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Sennfält S, Gustavsson P, Malmgren H, Gilland E, Almqvist H, Oscarson M, Engvall M, Björkhem I, Nilsson D, Lagerstedt-Robinson K, Svenningsson P, Paucar M. Novel findings in a Swedish primary familial brain calcification cohort. J Neurol Sci 2024; 460:123020. [PMID: 38642488 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2024.123020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Brain calcifications are frequent findings on imaging. In a small proportion of cases, these calcifications are associated with pathogenic gene variants, hence termed primary familial brain calcification (PFBC). The clinical penetrance is incomplete and phenotypic variability is substantial. This paper aims to characterize a Swedish PFBC cohort including 25 patients: 20 from seven families and five sporadic cases. METHODS Longitudinal clinical assessment and CT imaging were conducted, abnormalities were assessed using the total calcification score (TCS). Genetic analyses, including a panel of six known PFBC genes, were performed in all index and sporadic cases. Additionally, three patients carrying a novel pathogenic copy number variant in SLC20A2 had their cerebrospinal fluid phosphate (CSF-Pi) levels measured. RESULTS Among the 25 patients, the majority (76%) displayed varying symptoms during the initial assessment including motor (60%), psychiatric (40%), and/or cognitive abnormalities (24%). Clinical progression was observed in most patients (78.6%), but there was no significant difference in calcification between the first and second scans, with mean scores of 27.3 and 32.8, respectively. In three families and two sporadic cases, pathogenic genetic variants were identified, including a novel finding, in the SLC20A2 gene. In the three tested patients, the CSF-Pi levels were normal. CONCLUSIONS This report demonstrates the variable expressivity seen in PFBC and includes a novel pathogenic variant in the SLC20A2 gene. In four families and three sporadic cases, no pathogenic variants were found, suggesting that new PFBC genes remain to be discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Sennfält
- Department of Neurology, Karolinska University Hospital, Hälsovägen 13 R52, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 6, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Peter Gustavsson
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Vägen, 171 76500 Solna, Sweden; Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 6, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Helena Malmgren
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Vägen, 171 76500 Solna, Sweden; Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 6, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Eric Gilland
- Department of Neurology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Blå stråket 7, 413 46 Göteborg, Sweden.
| | - Håkan Almqvist
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 6, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Radiology, Capio S:t Goran Hospital, Sankt Göransplan 1, 112 19 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Mikael Oscarson
- Centre for Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Anna Steckséns g 47, 171 76 Solna, Sweden.
| | - Martin Engvall
- Centre for Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Anna Steckséns g 47, 171 76 Solna, Sweden.
| | - Ingemar Björkhem
- Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm, Tomtebodavägen 23, 171 65 Solna, Sweden.
| | - Daniel Nilsson
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Vägen, 171 76500 Solna, Sweden; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Alfred Nobels Allé 8, 141 52 Huddinge, Sweden.
| | - Kristina Lagerstedt-Robinson
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Vägen, 171 76500 Solna, Sweden; Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 6, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Per Svenningsson
- Department of Neurology, Karolinska University Hospital, Hälsovägen 13 R52, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 6, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Martin Paucar
- Department of Neurology, Karolinska University Hospital, Hälsovägen 13 R52, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 6, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Chelban V, Aksnes H, Maroofian R, LaMonica LC, Seabra L, Siggervåg A, Devic P, Shamseldin HE, Vandrovcova J, Murphy D, Richard AC, Quenez O, Bonnevalle A, Zanetti MN, Kaiyrzhanov R, Salpietro V, Efthymiou S, Schottlaender LV, Morsy H, Scardamaglia A, Tariq A, Pagnamenta AT, Pennavaria A, Krogstad LS, Bekkelund ÅK, Caiella A, Glomnes N, Brønstad KM, Tury S, Moreno De Luca A, Boland-Auge A, Olaso R, Deleuze JF, Anheim M, Cretin B, Vona B, Alajlan F, Abdulwahab F, Battini JL, İpek R, Bauer P, Zifarelli G, Gungor S, Kurul SH, Lochmuller H, Da'as SI, Fakhro KA, Gómez-Pascual A, Botía JA, Wood NW, Horvath R, Ernst AM, Rothman JE, McEntagart M, Crow YJ, Alkuraya FS, Nicolas G, Arnesen T, Houlden H. Biallelic NAA60 variants with impaired n-terminal acetylation capacity cause autosomal recessive primary familial brain calcifications. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2269. [PMID: 38480682 PMCID: PMC10937998 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46354-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Primary familial brain calcification (PFBC) is characterized by calcium deposition in the brain, causing progressive movement disorders, psychiatric symptoms, and cognitive decline. PFBC is a heterogeneous disorder currently linked to variants in six different genes, but most patients remain genetically undiagnosed. Here, we identify biallelic NAA60 variants in ten individuals from seven families with autosomal recessive PFBC. The NAA60 variants lead to loss-of-function with lack of protein N-terminal (Nt)-acetylation activity. We show that the phosphate importer SLC20A2 is a substrate of NAA60 in vitro. In cells, loss of NAA60 caused reduced surface levels of SLC20A2 and a reduction in extracellular phosphate uptake. This study establishes NAA60 as a causal gene for PFBC, provides a possible biochemical explanation of its disease-causing mechanisms and underscores NAA60-mediated Nt-acetylation of transmembrane proteins as a fundamental process for healthy neurobiological functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viorica Chelban
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK.
