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Qi W, Zhang Q. Insights on epithelial cells at the single-cell level in hepatocellular carcinoma prognosis and response to chemotherapy. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1292831. [PMID: 38044951 PMCID: PMC10690771 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1292831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) originates from Epithelial cells, and epithelial lineage plasticity has become a promising research direction for advancing HCC treatment. This study aims to focus on Epithelial cells to provide target insights for detecting HCC prognosis and response to drug therapy. Methods: Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) data from GSE149614 were clustered using Seurat, and the differentiation and evolution of epithelial cells were analyzed by Monocle 2. Scissor+ and Scissor- Epithelial cells associated with the prognostic phenotypes of bulk RNA-seq of HCC were screened using the Scissor algorithm for differential analysis to screen candidate genes. Candidate genes were overlapped with prognostic related genes screened by univariate Cox regression, and the Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) sparse penalty was imposed on the intersection genes to construct a risk assessment system. Results: Eight major cell subpopulations of HCC were identified, among which the proportion of epithelial cells in non-tumor liver tissues and HCC tissues was significantly different, and its proportion increased with advanced clinical stage. During the progression of HCC, the whole direction of epithelial cells differentiation trajectory was towards enhanced cell proliferation. Differential analysis between Scissor+ and Scissor- epithelial cells screened 1,265 upregulated and 191 downregulated prognostic candidate genes. Wherein, the upregulated genes were enriched in Cell processes, Genetic information processing, Metabolism and Human disease with Infection. Nevertheless, immune system related pathways took the main proportions in downregulated genes enriched pathways. There were 17 common genes between upregulated candidate genes and prognostic risk genes, of which CDC20, G6PD and PLOD2 were selected as components for constructing the risk assessment system. Risk score showed a significant correlation with tumor stage, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) related pathways and 22 therapeutic drugs, and was an independent prognostic factor for HCC. Conclusion: This study revealed the cellular composition of HCC, the differentiation evolution and functional landscape of epithelial cells in the further deterioration of HCC, and established a 3-gene risk model, which was closely related to clinical features, EMT, and drug sensitivity prediction. These findings provided insights in patient prognosis and drug therapy detection for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of digestive, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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2
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Abstract
Aim of the study CD326 has been used as a single marker to enrich for hepatic stem cell populations in the liver. However, bile duct epithelium is also positive for CD326, which impedes the selection of pure hepatic stem cell populations. Some markers have been proposed to be co-expressed by hepatic stem cells but these have not been systematically compared. Therefore, we determined the percentages and compared the characteristics of human liver cells expressing potential stem cell surface markers. Material and methods We analyzed CD326 expression in human liver tissues from fetal, neonatal, pediatric, and adult stages using immunohistochemistry. In flow cytometry, we quantified fetal liver cells for their co-expression of CD326 with CD56, CD117, CD44, CD90, CD49f, LGR5 and SSEA4. We analyzed the various fractions for their quantitative expression of genes typically associated with progenitors and hepatic lineages. Results 12.5% of cells were positive for CD326; of these, 63.5% co-expressed CD44. The lowest co-expression percentages were for SSEA4 (2.1%) and LGR5 (0.7%). Fractions revealed distinct gene expression patterns. Of all combinations, cells that co-expressed surface CD326 and SSEA4 demonstrated the highest gene expression for the proliferation marker MKi67 and hepatic markers DLK1, AFP and ALB, and were the only fraction negative for the biliary epithelial marker KRT19. Histology of adult and fetal liver showed cells positive for CD326 and SSEA4 but negative for CK19. Conclusions CD326-positive cells represent a heterogeneous population, which in combination with SSEA4 potentially distinguishes bile duct epithelium from hepatic stem cells. These findings can help to further classify human hepatic progenitor stages.
