibits breast cancer metastasis. F1000Res 2020; 9:217. [PMID: 32399207 PMCID: PMC7194498 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.22689.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The conventional dogma of treating cancer by focusing on the elimination of tumor cells has been recently refined to include consideration of the tumor microenvironment, which includes host stromal cells. Ephrin-A1, a cell surface protein involved in adhesion and migration, has been shown to be tumor suppressive in the context of the cancer cell. However, its role in the host has not been fully investigated. Here, we examine how ephrin-A1 host deficiency affects cancer growth and metastasis in a murine model of breast cancer. Methods: 4T1 cells were orthotopically implanted into the mammary fat pads or injected into the tail veins of ephrin-A1 wild-type (
Efna1+/+), heterozygous (
Efna1+/-), or knockout (
Efna1-/-) mice. Tumor growth, lung metastasis, and tumor recurrence after surgical resection were measured. Flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry (IHC) were used to analyze various cell populations in primary tumors and tumor-bearing lungs. Results: While primary tumor growth did not differ between
Efna1+/+,
Efna1+/-, and
Efna1-/- mice, lung metastasis and primary tumor recurrence were significantly decreased in knockout mice.
Efna1-/- mice had reduced lung colonization of 4T1 cells compared to
Efna1+/+ littermate controls as early as 24 hours after tail vein injection. Furthermore, established lung lesions in
Efna1-/- mice had reduced proliferation compared to those in
Efna1+/+ controls. Conclusions: Our studies demonstrate that host deficiency of ephrin-A1 does not impact primary tumor growth but does affect metastasis by providing a less favorable metastatic niche for cancer cell colonization and growth. Elucidating the mechanisms by which host ephrin-A1 impacts cancer relapse and metastasis may shed new light on novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen Shiuan
- Program in Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.,Medical Scientist Training Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Ashwin Inala
- Program in Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Shan Wang
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, 37212, USA.,Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Wenqiang Song
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, 37212, USA.,Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | | | - Jin Chen
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, 37212, USA.,Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.,Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Dana M Brantley-Sieders
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.,Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
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4
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Shiuan E, Inala A, Wang S, Song W, Youngblood V, Chen J, Brantley-Sieders DM. Host deficiency in ephrin-A1 inhibits breast cancer metastasis. F1000Res 2020; 9:217. [PMID: 32399207 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.22689.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The conventional dogma of treating cancer by focusing on the elimination of tumor cells has been recently refined to include consideration of the tumor microenvironment, which includes host stromal cells. Ephrin-A1, a cell surface protein involved in adhesion and migration, has been shown to be tumor suppressive in the context of the cancer cell. However, its role in the host has not been fully investigated. Here, we examine how ephrin-A1 host deficiency affects cancer growth and metastasis in a murine model of breast cancer. Methods: 4T1 cells were orthotopically implanted into the mammary fat pads or injected into the tail veins of ephrin-A1 wild-type ( Efna1 +/+), heterozygous ( Efna1 +/-), or knockout ( Efna1 -/-) mice. Tumor growth, lung metastasis, and tumor recurrence after surgical resection were measured. Flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry (IHC) were used to analyze various cell populations in primary tumors and tumor-bearing lungs. Results: While primary tumor growth did not differ between Efna1 +/+, Efna1 +/-, and Efna1 -/- mice, lung metastasis and primary tumor recurrence were significantly decreased in knockout mice. Efna1 -/- mice had reduced lung colonization of 4T1 cells compared to Efna1 +/+ littermate controls as early as 24 hours after tail vein injection. Furthermore, established lung lesions in Efna1 -/- mice had reduced proliferation compared to those in Efna1 +/+ controls. Conclusions: Our studies demonstrate that host deficiency of ephrin-A1 does not impact primary tumor growth but does affect metastasis by providing a less favorable metastatic niche for cancer cell colonization and growth. Elucidating the mechanisms by which host ephrin-A1 impacts cancer relapse and metastasis may shed new light on novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen Shiuan
- Program in Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.,Medical Scientist Training Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Ashwin Inala
- Program in Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Shan Wang
