1
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Lagzian A, Askari M, Haeri MS, Sheikhi N, Banihashemi S, Nabi-Afjadi M, Malekzadegan Y. Increased V-ATPase activity can lead to chemo-resistance in oral squamous cell carcinoma via autophagy induction: new insights. Med Oncol 2024; 41:108. [PMID: 38592406 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-024-02313-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a cancer type with a high rate of recurrence and a poor prognosis. Tumor chemo-resistance remains an issue for OSCC patients despite the availability of multimodal therapy options, which causes an increase in tumor invasiveness. Vacuolar ATPase (V-ATPase), appears to be one of the most significant molecules implicated in MDR in tumors like OSCC. It is primarily responsible for controlling the acidity in the solid tumors' microenvironment, which interferes with the absorption of chemotherapeutic medications. However, the exact cellular and molecular mechanisms V-ATPase plays in OSCC chemo-resistance have not been understood. Uncovering these mechanisms can contribute to combating OSCC chemo-resistance and poor prognosis. Hence, in this review, we suggest that one of these underlying mechanisms is autophagy induced by V-ATPase which can potentially contribute to OSCC chemo-resistance. Finally, specialized autophagy and V-ATPase inhibitors may be beneficial as an approach to reduce drug resistance to anticancer therapies in addition to serving as coadjuvants in antitumor treatments. Also, V-ATPase could be a prognostic factor for OSCC patients. However, in the future, more investigations are required to demonstrate these suggestions and hypotheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmadreza Lagzian
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics (IBB), University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marziye Askari
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Hamedan University of Medical Sciences, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Melika Sadat Haeri
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nastaran Sheikhi
- Biotechnology Department, Biological Sciences Faculty, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sara Banihashemi
- Department of Bioscience, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trend University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Mohsen Nabi-Afjadi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Yalda Malekzadegan
- Department of Microbiology, Saveh University of Medical Sciences, Saveh, Iran.
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2
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Park R, Yu J, Shahzad M, Lee S, Ji JD. The immune regulatory function of B7-H3 in malignancy: spotlight on the IFN-STAT1 axis and regulation of tumor-associated macrophages. Immunol Res 2024:10.1007/s12026-024-09458-9. [PMID: 38265550 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-024-09458-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
B7-H3 is a member of the B7 superfamily and a putative inhibitory immune checkpoint molecule. Several early-phase clinical trials have reported promising anti-tumor activity and safety of anti-cancer drugs targeting B7-H3, suggesting that it may be a promising target for a potential next-generation immune checkpoint inhibitor. Despite ongoing clinical studies, most B7-H3-targeted drugs being currently investigated rely on direct cytotoxicity as their mechanisms of action rather than modulating its function as an immune checkpoint, at least in part due to its incompletely understood immune regulatory function. Recent studies have begun to elucidate the role of B7-H3 in regulating the tumor microenvironment (TME). Emerging evidence suggests that B7-H3 may regulate the interferon-STAT1 axis in the TME and promote immune suppression. Similarly, increasing evidence shows B7-H3 may be implicated in promoting M1 to M2 polarization of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). There is also accumulating evidence suggesting that B7-H3 may play a role in the heterotypic fusion of cancer stem cells and macrophages, thereby promoting tumor invasion and metastasis. Here, we review the recent advances in the understanding of B7-H3 cancer immunobiology with a focus on highlighting its potential role in the interferon priming of TAMs and the heterotypic fusion of TAMs with cancer stem cells and suggest future direction in elucidating its immune checkpoint function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Park
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center/University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - James Yu
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center/University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Moazzam Shahzad
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center/University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Sunggon Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jong Dae Ji
- Department of Rheumatology, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea.