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Chen G, Yang Y, Liu W, Huang L, Yang L, Lei Y, Wu H, Lei Z, Guo J. EpCAM is essential for maintenance of the small intestinal epithelium architecture via regulation of the expression and localization of proteins that compose adherens junctions. Int J Mol Med 2020; 47:621-632. [PMID: 33416101 PMCID: PMC7797445 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2020.4815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) is highly expressed in mammalian intestines, and is essential for maintaining the homeostasis of the intestinal epithelium. EpCAM protein is localized at tight junctions and the basolateral membrane of the intestinal epithelium, where it interacts with many cell adhesion molecules. To explore the molecular functions of EpCAM in regulating adherens junctions in the intestinal epithelium, EpCAM knockout embryos and newborn pups were analyzed. Hematoxylin and eosin staining was used to assess the histology of the duodenum, jejunum, ileum and colon from wild-type and EpCAM−/− mice at E18.5, P0 and P3. The expression and localization of adherens junction-associated genes and genes that encode the proteins that participate in the assembly of adherens junctions were measured at the mRNA and protein levels using qPCR, western blot analysis and immunofluorescence staining. The results showed that although there was no significant damage to the intestines of EpCAM−/− mice at E18.5 and P0, they were significantly damaged at P3 in mutant mice. The expression of adherens junction-associated genes in EpCAM mutant mice was normal at the mRNA level from E18.5 to P3, but their protein levels were gradually reduced and mislocalized from E18.5 to P3. The expression of nectin 1, which can regulate the assembly and adhesion activity of E-cadherin, was also gradually reduced at both the mRNA and protein levels in the intestinal epithelium of EpCAM mutant mice from E18.5 to P3. In summary, the loss of EpCAM may cause the reduction and mislocalization of proteins that compose adherens junctions partly via the downregulation of nectin 1 in the intestines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guibin Chen
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine and Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Ministry of Education of China and Institute of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University and Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China
| | - Yanhong Yang
- The First Affiliated Hospital (School of Clinical Medicine), Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Wanwan Liu
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine and Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Ministry of Education of China and Institute of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University and Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China
| | - Li Huang
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine and Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Ministry of Education of China and Institute of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University and Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China
| | - Lanxiang Yang
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine and Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Ministry of Education of China and Institute of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University and Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China
| | - Yuting Lei
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine and Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Ministry of Education of China and Institute of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University and Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China
| | - Huijuan Wu
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine and Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Ministry of Education of China and Institute of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University and Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China
| | - Zili Lei
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine and Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Ministry of Education of China and Institute of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University and Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China
| | - Jiao Guo
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine and Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Ministry of Education of China and Institute of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University and Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China
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4
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Gires O, Pan M, Schinke H, Canis M, Baeuerle PA. Expression and function of epithelial cell adhesion molecule EpCAM: where are we after 40 years? Cancer Metastasis Rev 2020; 39:969-987. [PMID: 32507912 PMCID: PMC7497325 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-020-09898-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
EpCAM (epithelial cell adhesion molecule) was discovered four decades ago as a tumor antigen on colorectal carcinomas. Owing to its frequent and high expression on carcinomas and their metastases, EpCAM serves as a prognostic marker, a therapeutic target, and an anchor molecule on circulating and disseminated tumor cells (CTCs/DTCs), which are considered the major source for metastatic cancer cells. Today, EpCAM is reckoned as a multi-functional transmembrane protein involved in the regulation of cell adhesion, proliferation, migration, stemness, and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of carcinoma cells. To fulfill these functions, EpCAM is instrumental in intra- and intercellular signaling as a full-length molecule and following regulated intramembrane proteolysis, generating functionally active extra- and intracellular fragments. Intact EpCAM and its proteolytic fragments interact with claudins, CD44, E-cadherin, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), and intracellular signaling components of the WNT and Ras/Raf pathways, respectively. This plethora of functions contributes to shaping intratumor heterogeneity and partial EMT, which are major determinants of the clinical outcome of carcinoma patients. EpCAM represents a marker for the epithelial status of primary and systemic tumor cells and emerges as a measure for the metastatic capacity of CTCs. Consequentially, EpCAM has reclaimed potential as a prognostic marker and target on primary and systemic tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Gires
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377, Munich, Germany.