- Neurobiology and Medical Genetics Laboratory, "Nicolae Testemitanu" State University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 165, Stefan cel Mare si Sfant Boulevard, MD, 2004, Chisinau, Republic of Moldova.
| | - Henriette Aksnes
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Reza Maroofian
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Lauren C LaMonica
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Luis Seabra
- Université Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Neuroinflammation, INSERM UMR 1163, Paris, France
| | | | - Perrine Devic
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Groupement Hospitalier Sud, Service d'Explorations Fonctionnelles Neurologiques, Lyon, France
| | - Hanan E Shamseldin
- Department of Translational Genomics, Center for Genomic Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jana Vandrovcova
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - David Murphy
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Anne-Claire Richard
- Univ Rouen Normandie, Inserm U1245, CHU Rouen, Department of Genetics and CNRMAJ, F-76000, Rouen, France
| | - Olivier Quenez
- Univ Rouen Normandie, Inserm U1245, CHU Rouen, Department of Genetics and CNRMAJ, F-76000, Rouen, France
| | - Antoine Bonnevalle
- Univ Rouen Normandie, Inserm U1245, CHU Rouen, Department of Genetics and CNRMAJ, F-76000, Rouen, France
| | - M Natalia Zanetti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Rauan Kaiyrzhanov
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
- South Kazakhstan Medical Academy Shymkent, Shymkent, 160019, Kazakhstan
| | - Vincenzo Salpietro
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Stephanie Efthymiou
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Lucia V Schottlaender
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional (IIMT), CONICET-Universidad Austral, Av. Juan Domingo Perón 1500, B1629AHJ, Pilar, Argentina
- Instituto de medicina genómica (IMeG), Hospital Universitario Austral, Universidad Austral, Av. Juan Domingo Perón 1500, B1629AHJ, Pilar, Argentina
| | - Heba Morsy
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
- Department of Human Genetics, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Annarita Scardamaglia
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Ambreen Tariq
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Alistair T Pagnamenta
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ajia Pennavaria
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Liv S Krogstad
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Åse K Bekkelund
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Alessia Caiella
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Nina Glomnes
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5020, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Sandrine Tury
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Andrés Moreno De Luca
- Department of Radiology, Autism & Developmental Medicine Institute, Geisinger, Lewisburg, PA, USA
- Department of Radiology, Neuroradiology Section, Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Queen's University Faculty of Health Sciences, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anne Boland-Auge
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine (CNRGH), 91057, Evry, France
| | - Robert Olaso
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine (CNRGH), 91057, Evry, France
| | - Jean-François Deleuze
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine (CNRGH), 91057, Evry, France
| | - Mathieu Anheim
- Neurology Department, Strasbourg University Hospital, Strasbourg, France
- Strasbourg Federation of Translational Medicine (FMTS), Strasbourg University, Strasbourg, France
- INSERM-U964; CNRS-UMR7104, University of Strasbourg, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Benjamin Cretin
- Neurology Department, Strasbourg University Hospital, Strasbourg, France
- Strasbourg Federation of Translational Medicine (FMTS), Strasbourg University, Strasbourg, France
- INSERM-U964; CNRS-UMR7104, University of Strasbourg, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Barbara Vona
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
- Institute for Auditory Neuroscience and InnerEarLab, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Fahad Alajlan
- Department of Neuroscience Center, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Firdous Abdulwahab
- Department of Translational Genomics, Center for Genomic Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jean-Luc Battini
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Rojan İpek
- Paediatric Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Dicle University, Diyarbakır, Turkey
| | - Peter Bauer
- Centogene GmbH, Am Strande 7, 18055, Rostock, Germany
| | | | - Serdal Gungor
- Inonu University, Faculty of Medicine, Turgut Ozal Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Neurology, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Semra Hiz Kurul
- Dokuz Eylul University, School of Medicine, Department of Paediatric Neurology, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Hanns Lochmuller
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Canada
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
- Department of Neuropediatrics and Muscle Disorders, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sahar I Da'as
- Department of Human Genetics, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Khalid A Fakhro
- Department of Human Genetics, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
- Weill Cornell Medical College, Doha, Qatar
| | - Alicia Gómez-Pascual
- Department of Information and Communications Engineering, University of Murcia, Campus Espinardo, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Juan A Botía
- Department of Information and Communications Engineering, University of Murcia, Campus Espinardo, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Nicholas W Wood
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
- Neurogenetics Laboratory, The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Rita Horvath
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Andreas M Ernst
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- School of Biological Sciences, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - James E Rothman
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Meriel McEntagart
- Medical Genetics Department, St George's University Hospitals, London, SWI7 0RE, UK
| | - Yanick J Crow
- Université Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Neuroinflammation, INSERM UMR 1163, Paris, France
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Fowzan S Alkuraya
- Department of Translational Genomics, Center for Genomic Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gaël Nicolas
- Univ Rouen Normandie, Inserm U1245, CHU Rouen, Department of Genetics and CNRMAJ, F-76000, Rouen, France
| | - Thomas Arnesen
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
- Department of Surgery, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Henry Houlden
