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Zhao Y, Gao J, Fan Y, Xu H, Wang Y, Yao P. A risk score model based on endoplasmic reticulum stress related genes for predicting prognostic value of osteosarcoma. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2023; 24:519. [PMID: 37353812 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-023-06629-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aimed to establish an osteosarcoma prognosis prediction model based on a signature of endoplasmic reticulum stress-related genes. METHODS Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between osteosarcoma with and without metastasis from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database were mapped to ERS genes retrieved from Gene Set Enrichment Analysis to select endoplasmic reticulum stress-related DEGs. Subsequently, we constructed a risk score model based on survival-related endoplasmic reticulum stress DEGs and a nomogram of independent survival prognostic factors. Based on the median risk score, we stratified the samples into high- and low-risk groups. The ability of the model was assessed by Kaplan-Meier, receiver operating characteristic curve, and functional analyses. Additionally, the expression of the identified prognostic endoplasmic reticulum stress-related DEGs was verified using real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). RESULTS In total, 41 endoplasmic reticulum stress-related DEGs were identified in patients with osteosarcoma with metastasis. A risk score model consisting of six prognostic endoplasmic reticulum stress-related DEGs (ATP2A3, ERMP1, FBXO6, ITPR1, NFE2L2, and USP13) was established, and the Kaplan-Meier and receiver operating characteristic curves validated their performance in the training and validation datasets. Age, tumor metastasis, and the risk score model were demonstrated to be independent prognostic clinical factors for osteosarcoma and were used to establish a nomogram survival model. The nomogram model showed similar performance of one, three, and five year-survival rate to the actual survival rates. Nine immune cell types in the high-risk group were found to be significantly different from those in the low-risk group. These survival-related genes were significantly enriched in nine Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways, including cell adhesion molecule cascades, and chemokine signaling pathways. Further, RT-qPCR results demonstrated that the consistency rate of bioinformatics analysis was approximately 83.33%, suggesting the relatively high reliability of the bioinformatics analysis. CONCLUSION We established an osteosarcoma prediction model based on six prognostic endoplasmic reticulum stress-related DEGs that could be helpful in directing personalized treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shengzhou People's Hospital (the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University Shengzhou Branch), Shaoxing, 312400, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Jijian Gao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shengzhou People's Hospital (the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University Shengzhou Branch), Shaoxing, 312400, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yong Fan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shengzhou People's Hospital (the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University Shengzhou Branch), Shaoxing, 312400, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hongyu Xu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shengzhou People's Hospital (the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University Shengzhou Branch), Shaoxing, 312400, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yun Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shengzhou People's Hospital (the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University Shengzhou Branch), Shaoxing, 312400, Zhejiang, China
| | - Pengjie Yao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shengzhou People's Hospital (the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University Shengzhou Branch), Shaoxing, 312400, Zhejiang, China
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Kim TW. Fisetin, an Anti-Inflammatory Agent, Overcomes Radioresistance by Activating the PERK-ATF4-CHOP Axis in Liver Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24109076. [PMID: 37240422 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24109076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Fisetin, a well-known plant flavonol from the natural flavonoid group, is found in traditional medicines, plants, vegetables, and fruits. Fisetin also has anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-tumor effects. This study investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of fisetin in LPS-induced Raw264.7 cells and found that fisetin reduced the LPS-induced production of pro-inflammation markers, such as TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, demonstrating the anti-inflammatory effects of fisetin. Furthermore, this study investigated the anti-cancer effects of fisetin and found that fisetin induced apoptotic cell death and ER stress through intracellular calcium (Ca2+) release, the PERK-ATF4-CHOP signaling pathway, and induction of GRP78 exosomes. However, the suppression of PERK and CHOP inhibited the fisetin-induced cell death and ER stress. Interestingly, fisetin induced apoptotic cell death and ER stress and inhibited the epithelial-mesenchymal transition phenomenon under radiation in radiation-resistant liver cancer cells. These findings indicate that the fisetin-induced ER stress can overcome radioresistance and induce cell death in liver cancer cells following radiation. Therefore, the anti-inflammatory agent fisetin, in combination with radiation, may be a powerful immunotherapy strategy to overcome resistance in an inflammatory tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Woo Kim
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Engineering, Dongguk University-WISE, 123 Dongdae-ro, Gyeongju 38066, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
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Mechanism and Role of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Osteosarcoma. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12121882. [PMID: 36551309 PMCID: PMC9775044 DOI: 10.3390/biom12121882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is the most common malignant bone tumor, often occurring in children and adolescents. The etiology of most patients is unclear, and the current conventional treatment methods are chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgical resection. However, the sensitivity of osteosarcoma to radiotherapy and chemotherapy is low, and the prognosis is poor. The development of new and useful treatment strategies for improving patient survival is an urgent need. It has been found that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress (ERS) affects tumor angiogenesis, invasion, etc. By summarizing the literature related to osteosarcoma and ERS, we found that the unfolded protein response (UPR) pathway activated by ERS has a regulatory role in osteosarcoma proliferation, apoptosis, and chemoresistance. In osteosarcoma, the UPR pathway plays an important role by crosstalk with autophagy, oxidative stress, and other pathways. Overall, this article focuses on the relationship between ERS and osteosarcoma and reviews the potential of drugs or gene targets associated with ERS for the treatment of osteosarcoma.