- Clinical Cooperation Group "Personalized Radiotherapy in Head and Neck Cancer", Helmholtz Zentrum, Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Min Pan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Youyi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Henrik Schinke
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Canis
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Patrick A Baeuerle
- Institute for Immunology, LMU Munich, Grosshadernerstr. 9, 82152 Planegg, Martinsried, Germany
- MPM Capital, Cambridge MA, 450 Kendall Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
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Effects of Delta-Like Noncanonical Notch Ligand 1 Expression of Human Fetal Liver Hepatoblasts on Hematopoietic Progenitors. Stem Cells Int 2019; 2019:7916275. [PMID: 31011334 PMCID: PMC6442310 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7916275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the hepatic and hematopoietic progenitors of the liver are well characterized, the interactions between these two lineages remain mostly elusive. Hepatoblasts express delta-like noncanonical Notch ligand 1 (Dlk1), whose cleaved extracellular domain can become a soluble protein. We assessed the effects of DLK1 gene expression knockdown in cultures of total fetal liver cells. Furthermore, we separated Dlk1+ hepatoblasts from the total liver cell fraction and investigated effects of direct cell contact. Dlk1− cells were cultured either without Dlk1+ hepatoblasts, in direct contact with hepatoblasts, or separated from hepatoblasts by a porous membrane in inserts to inhibit cell contact but allow free exchange of molecules. Expression of the hepatic and hematopoietic genes, colony forming unit potential of various hematopoietic progenitors, and cell numbers and types were investigated. We found that DLK1 knockdown in total fetal liver cell cultures decreased total cell numbers. The expression of hepatic progenitor genes and mature hematopoietic genes was affected. Hematopoietic BFU-E and CFU-GM colony numbers were reduced significantly. The depletion of Dlk1+ hepatoblasts in culture decreased the potential of all hematopoietic progenitors to form colonies of all types and reduced the percentage of mature hematopoietic cells. The addition of hepatoblasts in inserts to Dlk1− cells further decreased the potential to form the CFU-GM and CFU-GEMM colonies and the percentage of mature hematopoietic cells but increased total cell numbers. Conclusively, direct contact of Dlk1 supports hematopoietic progenitor expansion and functionality that cannot be reconstituted in coculture without direct cell contact.
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Schmelzer E. Hepatic progenitors of the fetal liver: Interactions with hematopoietic stem cells. Differentiation 2019; 106:9-14. [PMID: 30826473 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2019.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this review is to summarize and give an overview on the findings of signaling between hepatic and hematopoietic progenitors of the liver. To date, there are not many findings published in the field, and the aim of this review is to cover all current publications in this area. The liver is the main site of hematopoiesis during fetal development. However, little is known about how hepatic and other non-hematopoietic progenitors potentially influence hematopoiesis and vice versa. The concurrent peaks of hepatic and hematopoietic progenitor proliferation during development indicate interactions that could possibly be mediated through cell-cell contact, extracellular matrices, cytokines and growth factors, or other signaling molecules. For example, hepatic progenitors, such as hepatic stem cells and hepatoblasts, possess characteristic surface markers that can be cleaved, giving rise to fragments of various lengths. A surface molecule of hepatoblasts has been demonstrated to play an essential role in hematopoiesis. Particularly, these effects on hematopoiesis were distinct, depending on whether it was membrane-bound or cleaved. In this review, the various hepatic and hematopoietic progenitor cell types are concisely described, and the current findings of their potential interactions are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Schmelzer
- Department of Surgery, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, 3025 East Carson Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15203, USA.