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK.
- Neurogenetics Laboratory, The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, WC1N 3BG, UK.
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Chen SY, Ho CJ, Lu YT, Lin CH, Lan MY, Tsai MH. The Genetics of Primary Familial Brain Calcification: A Literature Review. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10886. [PMID: 37446066 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary familial brain calcification (PFBC), also known as Fahr's disease, is a rare inherited disorder characterized by bilateral calcification in the basal ganglia according to neuroimaging. Other brain regions, such as the thalamus, cerebellum, and subcortical white matter, can also be affected. Among the diverse clinical phenotypes, the most common manifestations are movement disorders, cognitive deficits, and psychiatric disturbances. Although patients with PFBC always exhibit brain calcification, nearly one-third of cases remain clinically asymptomatic. Due to advances in the genetics of PFBC, the diagnostic criteria of PFBC may need to be modified. Hitherto, seven genes have been associated with PFBC, including four dominant inherited genes (SLC20A2, PDGFRB, PDGFB, and XPR1) and three recessive inherited genes (MYORG, JAM2, and CMPK2). Nevertheless, around 50% of patients with PFBC do not have pathogenic variants in these genes, and further PFBC-associated genes are waiting to be identified. The function of currently known genes suggests that PFBC could be caused by the dysfunction of the neurovascular unit, the dysregulation of phosphate homeostasis, or mitochondrial dysfunction. An improved understanding of the underlying pathogenic mechanisms for PFBC may facilitate the development of novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Ying Chen
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung 833401, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Jui Ho
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung 833401, Taiwan
| | - Yan-Ting Lu
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung 833401, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsiang Lin
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung 833401, Taiwan
| | - Min-Yu Lan
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung 833401, Taiwan
- Center for Parkinson's Disease, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung 833401, Taiwan
- Center for Mitochondrial Research and Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung 833401, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Han Tsai
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung 833401, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333323, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung 833401, Taiwan
- Genomics and Proteomics Core Laboratory, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung 833401, Taiwan
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Golgi damage caused by dysfunction of PiT-2 in primary familial brain calcification. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 642:167-174. [PMID: 36584480 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.12.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The Golgi apparatus is vital for protein modification and molecular trafficking. It is essential for nerve development and activity, and damage thereof is implicated in many neurological diseases. Primary familial brain calcification (PFBC) is a rare inherited neurodegenerative disease characterized by multiple brain calcifications. SLC20A2, which encodes the inorganic phosphate transporter 2 (PiT-2) protein, is the main pathogenic gene in PFBC. The PiT-2 protein is a sodium-dependent phosphate type III transporter, and dysfunction leads to a deficit in the cellular intake of inorganic phosphate (Pi) and calcium deposits. Whether the impaired Golgi apparatus is involved in the PFBC procession requires elucidation. In this study, we constructed induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) derived from two PFBC patients with different SLC20A2 gene mutations (c.613G > A or del exon10) and two healthy volunteers as dependable cell models for research on pathogenic mechanism. To study the mechanism, we differentiated iPSCs into neurons and astrocytes in vitro. Our study found disruptive Golgi structure and damaged autophagy in PFBC neurons with increased activity of mTOR. We also found damaged mitochondria and increased apoptosis in the PFBC dopaminergic neurons and astrocytes. In this study, we prove that dysfunctional PiT-2 leads to an imbalance of cellular Pi, which may disrupt the Golgi apparatus with impaired autophagy, mitochondria and apoptosis in PFBC. Our study provides a new avenue for understanding nerve damage and pathogenic mechanism in brain calcifications.
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Inden M, Kimura Y, Nishii K, Masaka T, Takase N, Tsutsui M, Ohuchi K, Kurita H, Hozumi I. Role of phosphate transporter PiT-2 in the pathogenesis of primary brain calcification. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 640:21-25. [PMID: 36495606 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.11.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
Primary brain calcification (PBC), also known as idiopathic basal ganglia calcification (IBGC), primary familial brain calcification (PFBC) and so on, is a rare intractable disease characterized by abnormal mineral deposits, including mostly calcium in the basal ganglia, thalamus, and cerebellum. The causative gene of familial PBC is SLC20A2, which encodes the phosphate transporter PiT-2. Despite this knowledge, the molecular mechanism underlying SLC20A2-associated PBC remains unclear. In the present study, we investigated whether haploinsufficiency or a dominant-negative mechanism reduced Pi uptake in two PiT-2 variants (T115 M and R467X). We demonstrated that the presence of T115 M or R467X had no dominant-negative effect on Pi transport activity of wild-type (WT). In addition, the subcellular localization of R467X completely differed from that of WT, indicating that there is no interaction between R467X and WT. Conversely, T115 M and WT showed almost the same localization. Therefore, we examined the interaction between T115 M and WT using the bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) method. Although WT and T115 M interact with each other, T115 M does not inhibit WT's Pi transport activity. These results suggest that the role of SLC20A2 in the pathogenesis of PBC may involve decreased intracellular Pi uptake by a haploinsufficiency mechanism rather than a dominant-negative mechanism; agents promoting PiT-2 dimerization may be promising potential therapeutic agents for PBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Inden
- Laboratory of Medical Therapeutics and Molecular Therapeutics, Department Biomedical Pharmaceutics, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi Gifu City, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan.