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3
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Lopes DGDF, Patricio ÉF, Assis NMSP, Coutinho-Camillo CM, Alves FDA, Kowalski LP, Jähn-Rickert K, Busse B, Rabelo GD. Cortical microarchitecture and remodeling-associated gene expression related to oral cancer prognosis. Braz Oral Res 2023; 37:e109. [PMID: 37970929 DOI: 10.1590/1807-3107bor-2023.vol37.0109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to assess the remodeling-associated gene expression in the mandible of patients diagnosed with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), investigating the cortical microarchitecture, and their influence on disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) rates. A total of twenty-four patients who underwent mandibulectomy for OSCC treatment had two bone fragments harvested from the mandible for gene expression (RANK, RANKL, OPG, and SOST), and microarchitecture analysis, including bone volume, surface, mineral density, degree of anisotropy, and fractal dimension. The prognosis of the patients was assessed. The results revealed that RANK, RANKL, and SOST were predominantly downregulated, while OPG was completely downregulated. Tumors located adjacent to the posterior region of the mandible (p = 0.02), with a bone mineral density below 1.03 g/cm3 HA (p = 0.001), and a bone volume less than 86.47% (p = 0.03) were associated with poor outcomes. In conclusion, bone-remodeling-associated genes exhibited downregulation in the cortex of the mandible in OSCC patients. Additionally, the tumor's location within the mandible, bone volume, and cortical bone mineral density were identified as factors impacting DFS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Luiz Paulo Kowalski
- A. C. Camargo Cancer Center, Department of Stomatology, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Katharina Jähn-Rickert
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Heisenberg Research Group, Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, Bioengineering and Medical Technology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Björn Busse
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Heisenberg Research Group, Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, Bioengineering and Medical Technology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gustavo Davi Rabelo
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina - UFSC, Department of Dentistry, Florianópolis, sc, Brazil
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4
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Dalir Abdolahinia E, Han X. The Three-Dimensional In Vitro Cell Culture Models in the Study of Oral Cancer Immune Microenvironment. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:4266. [PMID: 37686542 PMCID: PMC10487272 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15174266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The onset and progression of oral cancer are accompanied by a dynamic interaction with the host immune system, and the immune cells within the tumor microenvironment play a pivotal role in the development of the tumor. By exploring the cellular immunity of oral cancer, we can gain insight into the contribution of both tumor cells and immune cells to tumorigenesis. This understanding is crucial for developing effective immunotherapeutic strategies to combat oral cancer. Studies of cancer immunology present unique challenges in terms of modeling due to the extraordinary complexity of the immune system. With its multitude of cellular components, each with distinct subtypes and various activation states, the immune system interacts with cancer cells and other components of the tumor, ultimately shaping the course of the disease. Conventional two-dimensional (2D) culture methods fall short of capturing these intricate cellular interactions. Mouse models enable us to learn about tumor biology in complicated and dynamic physiological systems but have limitations as the murine immune system differs significantly from that of humans. In light of these challenges, three-dimensional (3D) culture systems offer an alternative approach to studying cancer immunology and filling the existing gaps in available models. These 3D culture models provide a means to investigate complex cellular interactions that are difficult to replicate in 2D cultures. The direct study of the interaction between immune cells and cancer cells of human origin offers a more relevant and representative platform compared to mouse models, enabling advancements in our understanding of cancer immunology. This review explores commonly used 3D culture models and highlights their significant contributions to expanding our knowledge of cancer immunology. By harnessing the power of 3D culture systems, we can unlock new insights that pave the way for improved strategies in the battle against oral cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiaozhe Han
- Department of Oral Science and Translation Research, College of Dental Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33314, USA
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5
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Shan Q, Takabatake K, Kawai H, Oo MW, Inada Y, Sukegawa S, Fushimi S, Nakano K, Nagatsuka H. Significance of cancer stroma for bone destruction in oral squamous cell carcinoma using different cancer stroma subtypes. Oncol Rep 2022; 47:81. [PMID: 35211756 PMCID: PMC8892615 DOI: 10.3892/or.2022.8292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Stromal cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME) can regulate the progression of numerous types of cancer; however, the bone invasion of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) has been poorly investigated. In the present study, the effect of verrucous SCC-associated stromal cells (VSCC-SCs), SCC-associated stromal cells (SCC-SCs) and human dermal fibroblasts on bone resorption and the activation of HSC-3 osteoclasts in vivo were examined by hematoxylin and eosin, AE1/3 (pan-cytokeratin) and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase staining. In addition, the expression levels of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)9, membrane-type 1 MMP (MT1-MMP), Snail, receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL) and parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP) in