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7
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Yahyazadeh Mashhadi SM, Kazemimanesh M, Arashkia A, Azadmanesh K, Meshkat Z, Golichenari B, Sahebkar A. Shedding light on the EpCAM: An overview. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:12569-12580. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Muhammad Yahyazadeh Mashhadi
- Department of Virology Pasteur Institute of Iran Tehran Iran
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
- Production Expert at Samandaroo 8 (Biotech Pharmaceutical) Co. Mashhad Iran
| | | | - Arash Arashkia
- Department of Virology Pasteur Institute of Iran Tehran Iran
| | | | - Zahra Meshkat
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
| | - Behrouz Golichenari
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
| | - Amirhosein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
- Neurogenic inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
- School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
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8
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Huang Y, Chanou A, Kranz G, Pan M, Kohlbauer V, Ettinger A, Gires O. Membrane-associated epithelial cell adhesion molecule is slowly cleaved by γ-secretase prior to efficient proteasomal degradation of its intracellular domain. J Biol Chem 2018; 294:3051-3064. [PMID: 30598504 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.005874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulated intramembrane proteolysis (RIP) is a key mechanism for activating transmembrane proteins such as epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) for cellular signaling and degradation. EpCAM is highly expressed in carcinomas and progenitor and embryonic stem cells and is involved in the regulation of cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation. Strictly sequential cleavage of EpCAM through RIP involves initial shedding of the extracellular domain by α-secretase (ADAM) and β-secretase (BACE) sheddases, generating a membrane-tethered C-terminal fragment EpCTF. Subsequently, the rate-limiting γ-secretase complex catalyzes intramembrane cleavage of EpCTF, generating an extracellular EpCAM-Aβ-like fragment and an intracellular EpICD fragment involved in nuclear signaling. Here, we have combined biochemical approaches with live-cell imaging of fluorescent protein tags to investigate the kinetics of γ-secretase-mediated intramembrane cleavage of EpCTF. We demonstrate that γ-secretase-mediated proteolysis of exogenously and endogenously expressed EpCTF is a slow process with a 50% protein turnover in cells ranging from 45 min to 5.5 h. The slow cleavage was dictated by γ-secretase activity and not by EpCTF species, as indicated by cross-species swapping experiments. Furthermore, both human and murine EpICDs generated from EpCTF by γ-secretase were degraded efficiently (94-99%) by the proteasome. Hence, proteolytic cleavage of EpCTF is a comparably slow process, and EpICD generation does not appear to be suited for rapidly transducing extracellular cues into nuclear signaling, but appears to provide steady signals that can be further controlled through efficient proteasomal degradation. Our approach provides an unbiased bioassay to investigate proteolytic processing of EpCTF in single living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanchi Huang
- From the Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Grosshadern Medical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Marchioninistrasse 15, 81377 Munich, Germany, .,the Department of Spinal Surgery, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Anna Chanou
- From the Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Grosshadern Medical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Marchioninistrasse 15, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Gisela Kranz
- From the Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Grosshadern Medical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Marchioninistrasse 15, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Min Pan
- From the Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Grosshadern Medical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Marchioninistrasse 15, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Vera Kohlbauer
- From the Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Grosshadern Medical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Marchioninistrasse 15, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Ettinger
- the Institute of Epigenetics and Stem Cells, Marchioninistrasse 25, 81377 München, Germany, and
| | - Olivier Gires
- From the Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Grosshadern Medical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Marchioninistrasse 15, 81377 Munich, Germany, .,the Clinical Cooperation Group Personalized Radiotherapy of Head and Neck Tumors, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
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9