| | - Yuna Kimura
- Laboratory of Medical Therapeutics and Molecular Therapeutics, Department Biomedical Pharmaceutics, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi Gifu City, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan
| | - Kazuya Nishii
- Laboratory of Medical Therapeutics and Molecular Therapeutics, Department Biomedical Pharmaceutics, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi Gifu City, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Masaka
- Laboratory of Medical Therapeutics and Molecular Therapeutics, Department Biomedical Pharmaceutics, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi Gifu City, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan
| | - Naoko Takase
- Laboratory of Medical Therapeutics and Molecular Therapeutics, Department Biomedical Pharmaceutics, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi Gifu City, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan
| | - Mai Tsutsui
- Laboratory of Medical Therapeutics and Molecular Therapeutics, Department Biomedical Pharmaceutics, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi Gifu City, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan
| | - Kazuki Ohuchi
- Laboratory of Medical Therapeutics and Molecular Therapeutics, Department Biomedical Pharmaceutics, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi Gifu City, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan
| | - Hisaka Kurita
- Laboratory of Medical Therapeutics and Molecular Therapeutics, Department Biomedical Pharmaceutics, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi Gifu City, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan
| | - Isao Hozumi
- Laboratory of Medical Therapeutics and Molecular Therapeutics, Department Biomedical Pharmaceutics, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi Gifu City, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan
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Kulesza T, Typiak M, Rachubik P, Audzeyenka I, Rogacka D, Angielski S, Saleem MA, Piwkowska A. Hyperglycemic environment disrupts phosphate transporter function and promotes calcification processes in podocytes and isolated glomeruli. J Cell Physiol 2022; 237:2478-2491. [PMID: 35150131 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Soft tissue calcification is a pathological phenomenon that often occurs in end-stage chronic kidney disease (CKD), which is caused by diabetic nephropathy, among other factors. Hyperphosphatemia present during course of CKD contributes to impairments in kidney function, particularly damages in the glomerular filtration barrier (GFB). Essential elements of the GFB include glomerular epithelial cells, called podocytes. In the present study, we found that human immortalized podocytes express messenger RNA and protein of phosphate transporters, including NaPi 2c (SLC34A3), Pit 1 (SLC20A1), and Pit 2 (SLC20A2), which are sodium-dependent and mediate intracellular phosphate (Pi) transport, and XPR1, which is responsible for extracellular Pi transport. We found that cells that were grown in a medium with a high glucose (HG) concentration (30 mM) expressed less Pit 1 and Pit 2 protein than podocytes that were cultured in a standard glucose medium (11 mM). We found that exposure of the analyzed transporters in the cell membrane of the podocyte is altered by HG conditions. We also found that the activity of tissue nonspecific alkaline phosphatase increased in HG, causing a rise in Pi generation. Additionally, HG led to a reduction of the amount of ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1 in the cell membrane of podocytes. The extracellular concentration of pyrophosphate also decreased under HG conditions. These data suggest that a hyperglycemic environment enhances the production of Pi in podocytes and its retention in the extracellular space, which may induce glomerular calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Kulesza
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Nephrology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Marlena Typiak
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Nephrology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Gdansk, Poland.,Department of General and Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Patrycja Rachubik
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Nephrology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Irena Audzeyenka
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Nephrology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Gdansk, Poland.,Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Dorota Rogacka
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Nephrology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Gdansk, Poland.,Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Stefan Angielski
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Nephrology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Gdansk, Poland
| | | | - Agnieszka Piwkowska
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Nephrology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Gdansk, Poland.,Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
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7
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Li Y, Lin X, Zhu M, Xun F, Li J, Yuan Z, Liu Y, Xu H. A mutation in SLC20A2 (c.C1849T) promotes proliferation while inhibiting hypertrophic differentiation in ATDC5 chondrocytes. Bone Joint Res 2020; 9:751-760. [PMID: 33135420 PMCID: PMC7649514 DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.911.bjr-2020-0112.r1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS This study aimed to investigate the effect of solute carrier family 20 member 2 (SLC20A2) gene mutation (identified from a hereditary multiple exostoses family) on chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation. METHODS ATDC5 chondrocytes were cultured in insulin-transferrin-selenium medium to induce differentiation. Cells were transfected with pcDNA3.0 plasmids with either a wild-type (WT) or mutated (MUT) SLC20A2 gene. The inorganic phosphate (Pi) concentration in the medium of cells was determined. The expression of markers of chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation, the Indian hedgehog (Ihh), and parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) pathway were evaluated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and western blotting. RESULTS The expression of SLC20A2 in MUT group was similar to WT group. The Pi concentration in the medium of cells in MUT group was significantly higher than WT group, which meant the SLC20A2 mutation inhibited Pi uptake in ATDC5 chondrocytes. The proliferation rate of ATDC5 chondrocytes in MUT group was greater than WT group. The expression of aggrecan (Acan), α-1 chain of type II collagen (COL2A1), and SRY-box transcription factor 9 (SOX9) were higher in MUT group than WT group. However, the expression of Runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2), α-1 chain of type X collagen (COL10A1), and matrix metallopeptidase 13 (MMP13) was significantly decreased in the MUT group. Similar results were obtained by Alcian blue and Alizarin red staining. The expression of Ihh and PTHrP in MUT group was higher than WT group. An inhibitor (cyclopamine) of Ihh/PTHrP signalling pathway inhibited the proliferation and restored the differentiation of chondrocytes in MUT group. CONCLUSION A mutation in SLC20A2 (c.C1948T) decreases Pi uptake in ATDC5 chondrocytes. SLC20A2 mutation promotes chondrocyte proliferation while inhibiting chondrocyte differentiation. The Ihh/PTHrP signalling pathway may play an important role in this process. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2020;9(11):751-760.