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, 37212, USA.,Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Wenqiang Song
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, 37212, USA.,Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | | | - Jin Chen
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, 37212, USA.,Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.,Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Dana M Brantley-Sieders
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.,Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
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5
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Fujiwara H, Ono M, Sato Y, Imakawa K, Iizuka T, Kagami K, Fujiwara T, Horie A, Tani H, Hattori A, Daikoku T, Araki Y. Promoting Roles of Embryonic Signals in Embryo Implantation and Placentation in Cooperation with Endocrine and Immune Systems. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21051885. [PMID: 32164226 PMCID: PMC7084435 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Embryo implantation in the uterus is an essential process for successful pregnancy in mammals. In general, the endocrine system induces sufficient embryo receptivity in the endometrium, where adhesion-promoting molecules increase and adhesion-inhibitory molecules decrease. Although the precise mechanisms remain unknown, it is widely accepted that maternal–embryo communications, including embryonic signals, improve the receptive ability of the sex steroid hormone-primed endometrium. The embryo may utilize repulsive forces produced by an Eph–ephrin system for its timely attachment to and subsequent invasion through the endometrial epithelial layer. Importantly, the embryonic signals are considered to act on maternal immune cells to induce immune tolerance. They also elicit local inflammation that promotes endometrial differentiation and maternal tissue remodeling during embryo implantation and placentation. Additional clarification of the immune control mechanisms by embryonic signals, such as human chorionic gonadotropin, pre-implantation factor, zona pellucida degradation products, and laeverin, will aid in the further development of immunotherapy to minimize implantation failure in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Fujiwara
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa 920-8641, Japan; (M.O.); (T.I.); (K.K.)
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +81-(0)76-265-2425; Fax: +81-(0)76-234-4266
| | - Masanori Ono
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa 920-8641, Japan; (M.O.); (T.I.); (K.K.)
| | - Yukiyasu Sato
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Takamatsu Red Cross Hospital, Takamatsu 760-0017, Japan;
| | - Kazuhiko Imakawa
- Research Institute of Agriculture, Tokai University, Kumamoto 862-8652, Japan;
| | - Takashi Iizuka
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa 920-8641, Japan; (M.O.); (T.I.); (K.K.)
| | - Kyosuke Kagami
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa 920-8641, Japan; (M.O.); (T.I.); (K.K.)
| | - Tomoko Fujiwara
- Department of Home Science and Welfare, Kyoto Notre Dame University, Kyoto 606-0847, Japan;
| | - Akihito Horie
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan; (A.H.); (H.T.)
| | - Hirohiko Tani
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan; (A.H.); (H.T.)
| | - Akira Hattori
- Department of System Chemotherapy and Molecular Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan;
| | - Takiko Daikoku
- Division of Transgenic Animal Science, Advanced Science Research Center, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-8640, Japan;
| | - Yoshihiko Araki
- Institute for Environmental and Gender-specific Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Urayasu 279-0021, Japan;
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
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6
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Fu Y, Li L, Fang X, Li B, Zhao W, Zhou L, Ren S. Investigation of Eph‐ephrin A1 in the regulation of embryo implantation in sows. Reprod Domest Anim 2018; 53:1563-1574. [DOI: 10.1111/rda.13308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanfeng Fu
- Institute of Animal Science/Key Laboratory of Animal Breed Improvement and reproduction/Jiangsu Germplasm Resources Protection and Utilization Platform Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences Nanjing China
- Key Laboratory of Crop and Livestock Integrated FarmingMinistry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Nanjing China
| | - Lan Li
- Institute of Animal Immune Engineering Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences Nanjing China
| | - Xiaomin Fang
- Institute of Animal Science/Key Laboratory of Animal Breed Improvement and reproduction/Jiangsu Germplasm Resources Protection and Utilization Platform Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences Nanjing China
- Key Laboratory of Crop and Livestock Integrated FarmingMinistry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Nanjing China
| | - Bixia Li
- Institute of Animal Science/Key Laboratory of Animal Breed Improvement and reproduction/Jiangsu Germplasm Resources Protection and Utilization Platform Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences Nanjing China