the bone invasion regions of HSC-3 cells were examined by immunohistochemistry. The results suggested that both SCC-SCs and VSCC-SCs promoted bone resorption, the activation of osteoclasts, and the expression levels of MMP9, MT1-MMP, Snail, RANKL and PTHrP. However, SCC-SCs had a more prominent effect compared with VSCC-SCs. Finally, microarray data were used to predict potential genes underlying the differential effects of VSCC-SCs and SCC-SCs on bone invasion in OSCC. The results revealed that IL1B, ICAM1, FOS, CXCL12, INS and NGF may underlie these differential effects. In conclusion, both VSCC-SCs and SCC-SCs may promote bone invasion in OSCC by enhancing the expression levels of RANKL in cancer and stromal cells mediated by PTHrP; however, SCC-SCs had a more prominent effect. These findings may represent a potential regulatory mechanism underlying the bone invasion of OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiusheng Shan
- Department of Oral Pathology and Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700‑8525, Japan
| | - Kiyofumi Takabatake
- Department of Oral Pathology and Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700‑8525, Japan
| | - Hotaka Kawai
- Department of Oral Pathology and Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700‑8525, Japan
| | - May Wathone Oo
- Department of Oral Pathology and Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700‑8525, Japan
| | - Yasunori Inada
- Department of Oral Pathology and Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700‑8525, Japan
| | - Shintaro Sukegawa
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Kagawa Prefectural Central Hospital, Takamatsu, Kagawa 760‑8557, Japan
| | - Shigeko Fushimi
- Department of Oral Pathology and Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700‑8525, Japan
| | - Keisuke Nakano
- Department of Oral Pathology and Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700‑8525, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Nagatsuka
- Department of Oral Pathology and Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700‑8525, Japan
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6
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Elebyary O, Barbour A, Fine N, Tenenbaum HC, Glogauer M. The Crossroads of Periodontitis and Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Immune Implications and Tumor Promoting Capacities. FRONTIERS IN ORAL HEALTH 2022; 1:584705. [PMID: 35047982 PMCID: PMC8757853 DOI: 10.3389/froh.2020.584705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis (PD) is increasingly considered to interact with and promote a number of inflammatory diseases, including cancer. In the case of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) the local inflammatory response associated with PD is capable of triggering altered cellular events that can promote cancer cell invasion and proliferation of existing primary oral carcinomas as well as supporting the seeding of metastatic tumor cells into the gingival tissue giving rise to secondary tumors. Both the immune and stromal components of the periodontium exhibit phenotypic alterations and functional differences during PD that result in a microenvironment that favors cancer progression. The inflammatory milieu in PD is ideal for cancer cell seeding, migration, proliferation and immune escape. Understanding the interactions governing this attenuated anti-tumor immune response is vital to unveil unexplored preventive or therapeutic possibilities. Here we review the many commonalities between the oral-inflammatory microenvironment in PD and oral-inflammatory responses that are associated with OSCC progression, and how these conditions can act to promote and sustain the hallmarks of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omnia Elebyary
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Noah Fine
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Howard C Tenenbaum
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Dentistry, Centre for Advanced Dental Research and Care, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michael Glogauer
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Dentistry, Centre for Advanced Dental Research and Care, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Dental Oncology, Maxillofacial and Ocular Prosthetics, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
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7
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Bioengineering the ameloblastoma tumour to study its effect on bone nodule formation. Sci Rep 2021; 11:24088. [PMID: 34916549 PMCID: PMC8677805 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03484-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Ameloblastoma is a benign, epithelial cancer of the jawbone, which causes bone resorption and disfigurement to patients affected. The interaction of ameloblastoma with its tumour stroma drives invasion and progression. We used stiff collagen matrices to engineer active bone forming stroma, to probe the interaction of ameloblastoma with its native tumour bone microenvironment. This bone-stroma was assessed by nano-CT, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Raman spectroscopy and gene analysis. Furthermore, we investigated gene correlation between bone forming 3D bone stroma and ameloblastoma introduced 3D bone stroma. Ameloblastoma cells increased expression of MMP-2 and -9 and RANK temporally in 3D compared to 2D. Our 3D biomimetic model formed bone nodules of an average surface area of 0.1 mm2 and average height of 92.37 [Formula: see text] 7.96 μm over 21 days. We demonstrate a woven bone phenotype with distinct mineral and matrix components and increased expression of bone formation genes in our engineered bone. Introducing ameloblastoma to the bone stroma, completely inhibited bone formation, in a spatially specific manner. Multivariate gene analysis showed that ameloblastoma cells downregulate bone formation genes such as RUNX2. Through the development of a comprehensive bone stroma, we show that an ameloblastoma tumour mass prevents osteoblasts from forming new bone nodules and severely restricted the growth of existing bone nodules. We have identified potential pathways for this inhibition. More critically, we present novel findings on the interaction of stromal osteoblasts with ameloblastoma.