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Affiliation(s)
- YiQiang Li
- Department of Pediatric Orthopaedics, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - XueMei Lin
- Department of Pediatric Orthopaedics, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - MingWei Zhu
- Department of Pediatric Orthopaedics, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - FuXing Xun
- Department of Pediatric Orthopaedics, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - JingChun Li
- Department of Pediatric Orthopaedics, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhe Yuan
- Department of Pediatric Orthopaedics, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - YanHan Liu
- Department of Pediatric Orthopaedics, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - HongWen Xu
- Department of Pediatric Orthopaedics, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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8
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Tsai JY, Chu CH, Lin MG, Chou YH, Hong RY, Yen CY, Hsiao CD, Sun YJ. Structure of the sodium-dependent phosphate transporter reveals insights into human solute carrier SLC20. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eabb4024. [PMID: 32821837 PMCID: PMC7413737 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abb4024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Inorganic phosphate (Pi) is a fundamental and essential element for nucleotide biosynthesis, energy supply, and cellular signaling in living organisms. Human phosphate transporter (hPiT) dysfunction causes numerous diseases, but the molecular mechanism underlying transporters remains elusive. We report the structure of the sodium-dependent phosphate transporter from Thermotoga maritima (TmPiT) in complex with sodium and phosphate (TmPiT-Na/Pi) at 2.3-angstrom resolution. We reveal that one phosphate and two sodium ions (Pi-2Na) are located at the core of TmPiT and that the third sodium ion (Nafore) is located near the inner membrane boundary. We propose an elevator-like mechanism for sodium and phosphate transport by TmPiT, with the TmPiT-Na/Pi complex adopting an inward occluded conformation. We found that disease-related hPiT variants carry mutations in the corresponding sodium- and phosphate-binding residues identified in TmPiT. Our three-dimensional structure of TmPiT provides a framework for understanding PiT dysfunction and for future structure-based drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Yin Tsai
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, College of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
| | - Chen-Hsi Chu
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, College of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
| | - Min-Guan Lin
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
| | - Ying-Hsuan Chou
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, College of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
| | - Ruei-Yi Hong
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, College of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
| | - Cheng-Yi Yen
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, College of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
| | - Chwan-Deng Hsiao
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
- Corresponding author. (C.-D.H.); (Y.-J.S.)
| | - Yuh-Ju Sun
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, College of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
- Corresponding author. (C.-D.H.); (Y.-J.S.)