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Wang Q, Li R, Li N, Jia Y, Wang Y, Chen Y, Panichayupakaranant P, Chen H. The antioxidant activities, inhibitory effects, kinetics, and mechanisms of artocarpin and α-mangostin on α-glucosidase and α-amylase. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 213:880-891. [PMID: 35688278 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the antioxidant activities, enzyme inhibitory activities and the interaction mechanisms of artocarpin and α-mangostin on α-amylase and α-glucosidase. Results showed that artocarpin and α-mangostin had obvious antioxidant activities and inhibitory activities on α-glucosidase and α-amylase. The inhibitions of the two compounds on α-glucosidase were reversible and non-competitive according to the kinetics studies. Fluorescence intensity measurements indicated that the interaction mechanisms between the inhibitors and the two enzymes were static processes. Isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) analysis showed that the bindings between the inhibitors and the enzymes complex were all spontaneous. The main driving forces between α-mangostin and artocarpin with α-glucosidase might be hydrogen bonds and electrostatic interactions, respectively. While the forces between the two inhibitors and α-amylase might be hydrophobic interactions. Furthermore, molecular docking results showed that artocarpin and α-mangostin could bind to the allosteric site of the two enzymes, except for artocarpin in the active site pocket of α-amylase. All the results indicated that artocarpin and α-mangostin might be promising candidates for hypoglycemic functional products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qirou Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China
| | - Ruilin Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China
| | - Nannan Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China
| | - Yanan Jia
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China
| | - Yajie Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China
| | - Yue Chen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China
| | - Pharkphoom Panichayupakaranant
- Phytomedicine and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Excellence Center, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University, Hat-Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand
| | - Haixia Chen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China.
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Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition Relevant Subtypes with Distinct Prognosis and Responses to Chemo- or Immunotherapies in Osteosarcoma. J Immunol Res 2022; 2022:1377565. [PMID: 35836470 PMCID: PMC9274235 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1377565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Currently, clinical classification of osteosarcoma cannot accurately predict the survival outcomes and responses to chemo- or immunotherapies. Our goal was to classify osteosarcoma patients into clinical/biological subtypes based on EMT molecules. Methods This study retrospectively curated the RNA expression profiling of osteosarcoma patients from the TARGET and GSE21257 cohorts. Consensus clustering analyses were conducted in accordance with the expression profiling of prognostic EMT genes derived from univariate analyses. Immunological features were evaluated through immune cell infiltration, immune checkpoint expression, and activity of cancer immunity cycle. Drug sensitivity was estimated with the GDSC database. WGCNA approach was adopted to determine the EMT-derived genes. Following univariate analyses, a multivariate cox regression model was developed and externally verified. Predictive independency was evaluated with uni- and multivariate analyses. GSEA was presented to uncover relevant molecular mechanisms. Results Prognostic EMT genes across osteosarcoma patients were stratified into distinct subtypes, namely, subtypes A and B. Patients in subtype B presented desirable prognosis, high immune activation, and enhanced sensitivity to cisplatin. Meanwhile, patients in subtype A were more sensitive to gemcitabine. In total, 86 EMT-derived hub genes were determined, and an EMT score was conducted for osteosarcoma prognosis. Following external verification, this EMT score was reliably and independently predictive of patients' survival outcomes. Additionally, it was positively linked to steroid biosynthesis. Conclusion Overall, our findings proposed EMT-relevant molecular subtypes and signatures for predicting prognosis and therapeutic responses, contributing to personalized treatment and clinical implication for osteosarcoma.