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8
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Ethiraj P, Haque IA, Alford AK, Gou W, Singh T, Sambandam Y, Hathaway-Schrader JD, Reddy SV. Inhibition of NFAM1 suppresses phospho-SAPK/JNK signaling during osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption. J Cell Biochem 2021; 122:1534-1543. [PMID: 34228377 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.30076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
We have recently demonstrated NFAT activating protein with ITAM motif 1 (NFAM1) signaling increases osteoclast (OCL) formation/bone resorption associated with the Paget's disease of bone, however, the underlying molecular mechanisms of the NFAM1 regulation of OCL differentiation and bone resorption remains unclear. Here, we showed that RANK ligand stimulation enhances NFAM1 expression in preosteoclast cells. Conditioned media collected from RANKL stimulated RAW264.7 NFAM1 knockdown (KD) stable cells showed inhibition of interleukin-6 (2.5-fold), tumour necrosis factor-α (2.2-fold) and CXCL-5 (3-fold) levels compared to wild-type (WT) cells. Further, RANKL stimulation significantly increased p-STAT6 expression (5.5-fold) in WT cells, but no significant effect was observed in NFAM1-KD cells. However, no changes were detected in signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 levels in either of cell groups. Interestingly, NFAM1-KD suppressed the RANKL stimulated c-fos, p-c-Jun and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activity in preosteoclasts. We further showed that the suppression of JNK activity is through inhibition of p-SAPK/JNK in these cells. In addition, NFATc1 expression, a critical transcription factor associated with osteoclastogenesis is significantly inhibited in NFAM1-KD preosteoclast cells. Interestingly, NFAM1 inhibition suppressed the OCL differentiation and bone resorption capacity in mouse bone marrow cell cultures. We also demonstrated inhibition of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase expression in RANKL stimulated NFAM1-KD preosteoclast cells. Thus, our results suggest that NFAM1 control SAPK/JNK signaling to modulate osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Purushoth Ethiraj
- Department of Pediatrics, Darby Children's Research Institute, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Ishraq A Haque
- Department of Pediatrics, Darby Children's Research Institute, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Anna K Alford
- Department of Pediatrics, Darby Children's Research Institute, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Wenyu Gou
- Department of Surgery, College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Toolika Singh
- Department of Cardiology, College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Yuvaraj Sambandam
- Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jessica D Hathaway-Schrader
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Sakamuri V Reddy
- Department of Pediatrics, Darby Children's Research Institute, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
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9
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Lima IFP, Matos FRD, Bernardino ÍDM, Santana ITS, Vieira WDA, Blumenberg C, Siqueira WL, Paranhos LR. RANK, RANKL, and OPG in Dentigerous Cyst, Odontogenic Keratocyst, and Ameloblastoma: A Meta-Analysis. Braz Dent J 2021; 32:16-25. [PMID: 33913997 DOI: 10.1590/0103-6440202103387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess and compare RANK, RANKL, and OPG immunoexpression in dentigerous cyst, odontogenic keratocyst, and ameloblastoma. The protocol was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42018105543). Seven databases (Embase, Lilacs, LIVIVO, PubMed, Scopus, SciELO, and Web of Science) were the primary search sources and two databases (Open Grey and Open Thesis) partially captured the "grey literature". Only cross sectional studies were included. The JBI Checklist assessed the risk of bias. A meta-analysis with random effects model estimated the values from the OPG and RANKL ratio reported by the individual studies and respective 95% confidence intervals. The heterogeneity among studies was assessed with I2 statistics. Only nine studies met the inclusion criteria and were considered in the analyses. The studies were published from 2008 to 2018. Two studies presented low risk of bias, while seven studies presented moderate risk. The meta-analysis showed the highest OPG>RANKL ratio for dentigerous cyst (ES=43.3%; 95% CI=14.3-74.8) and odontogenic keratocyst (ES=36.8%; 95% CI=18.8-56.7). In contrast, the highest OPG<RANKL ratio was found for ameloblastoma (ES=73.4%; 95% CI=55.4-88.4) and it was higher in the stromal region compared to the odontogenic epithelial region. The results may explain the aggressive potential of ameloblastoma from the higher OPG<RANKL ratio in this tumor, while it was lower for dentigerous cyst and odontogenic keratocyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Felipe Pereira Lima