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9
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Primary familial brain calcification presenting as paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia: Genetic and functional analyses. Neurosci Lett 2020; 714:134543. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2019.134543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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10
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Zarb Y, Weber-Stadlbauer U, Kirschenbaum D, Kindler DR, Richetto J, Keller D, Rademakers R, Dickson DW, Pasch A, Byzova T, Nahar K, Voigt FF, Helmchen F, Boss A, Aguzzi A, Klohs J, Keller A. Ossified blood vessels in primary familial brain calcification elicit a neurotoxic astrocyte response. Brain 2019; 142:885-902. [PMID: 30805583 PMCID: PMC6439320 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awz032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain calcifications are commonly detected in aged individuals and accompany numerous brain diseases, but their functional importance is not understood. In cases of primary familial brain calcification, an autosomally inherited neuropsychiatric disorder, the presence of bilateral brain calcifications in the absence of secondary causes of brain calcification is a diagnostic criterion. To date, mutations in five genes including solute carrier 20 member 2 (SLC20A2), xenotropic and polytropic retrovirus receptor 1 (XPR1), myogenesis regulating glycosidase (MYORG), platelet-derived growth factor B (PDGFB) and platelet-derived growth factor receptor β (PDGFRB), are considered causal. Previously, we have reported that mutations in PDGFB in humans are associated with primary familial brain calcification, and mice hypomorphic for PDGFB (Pdgfbret/ret) present with brain vessel calcifications in the deep regions of the brain that increase with age, mimicking the pathology observed in human mutation carriers. In this study, we characterize the cellular environment surrounding calcifications in Pdgfbret/ret animals and show that cells around vessel-associated calcifications express markers for osteoblasts, osteoclasts and osteocytes, and that bone matrix proteins are present in vessel-associated calcifications. Additionally, we also demonstrate the osteogenic environment around brain calcifications in genetically confirmed primary familial brain calcification cases. We show that calcifications cause oxidative stress in astrocytes and evoke expression of neurotoxic astrocyte markers. Similar to previously reported human primary familial brain calcification cases, we describe high interindividual variation in calcification load in Pdgfbret/ret animals, as assessed by ex vivo and in vivo quantification of calcifications. We also report that serum of Pdgfbret/ret animals does not differ in calcification propensity from control animals and that vessel calcification occurs only in the brains of Pdgfbret/ret animals. Notably, ossification of vessels and astrocytic neurotoxic response is associated with specific behavioural and cognitive alterations, some of which are associated with primary familial brain calcification in a subset of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvette Zarb
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neuroscience Center, Zurich University Hospital, Zurich University, Zurich, Switzerland.,Neuroscience Center Zurich (ZNZ), University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ulrike Weber-Stadlbauer
- Institute of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich-Vetsuisse, Zurich University, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Kirschenbaum
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neuroscience Center, Zurich University Hospital, Zurich University, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Diana Rita Kindler
- Institute of Neuropathology, Zurich University Hospital, Zurich University, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Juliet Richetto
- Institute of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich-Vetsuisse, Zurich University, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Keller
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, ETH and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rosa Rademakers
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Zurich University Hospital, Zurich University, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dennis W Dickson