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Pan M, Schinke H, Luxenburger E, Kranz G, Shakhtour J, Libl D, Huang Y, Gaber A, Pavšič M, Lenarčič B, Kitz J, Jakob M, Schwenk-Zieger S, Canis M, Hess J, Unger K, Baumeister P, Gires O. EpCAM ectodomain EpEX is a ligand of EGFR that counteracts EGF-mediated epithelial-mesenchymal transition through modulation of phospho-ERK1/2 in head and neck cancers. PLoS Biol 2018; 16:e2006624. [PMID: 30261040 PMCID: PMC6177200 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2006624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs) are characterized by outstanding molecular heterogeneity that results in severe therapy resistance and poor clinical outcome. Inter- and intratumoral heterogeneity in epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) was recently revealed as a major parameter of poor clinical outcome. Here, we addressed the expression and function of the therapeutic target epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and of the major determinant of epithelial differentiation epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) in clinical samples and in vitro models of HNSCCs. We describe improved survival of EGFRlow/EpCAMhigh HNSCC patients (n = 180) and provide a molecular basis for the observed disparities in clinical outcome. EGF/EGFR have concentration-dependent dual capacities as inducers of proliferation and EMT through differential activation of the central molecular switch phosphorylated extracellular signal–regulated kinase 1/2 (pERK1/2) and EMT transcription factors (EMT-TFs) Snail, zinc finger E-box-binding homeobox 1 (Zeb1), and Slug. Furthermore, soluble ectodomain of EpCAM (EpEX) was identified as a ligand of EGFR that activates pERK1/2 and phosphorylated AKT (pAKT) and induces EGFR-dependent proliferation but represses EGF-mediated EMT, Snail, Zeb1, and Slug activation and cell migration. EMT repression by EpEX is realized through competitive modulation of pERK1/2 activation strength and inhibition of EMT-TFs, which is reflected in levels of pERK1/2 and its target Slug in clinical samples. Accordingly, high expression of pERK1/2 and/or Slug predicted poor outcome of HNSCCs. Hence, EpEX is a ligand of EGFR that induces proliferation but counteracts EMT mediated by the EGF/EGFR/pERK1/2 axis. Therefore, the emerging EGFR/EpCAM molecular cross talk represents a promising target to improve patient-tailored adjuvant treatment of HNSCCs. Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs) display poor survival, with death rates above 55%. Major factors affecting survival are metastases’ formation and therapy resistance. Phenotypic changes during partial epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) provide tumor cells with increased migration, invasion, and therapy resistance. Understanding molecular mechanisms of EMT, as a central process of the metastatic cascade and the development of therapy resistance, is therefore important. In the present work, we identified molecular cross talk between epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) as a novel determinant of clinical outcome in HNSCCs. Low levels of EGFR but high levels of EpCAM (EGFRlow/EpCAMhigh) were associated with favorable prognosis, with survival rates above 90%, whereas EGFRhigh/EpCAMlow correlated with poor survival, below 10%. EGFR was shown to have a concentration-dependent capacity to induce proliferation and EMT. Proteolytic cleavage of the extracellular domain of EpCAM (EpEX) produces a ligand of EGFR that induces EGFR-dependent proliferation but counteracts EGF-induced EMT. We delineate an EGFR/extracellular signal–regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2)/EpCAM signaling axis that may be a promising therapeutic target for HNSCCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Pan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Grosshadern Medical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Henrik Schinke
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Grosshadern Medical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Elke Luxenburger
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Grosshadern Medical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Gisela Kranz
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Grosshadern Medical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Julius Shakhtour
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Grosshadern Medical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Darko Libl
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Grosshadern Medical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Yuanchi Huang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Grosshadern Medical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Aljaž Gaber
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Miha Pavšič
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Brigita Lenarčič
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular and Structural Biology, Institute Jožef Stefan, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Julia Kitz
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mark Jakob
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Grosshadern Medical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Sabina Schwenk-Zieger
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Grosshadern Medical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Canis
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Grosshadern Medical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Julia Hess
- Clinical Cooperation Group “Personalized Radiotherapy in Head and Neck Cancer“, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
- Research Unit Radiation Cytogenetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Kristian Unger
- Clinical Cooperation Group “Personalized Radiotherapy in Head and Neck Cancer“, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
- Research Unit Radiation Cytogenetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Philipp Baumeister
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Grosshadern Medical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Group “Personalized Radiotherapy in Head and Neck Cancer“, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Olivier Gires
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Grosshadern Medical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Group “Personalized Radiotherapy in Head and Neck Cancer“, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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10