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, UFRGS - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Walbert de Andrade Vieira
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontics Division, School of Dentistry of Piracicaba, UNICAMP - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Cauane Blumenberg
- Department of Social Medicine, UFPEL - Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Luiz Renato Paranhos
- Department of Preventive and Community Dentistry, UFU - Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
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10
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Peña-Oyarzún D, Reyes M, Hernández-Cáceres MP, Kretschmar C, Morselli E, Ramirez-Sarmiento CA, Lavandero S, Torres VA, Criollo A. Role of Autophagy in the Microenvironment of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Front Oncol 2020; 10:602661. [PMID: 33363032 PMCID: PMC7756113 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.602661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma, the most common type of oral cancer, affects more than 275,000 people per year worldwide. Oral squamous cell carcinoma is very aggressive, as most patients die after 3 to 5 years post-diagnosis. The initiation and progression of oral squamous cell carcinoma are multifactorial: smoking, alcohol consumption, and human papilloma virus infection are among the causes that promote its development. Although oral squamous cell carcinoma involves abnormal growth and migration of oral epithelial cells, other cell types such as fibroblasts and immune cells form the carcinoma niche. An underlying inflammatory state within the oral tissue promotes differential stress-related responses that favor oral squamous cell carcinoma. Autophagy is an intracellular degradation process that allows cancer cells to survive under stress conditions. Autophagy degrades cellular components by sequestering them in vesicles called autophagosomes, which ultimately fuse with lysosomes. Although several autophagy markers have been associated with oral squamous cell carcinoma, it remains unclear whether up- or down-regulation of autophagy favors its progression. Autophagy levels during oral squamous cell carcinoma are both timing- and cell-specific. Here we discuss how autophagy is required to establish a new cellular microenvironment in oral squamous cell carcinoma and how autophagy drives the phenotypic change of oral squamous cell carcinoma cells by promoting crosstalk between carcinoma cells, fibroblasts, and immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Peña-Oyarzún
- Advanced Center for Chronic Disease (ACCDiS), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas & Farmacéuticas and Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Facultad de Odontología, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Odontológicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Autophagy Research Center, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Montserrat Reyes
- Departamento de Patología y Medicina Oral, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - María Paz Hernández-Cáceres
- Autophagy Research Center, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Catalina Kretschmar
- Advanced Center for Chronic Disease (ACCDiS), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas & Farmacéuticas and Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Facultad de Odontología, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Odontológicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Autophagy Research Center, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Eugenia Morselli
- Autophagy Research Center, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cesar A Ramirez-Sarmiento
- Facultades de Ingenieria, Medicina y Ciencias Biológicas, Institute for Biological and Medical Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sergio Lavandero
- Advanced Center for Chronic Disease (ACCDiS), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas & Farmacéuticas and Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Cardiology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Vicente A Torres
- Advanced Center for Chronic Disease (ACCDiS), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas & Farmacéuticas and Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Facultad de Odontología, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Odontológicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alfredo Criollo
- Advanced Center for Chronic Disease (ACCDiS), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas & Farmacéuticas and Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Facultad de Odontología, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Odontológicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Autophagy Research Center, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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11