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Zurich University Hospital, Zurich University, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Pasch
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | | | - Khayrun Nahar
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neuroscience Center, Zurich University Hospital, Zurich University, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Fabian F Voigt
- Neuroscience Center Zurich (ZNZ), University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Brain Research Institute, Zurich University, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Fritjof Helmchen
- Neuroscience Center Zurich (ZNZ), University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Brain Research Institute, Zurich University, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Boss
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, ETH and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Adriano Aguzzi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neuroscience Center, Zurich University Hospital, Zurich University, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jan Klohs
- Institute of Neuropathology, Zurich University Hospital, Zurich University, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Annika Keller
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neuroscience Center, Zurich University Hospital, Zurich University, Zurich, Switzerland.,Neuroscience Center Zurich (ZNZ), University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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11
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Nishii K, Shimogawa R, Kurita H, Inden M, Kobayashi M, Toyoshima I, Taguchi Y, Ueda A, Tamune H, Hozumi I. Partial reduced Pi transport function of PiT-2 might not be sufficient to induce brain calcification of idiopathic basal ganglia calcification. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17288. [PMID: 31754123 PMCID: PMC6872723 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53401-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic basal ganglia calcification (IBGC) is a rare intractable disease characterized by abnormal mineral deposits, including mostly calcium in the basal ganglia, thalamus, and cerebellum. SLC20A2 is encoding the phosphate transporter PiT-2 and was identified in 2012 as the causative gene of familial IBGC. In this study, we investigated functionally two novel SLC20A2 variants (c.680C > T, c.1487G > A) and two SLC20A2 variants (c.82G > A, c.358G > C) previously reported from patients with IBGC. We evaluated the function of variant PiT-2 using stable cell lines. While inorganic phosphate (Pi) transport activity was abolished in the cells with c.82G > A, c.358G > C, and c.1487G > A variants, activity was maintained at 27.8% of the reference level in cells with the c.680C > T variant. Surprisingly, the c.680C > T variant had been discovered by chance in healthy members of an IBGC family, suggesting that partial preservation of Pi transport activity may avoid the onset of IBGC. In addition, we confirmed that PiT-2 variants could be translocated into the cell membrane to the same extent as PiT-2 wild type. In conclusion, we investigated the PiT-2 dysfunction of four SLC20A2 variants and suggested that a partial reduced Pi transport function of PiT-2 might not be sufficient to induce brain calcification of IBGC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Nishii
- Laboratory of Medical Therapeutics and Molecular Therapeutics, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Ritsuko Shimogawa
- Laboratory of Medical Therapeutics and Molecular Therapeutics, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Hisaka Kurita
- Laboratory of Medical Therapeutics and Molecular Therapeutics, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Inden
- Laboratory of Medical Therapeutics and Molecular Therapeutics, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Michio Kobayashi
- Department of Neurology, National Hospital Organization Akita National Hospital, Akita, Japan
| | - Itaru Toyoshima
- Department of Neurology, National Hospital Organization Akita National Hospital, Akita, Japan
| | | | - Akihiro Ueda
- Department of Neurology, Fujita Health University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Tamune
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Tokyo Metropolitan Tama Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Isao Hozumi
- Laboratory of Medical Therapeutics and Molecular Therapeutics, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan.