| | - Weimin Zhao
- Institute of Animal Science/Key Laboratory of Animal Breed Improvement and reproduction/Jiangsu Germplasm Resources Protection and Utilization Platform Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences Nanjing China
| | - Lisheng Zhou
- Institute of Animal Science/Key Laboratory of Animal Breed Improvement and reproduction/Jiangsu Germplasm Resources Protection and Utilization Platform Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences Nanjing China
| | - Shouwen Ren
- Institute of Animal Science/Key Laboratory of Animal Breed Improvement and reproduction/Jiangsu Germplasm Resources Protection and Utilization Platform Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences Nanjing China
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7
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Lim W, Bae H, Bazer FW, Song G. Ephrin A1 promotes proliferation of bovine endometrial cells with abundant expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen and cyclin D1 changing the cell population at each stage of the cell cycle. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:4864-4873. [PMID: 30238980 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Ephrin A1 has a role in a variety of biological events, including cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, and angiogenesis. Ephrin A1 expression is abundant in trophoblasts and endometrial cells during the implantation period; however, its intracellular activities have not yet been reported in bovine endometrial (BEND) epithelial cells. The aim of this study was to identify the functional role of ephrin A1 in BEND cells, which have served as a good model system for investigating the regulation of signal transduction following treatment with interferon-τ (IFNT) in vitro. Supplementation of ephrin A1 to BEND cells increased cell proliferation and increased levels of proliferating cell nuclear antigen and cyclin D1 protein in BEND cell nuclei. To investigate intracellular mechanisms regulated by ephrin A1, we performed Western blot analysis focused on mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling, which are significantly involved in the successful maintenance of pregnancy. Ephrin A1 dose-dependently increased phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK)1/2, c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK), P38, protein kinase B (AKT), P70S6K, S6, and cyclin D1, and the activated proteins were suppressed by pharmacological inhibitors including wortmannin (a PI3K inhibitor), U0126 (an ERK1/2 inhibitor), and SP600125 (a JNK inhibitor). Among ephrin A1 receptors, abundant expression of EPHA2 and EPHA4 messenger RNA was detected in BEND cells by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis. Furthermore, tunicamycin-induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress was inactivated by ephrin A1 treatment of BEND cells. Our findings suggest that ephrin A1 promotes the development of BEND cells and likely enhances uterine capacity and maintenance of pregnancy by activating MAPK and PI3K signaling cascades and by restoring ER stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Whasun Lim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung, Korea
| | - Hyocheol Bae
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Fuller W Bazer
- Department of Animal Science, Center for Animal Biotechnology and Genomics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Gwonhwa Song
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
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8
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Fu Y, Knox RV, Li L, Ren S. Differential gene expression of Eph-ephrin A1 and LEPR-LEP with high or low number of embryos in pigs during implantation. Reprod Domest Anim 2018; 53:937-946. [PMID: 29740882 DOI: 10.1111/rda.13192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to ascertain whether mRNA and protein expressions of implantation-related genes (erythropoietin-producing hepatocellular receptor-ligand A1, Eph-ephrin A1 and leptin receptor-leptin, LEPR-LEP) differed between pigs with high and low number of embryos, and whether these differences in gene expression might affect embryo implantation. Experimental pig groups (n = 24) for high and low number of embryos were prepared by altering the number of eggs ovulated in pre-pubertal gilts treated with 1.5 × (High) or 1.0 × (Low) PG600 ([400 IU PMSG + 200 IU hCG]/dose, AKZO-NOBEL). Gilts expressing oestrus were artificially inseminated twice and maintained in breeding and gestation until the reproductive tract was collected on day 22 of pregnancy. At slaughter, the reproductive tracts from each pregnant gilt from each treatment were immediately processed to collect samples for RNA and protein analysis. Within each gilt, three conceptus points were sampled, one from each horn and then a random conceptus within the tract. At each conceptus point, endometrial attachment site, chorion-allantois and embryo were collected and immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen. Number of corpus luteum (CL) (35.4 vs. 12.6) and total embryo number (18.8 vs. 10.2) were greater in