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Marthong L, Ghosh S, Palodhi A, Imran M, Shunyu NB, Maitra A, Ghosh S. Whole Genome DNA Methylation and Gene Expression Profiling of Oropharyngeal Cancer Patients in North-Eastern India: Identification of Epigenetically Altered Gene Expression Reveals Potential Biomarkers. Front Genet 2020; 11:986. [PMID: 33133131 PMCID: PMC7578381 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Oropharyngeal cancer is a subtype of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma that is associated with unique risk exposures like consumption of smokeless tobacco and areca nut and is highly prevalent in the northeastern region of India, especially Meghalaya. However, the underlying epigenetic and transcriptomic changes in this cancer type is yet to be delineated. We have undertaken a study on genome wide somatic alterations in the DNA methylation and transcriptome in oropharyngeal cancer patients from this region using genome wide techniques in paired tumors and adjacent normal tissues. By using integrative approaches, we have identified 194 epigenetically silenced and 241 epigenetically overexpressed genes in the tumor tissue of these patients. Pathways that are significantly enriched by these genes include the pathways of immune systems, such as the interleukin signaling pathways and Toll-like receptor signaling pathway. Also, osteoclast differentiation pathway was found to be epigenetically upregulated. The pathways enriched by the epigenetically downregulated genes were found to be predominantly those involved in xenobiotic metabolism and keratinization. Two major transcription factors - SPI1 and RUNX1 were identified as epigenetically dysregulated, which further modulates 129 downstream genes. Comparison of our observations with the head and neck cancer data from TCGA revealed distinct DNA methylation and gene expression landscapes which might be specific for oropharyngeal cancer. HPV DNA sequences were not detected in any of the tumor samples in RNA-Seq data. The results obtained in this study might provide improved understanding of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lastborn Marthong
- Department of Zoology, North Eastern Hill University (NEHU), Shillong, India
| | - Sahana Ghosh
- National Institute of Biomedical Genomics (NIBMG), Kalyani, India
| | - Arindam Palodhi
- National Institute of Biomedical Genomics (NIBMG), Kalyani, India
| | - Mohamed Imran
- National Institute of Biomedical Genomics (NIBMG), Kalyani, India
| | - Neizekhotuo Brian Shunyu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology (ENT), North Eastern Indira Gandhi Regional Institute of Health and Medical Sciences (NEIGRIHMS), Shillong, India
| | - Arindam Maitra
- National Institute of Biomedical Genomics (NIBMG), Kalyani, India
| | - Srimoyee Ghosh
- Department of Zoology, North Eastern Hill University (NEHU), Shillong, India
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12
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Association of Genetic Polymorphisms in TNFRSF11 with the Progression of Genetic Susceptibility to Gastric Cancer. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2020; 2020:4103264. [PMID: 32655638 PMCID: PMC7327555 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4103264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Objective To investigate the relationship between polymorphism of TNFRSF11 gene rs9533156 and rs2277438 and susceptibility to gastric cancer. Methods A case-control study was conducted to select 577 cases of primary gastric cancer and 678 cases of normal control. We extracted whole blood genomic DNA and amplified the target gene fragment by PCR. The genotyping and allele were tested through the snapshot method. Results In this case-control study, we observed that there was a difference in the genotype distribution of TNFRSF11 gene rs9533156 between the case group and the control group. The frequency distribution of TC heterozygous mutation in the case group was higher than that in the control group. The smoking rate in the case group (34.49%) was higher than that in the control group (27.29%), and the difference in frequency distribution between the two groups was statistically significant (P=0.006). Our findings suggest that TNFRSF11 rs9533156 is associated with susceptibility to GC, which is more evident among elderly patients (>62 years), nonsmokers, and patients who do not consume alcohol. The analysis of the relationship between the TNFSF11 gene rs9533156 site variant and clinical factors of gastric cancer showed that, compared with the tumor size <2 cm group, patients with tumor size ≥2 cm and whom carrying rs9533156 site mutations had a higher frequency distribution, and the difference was statistically significant (P=0.022). Compared with the nonhyperglycemic group, the frequency distribution of patients with rs9533156 site mutations in the diabetes group was higher, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.001). Conclusion This study shows that there is a correlation between smoking and the occurrence of gastric cancer. Based on our research, the functional SNP TNFRSF11 TC genotype may be an indicator of individual susceptibility to GC. The mutation at rs9533156 may be related to the size of gastric cancer. The mutation rate of rs9533156 of TNFSF11 gene is higher in diabetic gastric cancer patients.