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Huang YT, Zhang LH, Li MF, Cheng L, Zou GY, Zhou HH. A splice site mutation causing exon 6 skipping in SLC20A2 gene in a primary familial brain calcification family. Brain Res Bull 2019; 150:261-265. [PMID: 30634018 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2019.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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13
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Pericytes in Primary Familial Brain Calcification. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1147:247-264. [PMID: 31147881 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-16908-4_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Pericytes are perivascular cells along capillaries that are critical for the development of a functional vascular bed in the central nervous system and other organs. Pericyte functions in the adult brain are less well understood. Pericytes have been suggested to mediate functional hyperemia at the capillary level, regulate the blood-brain barrier and to give rise to scar tissue after spinal cord injury. Furthermore, pericyte loss has been suggested to precede cognitive decline in mouse models of Alzheimer's disease. Despite this observation, there is no convincing causality between pericyte loss and the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. However, recent loss-of-function mutations in PDGFB and PDGFRB genes have implicated pericytes as the principle cell type affected in primary familiar brain calcification (PFBC), a neuropsychiatric disorder with dominant inheritance. Here we review the role of the PDGFB/PDGFRB signaling pathway in pericyte development and briefly discuss homeostatic functions of pericytes in the brain. We provide an overview of recent studies with mouse models of PFBC and discuss suggested pathogenic mechanisms for PFBC with special reference to pericytes.
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14
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Ferrari C, Nacmias B, Sorbi S. The diagnosis of dementias: a practical tool not to miss rare causes. Neurol Sci 2017; 39:615-627. [PMID: 29198043 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-017-3206-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Dementia represents one of the most diffuse disorders of our Era. Alzheimer's disease is the principle cause of dementia worldwide. Metabolic, infectious, autoimmune, inflammatory, and genetic dementias represent a not negligible number of disorders, with increasing numbers in younger subjects. Due to the heterogeneity of patients and disorders, the diagnosis of dementia is challenging. In the present article, we propose a practical diagnostic approach following the two-step investigation procedure. The first step includes basic blood tests and brain neuroimaging, performed on all patients. After this first-line investigation, it is then possible to rule out metabolic causes of dementia and to identify three main subgroups in dementia: predominant gray matter atrophy, white matter disease, basal ganglia pathologies. The predominant gray matter atrophy subgroup includes neurodegenerative causes of dementia and some lysosomal storage disorders. The white matter subgroup indicates a comprehensive list of vascular dementia causes, mitochondrial diseases, and leukodystrophies. Whereas, the basal ganglia alterations are due to metal accumulation pathologies, such as iron, copper, or calcium. Each category has specific clinical hallmarks, accurately reported in the article, and requires specific second-line investigation. Thus, we indicate the distinct second diagnostic step of each disease. The proposed diagnostic flow-chart follows the clinical reasoning and helps clinicians through the differential diagnosis of dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Benedetta Nacmias
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini, 6, 50139, Florence, Italy
| | - Sandro Sorbi
- IRCCS Don Gnocchi, Via di Scandicci, Florence, Italy.,Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini, 6, 50139, Florence, Italy
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