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Gaber A, Kim SJ, Kaake RM, Benčina M, Krogan N, Šali A, Pavšič M, Lenarčič B. EpCAM homo-oligomerization is not the basis for its role in cell-cell adhesion. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13269. [PMID: 30185875 PMCID: PMC6125409 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31482-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell-surface tumor marker EpCAM plays a key role in proliferation, differentiation and adhesion processes in stem and epithelial cells. It is established as a cell-cell adhesion molecule, forming intercellular interactions through homophilic association. However, the mechanism by which such interactions arise has not yet been fully elucidated. Here, we first show that EpCAM monomers do not associate into oligomers that would resemble an inter-cellular homo-oligomer, capable of mediating cell-cell adhesion, by using SAXS, XL-MS and bead aggregation assays. Second, we also show that EpCAM forms stable dimers on the surface of a cell with pre-formed cell-cell contacts using FLIM-FRET; however, no inter-cellular homo-oligomers were detectable. Thus, our study provides clear evidence that EpCAM indeed does not function as a homophilic cell adhesion molecule and therefore calls for a significant revision of its role in both normal and cancerous tissues. In the light of this, we strongly support the previously suggested name Epithelial Cell Activating Molecule instead of the Epithelial Cell Adhesion Molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aljaž Gaber
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, Ljubljana, SI 1000, Slovenia
| | - Seung Joong Kim
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, San Francisco, 1700 4th Street, Suite 503B, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Robyn M Kaake
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Mojca Benčina
- Department of Synthetic Biology and Immunology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, Ljubljana, SI 1000, Slovenia
| | - Nevan Krogan
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute, QBI, Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Andrej Šali
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, San Francisco, 1700 4th Street, Suite 503B, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Miha Pavšič
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, Ljubljana, SI 1000, Slovenia.
| | - Brigita Lenarčič
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, Ljubljana, SI 1000, Slovenia.
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular and Structural Biology, Institute Jožef Stefan, Jamova 39, Ljubljana, SI 1000, Slovenia.
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Tretter JY, Schorpp K, Luxenburger E, Trambauer J, Steiner H, Hadian K, Gires O, Niessing D. A high-content screen for small-molecule regulators of epithelial cell-adhesion molecule (EpCAM) cleavage yields a robust inhibitor. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:8994-9005. [PMID: 29700109 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.002776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cell-adhesion molecule (EpCAM) is a transmembrane protein that regulates cell cycle progression and differentiation and is overexpressed in many carcinomas. The EpCAM-induced mitogenic cascade is activated via regulated intramembrane proteolysis (RIP) of EpCAM by ADAM and γ-secretases, generating the signaling-active intracellular domain EpICD. Because of its expression pattern and molecular function, EpCAM is a valuable target in prognostic and therapeutic approaches for various carcinomas. So far, several immunotherapeutic strategies have targeted the extracellular domain of EpCAM. However, targeting the intracellular signaling cascade of EpCAM holds promise for specifically interfering with EpCAM's proliferation-stimulating signaling cascade. Here, using a yellow fluorescence protein-tagged version of the C-terminal fragment of EpCAM, we established a high-content screening (HCS) of a small-molecule compound library (n = 27,280) and characterized validated hits that target EpCAM signaling. In total, 128 potential inhibitors were initially identified, of which one compound with robust inhibitory effects on RIP of EpCAM was analyzed in greater detail. In summary, our study demonstrates that the development of an HCS for small-molecule inhibitors of the EpCAM signaling pathway is feasible. We propose that this approach may also be useful for identifying chemical compounds targeting other disorders involving membrane cleavage-dependent signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kenji Schorpp
- the Assay Development and Screening Platform, Institute for Molecular Toxicology and Pharmacology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Elke Luxenburger
- the Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Grosshadern Medical Center and
| | - Johannes Trambauer
- the Biomedical Center, Metabolic Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Harald Steiner
- the Biomedical Center, Metabolic Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany.,the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, 81377 Munich, Germany, and
| | - Kamyar Hadian
- the Assay Development and Screening Platform, Institute for Molecular Toxicology and Pharmacology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Olivier Gires
- the Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Grosshadern Medical Center and
| | - Dierk Niessing
- From the Institute of Structural Biology and .,the Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
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