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13
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Proteasome inhibition suppress microgravity elevated RANK signaling during osteoclast differentiation. Cytokine 2020; 125:154821. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2019.154821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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14
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Ethiraj P, Sambandam Y, Hathaway-Schrader JD, Haque A, Novince CM, Reddy SV. RANKL triggers resistance to TRAIL-induced cell death in oral squamous cell carcinoma. J Cell Physiol 2019; 235:1663-1673. [PMID: 31309556 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) occurs as a malignancy of the oral cavity. RANK ligand (RANKL) is essential for osteoclast formation/bone resorption. Recently, we showed autoregulation of receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) stimulates OSCC cell proliferation. OSCC cells show resistance to tumor necrosis factor related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL) treatment. Therefore, we hypothesize that RANKL promotes resistance for TRAIL induction of OSCC apoptotic cell death. In this study, SCC14A and SCC74A cells cultured with TRAIL revealed high-level expression of RANKL which increased resistance to TRAIL inhibition of tumor cell proliferation. RANKL stimulation inhibited terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling positive staining in TRAIL-treated cells. CRISPR/Cas-9 knockout of RANKL (RANKL-KO) increased caspase-9, caspase-3 activity and cytochrome c release in OSCC cells. RANKL inhibited proapoptotic proteins BAD and BAX expression. TRAIL treatment suppressed the SQSTM1/p62 and RANKL restored the expression. Interestingly, RANKL alone significantly increased proteasome activity. RANKL-KO in OSCC cells inhibited autophagic activity as evidenced by decreased light chain 3B-II and beclin-1 expression. Thus, RANKL stimulation of OSCC tumor cells triggered resistance for TRAIL-induced OSCC cell death. Taken together, blockade of RANKL may inhibit OSCC tumor progression and enhance the potential of TRAIL induced OSCC tumor cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Purushoth Ethiraj
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Yuvaraj Sambandam
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Jessica D Hathaway-Schrader
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Azizul Haque
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina.,Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Chad M Novince
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Sakamuri V Reddy
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
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15
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Hai L, Szwarc MM, Lonard DM, Rajapakshe K, Perera D, Coarfa C, Ittmann M, Fernandez-Valdivia R, Lydon JP. Short-term RANKL exposure initiates a neoplastic transcriptional program in the basal epithelium of the murine salivary gland. Cytokine 2019; 123:154745. [PMID: 31226438 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2019.154745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Although salivary gland cancers comprise only ∼3-6% of head and neck cancers, treatment options for patients with advanced-stage disease are limited. Because of their rarity, salivary gland malignancies are understudied compared to other exocrine tissue cancers. The comparative lack of progress in this cancer field is particularly evident when it comes to our incomplete understanding of the key molecular signals that are causal for the development and/or progression of salivary gland cancers. Using a novel conditional transgenic mouse (K5:RANKL), we demonstrate that Receptor Activator of NFkB Ligand (RANKL) targeted to cytokeratin 5-positive basal epithelial cells of the salivary gland causes aggressive tumorigenesis within a short period of RANKL exposure. Genome-wide transcriptomic analysis reveals that RANKL markedly increases the expression levels of numerous gene families involved in cellular proliferation, migration, and intra- and extra-tumoral communication. Importantly, cross-species comparison of the K5:RANKL transcriptomic dataset with The Cancer Genome Atlas cancer signatures reveals the strongest molecular similarity with cancer subtypes of the human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. These studies not only provide a much needed transcriptomic resource to mine for novel molecular targets for therapy and/or diagnosis but validates the K5:RANKL transgenic as a preclinical model to further investigate the in vivo oncogenic role of RANKL signaling in salivary gland tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Hai
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Reproductive Medicine Center of Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Maria M Szwarc
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - David M Lonard
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kimal Rajapakshe
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Dimuthu Perera
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Cristian Coarfa
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Michael Ittmann
- Department of Pathology, Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - John P Lydon
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
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16
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Zhu S, Jin J, Gokhale S, Lu AM, Shan H, Feng J, Xie P. Genetic Alterations of TRAF Proteins in Human Cancers. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2111. [PMID: 30294322 PMCID: PMC6158389 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNF-R)-associated factor (TRAF) family of cytoplasmic adaptor proteins regulate the signal transduction pathways of a variety of receptors, including the TNF-R superfamily, Toll-like receptors (TLRs), NOD-like receptors (NLRs), RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs), and cytokine receptors. TRAF-dependent signaling pathways participate in a diverse array of important cellular processes, including the survival, proliferation, differentiation, and activation of different cell types. Many of these TRAF-dependent signaling pathways have been implicated in cancer pathogenesis. Here we analyze the current evidence of genetic alterations of TRAF molecules available from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and the Catalog of Somatic Mutations in Cancer (COSMIC) as well as the published literature, including copy number variations and mutation landscape of TRAFs in various human cancers. Such analyses reveal that both gain- and loss-of-function genetic alterations of different TRAF proteins are commonly present in a number of human cancers. These include pancreatic cancer, meningioma, breast cancer, prostate cancer, lung cancer, liver cancer, head and neck cancer, stomach cancer, colon cancer, bladder cancer, uterine cancer, melanoma, sarcoma, and B cell malignancies, among others. Furthermore, we summarize the key in vivo and in vitro evidence that demonstrates the causal roles of genetic alterations of TRAF proteins in tumorigenesis within different cell types and organs. Taken together, the information presented in this review provides a rationale for the development of therapeutic strategies to manipulate TRAF proteins or TRAF-dependent signaling pathways in different human cancers by precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sining Zhu