the high-embryo compared to the low-embryo group, respectively (p < .05). Real-time qPCR results showed that Eph-ephrin A1 mRNA expression was less in the high-embryo (p < .05) compared to the low-embryo group. In addition, Western blotting analysis indicated that Eph-ephrin A1 and LEP protein expression at endometrial attachment site in high-embryo was less (p < .05) compared to low-embryo group. It was also noted that mRNA expression of Eph-ephrin A1 and LEPR-LEP was greater in pregnant than non-pregnant gilts (p < .05). Moreover, mRNA expression of Eph-ephrin A1 (p < .05) and LEPR-LEP was greatest at endometrial attachment site among all three tissues. There was a positive correlation between expressions of Eph-ephrin A1, LEPR-LEP and embryo length with the correlation coefficient 0.31-0.59. For Eph-ephrin A1, the highest correlation coefficient appeared between Eph A1 expression and normal embryo number, between ephrin A1 expression and embryo length. For LEPR-LEP, the highest correlation coefficient appeared between LEPR-LEP expression and ovary weight (0.79 for both, p < .05), followed by embryo length and weight. The results of this study suggest that low expression of Eph-ephrin A1 and LEPR-LEP is somehow related to increased embryo number during implantation and that endometrial attachment site might be the main target tissue of these gene products. Yet, the increased expression of Eph-ephrin A1 and LEPR-LEP appeared associated with increased embryo growth (length and weight) and ovary weight, Eph-ephrin A1 and LEPR-LEP might play roles in the regulation of embryo implantation in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Fu
- Institute of Animal Science/The Key Laboratory of Animal Breed Improvement and reproduction, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Planting and Breeding Key Laboratory of National Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - R V Knox
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - L Li
- Institute of Animal Immune Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - S Ren
- Institute of Animal Science/The Key Laboratory of Animal Breed Improvement and reproduction, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Planting and Breeding Key Laboratory of National Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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9
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Kang M, Jeong W, Bae H, Lim W, Bazer FW, Song G. Bifunctional role of ephrin A1-Eph system in stimulating cell proliferation and protecting cells from cell death through the attenuation of ER stress and inflammatory responses in bovine mammary epithelial cells. J Cell Physiol 2017; 233:2560-2571. [PMID: 28777434 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Structural and functional development of the mammary gland is constant in the mammary gland life cycle. Eph receptors and their ligands, ephrins, control events through cell-to-cell interactions during embryonic development, and adult tissue homeostasis; however, little information on participation of ephrin A1, a representative ligand of the Eph receptor, in the development and function of normal mammary glands is known. In this study, we demonstrated functional effects of the ephrin A1-Eph system and mechanisms of its action on bovine mammary epithelial (MAC-T) cells. The in vitro cultured MAC-T cells expressed the ephrin A1 ligand and EphA1, A2, A4, A7, and A8 among the eight members of the Eph A family. Our results revealed that ephrin A1 induced MAC-T cell cycle progression and stimulated cell proliferation with abundant expression of nucleic PCNA and cyclin D1 proteins. Additionally, ephrin A1 induced activation of intracellular signaling molecules involved in PI3 K/AKT and MAPK signaling, and the proliferation-stimulating effect of ephrin A1 was mediated by activation of these pathways. Furthermore, ephrin A1 influenced expression and activation of various ER stress-related proteins and protected MAC-T cells from stress-induced cell death. Finally, ephrin A1 alleviated LPS-induced cell death through down-regulation of inflammatory cytokines. In conclusion, the results of this study suggest that the Eph A-ephrin A1 system is a positive factor in the increase and maintenance of epithelial cells in mammary glands of cows; the signaling system contributes to development, remodeling, and functionality of normal mammary glands and could overcome mastitis in cows and other mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minkyung Kang
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology and Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Wooyoung Jeong
- Department of Animal Resources Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyocheol Bae
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology and Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Whasun Lim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung, Republic of Korea
| | - Fuller W Bazer
- Center for Animal Biotechnology and Genomics and Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Gwonhwa Song
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology and Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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