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Juan Jin
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Samantha Gokhale
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Angeli M. Lu
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Haiyan Shan
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jianjun Feng
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
- Engineering Research Center of the Modern Technology for Eel Industry, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Fisheries College of Jimei University, Xiamen, China
| | - Ping Xie
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
- Member, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
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17
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Siriwardena SBSM, Tsunematsu T, Qi G, Ishimaru N, Kudo Y. Invasion-Related Factors as Potential Diagnostic and Therapeutic Targets in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma-A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19051462. [PMID: 29758011 PMCID: PMC5983574 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19051462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well recognized that the presence of cervical lymph node metastasis is the most important prognostic factor in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). In solid epithelial cancer, the first step during the process of metastasis is the invasion of cancer cells into the underlying stroma, breaching the basement membrane (BM)—the natural barrier between epithelium and the underlying extracellular matrix (ECM). The ability to invade and metastasize is a key hallmark of cancer progression, and the most complicated and least understood. These topics continue to be very active fields of cancer research. A number of processes, factors, and signaling pathways are involved in regulating invasion and metastasis. However, appropriate clinical trials for anti-cancer drugs targeting the invasion of OSCC are incomplete. In this review, we summarize the recent progress on invasion-related factors and emerging molecular determinants which can be used as potential for diagnostic and therapeutic targets in OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samadarani B S M Siriwardena
- Department of Oral Pathology, Faculty of Dental Sciences, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya 20400, Sri Lanka.
| | - Takaaki Tsunematsu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan.
| | - Guangying Qi
- Department of Pathology and Physiopathology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, China.
| | - Naozumi Ishimaru
- Department of Oral Molecular Pathology, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima 770-8504, Japan.
| | - Yasusei Kudo
- Department of Oral Molecular Pathology, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima 770-8504, Japan.
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18
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Zhu S, Jin J, Gokhale S, Lu AM, Shan H, Feng J, Xie P. Genetic Alterations of TRAF Proteins in Human Cancers. Front Immunol 2018. [PMID: 30294322 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02111/bibtex] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNF-R)-associated factor (TRAF) family of cytoplasmic adaptor proteins regulate the signal transduction pathways of a variety of receptors, including the TNF-R superfamily, Toll-like receptors (TLRs), NOD-like receptors (NLRs), RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs), and cytokine receptors. TRAF-dependent signaling pathways participate in a diverse array of important cellular processes, including the survival, proliferation, differentiation, and activation of different cell types. Many of these TRAF-dependent signaling pathways have been implicated in cancer pathogenesis. Here we analyze the current evidence of genetic alterations of TRAF molecules available from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and the Catalog of Somatic Mutations in Cancer (COSMIC) as well as the published literature, including copy number variations and mutation landscape of TRAFs in various human cancers. Such analyses reveal that both gain- and loss-of-function genetic alterations of different TRAF proteins are commonly present in a number of human cancers. These include pancreatic cancer, meningioma, breast cancer, prostate cancer, lung cancer, liver cancer, head and neck cancer, stomach cancer, colon cancer, bladder cancer, uterine cancer, melanoma, sarcoma, and B cell malignancies, among others. Furthermore, we summarize the key in vivo and in vitro evidence that demonstrates the causal roles of genetic alterations of TRAF proteins in tumorigenesis within different cell types and organs. Taken together, the information presented in this review provides a rationale for the development of therapeutic strategies to manipulate TRAF proteins or TRAF-dependent signaling pathways in different human cancers by precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sining Zhu
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Juan Jin
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Samantha Gokhale
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Angeli M Lu
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Haiyan Shan
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jianjun Feng
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
- Engineering Research Center of the Modern Technology for Eel Industry, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Fisheries College of Jimei University, Xiamen, China
| | - Ping Xie
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
- Member, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
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