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Wei X, Feng Z, Huang J, Xiang X, Du F, He C, Zhou M, Ma L, Cheng C, Qiu L. Homology and Immune Checkpoint Dual-Targeted Sonocatalytic Nanoagents for Enhancing Sonodynamic Tumor Therapy. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:32810-32822. [PMID: 34232622 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c08105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Sonocatalytic nanoagents (SCNs), a kind of sonosensitizers, could catalyze oxygen to generate abundant reactive oxygen species (ROS) under stimulations of noninvasive and deep-penetrating ultrasound (US), which is commonly used for sonodynamic therapy (SDT) of tumors such as malignant melanoma. However, poor bioavailability of most SCNs and fast quenching of extracellular-generating ROS from SDT limit further applications of SCNs in the SDT of tumors. Herein, we synthesized a new kind of TiO2-based SCN functionalized with the malignant melanoma cell membrane (B16F10M) and programmed cell death-ligand 1 antibody (aPD-L1) for homology and immune checkpoint dual-targeted and enhanced sonodynamic tumor therapy. Under US irradiation, the synthesized SCN can catalytically generate a large amount of 1O2. In vitro experiments validate that functionalized SCNs exhibit precise targeting effects, high tumor cell uptake, and intracellular sonocatalytic killing of the B16F10 cells by a large amount of localized ROS. Utilizing the melanoma animal model, the functionalized SCN displays visible long-term retention in the tumor area, which assists the homology and immune checkpoint synergistically dual-targeted and enhanced in vivo SDT of the tumor. We suggest that this highly bioavailable and dual-functionalized SCN may provide a promising strategy and nanoplatform for enhancing sonodynamic tumor therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wei
- Department of Ultrasound, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Department of Ultrasound, Deyang People's Hospital, Deyang 618000, China
| | - Ziyan Feng
- Department of Ultrasound, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jianbo Huang
- Department of Ultrasound, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xi Xiang
- Department of Ultrasound, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Fangxue Du
- Department of Ultrasound, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Chao He
- Department of Ultrasound, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Mi Zhou
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Lang Ma
- Department of Ultrasound, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Chong Cheng
- Department of Ultrasound, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustraße 3, Berlin 14195, Germany
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Li Qiu
- Department of Ultrasound, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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Potential chemopreventive, anticancer and anti-inflammatory properties of a refined artocarpin-rich wood extract of Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6854. [PMID: 33767225 PMCID: PMC7994669 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86040-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) represents the third leading cause of death among cancer patients below the age of 50, necessitating improved treatment and prevention initiatives. A crude methanol extract from the wood pulp of Artocarpus heterophyllus was found to be the most bioactive among multiple others, and an enriched extract containing 84% (w/v) artocarpin (determined by HPLC–MS–DAD) was prepared. The enriched extract irreversibly inhibited the activity of human cytochrome P450 CYP2C9, an enzyme previously shown to be overexpressed in CRC models. In vitro evaluations on heterologously expressed microsomes, revealed irreversible inhibitory kinetics with an IC50 value of 0.46 µg/mL. Time- and concentration-dependent cytotoxicity was observed on human cancerous HCT116 cells with an IC50 value of 4.23 mg/L in 72 h. We then employed the azoxymethane (AOM)/dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) colitis-induced model in C57BL/6 mice, which revealed that the enriched extract suppressed tumor multiplicity, reduced the protein expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen, and attenuated the gene expression of proinflammatory cytokines (Il-6 and Ifn-γ) and protumorigenic markers (Pcna, Axin2, Vegf, and Myc). The extract significantly (p = 0.03) attenuated (threefold) the gene expression of murine Cyp2c37, an enzyme homologous to the human CYP2C9 enzyme. These promising chemopreventive, cytotoxic, anticancer and anti-inflammatory responses, combined with an absence of toxicity, validate further evaluation of A. heterophyllus extract as a therapeutic agent.
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Gou W, Luo N, Wei H, Wu H, Yu X, Duan Y, Bi C, Ning H, Hou W, Li Y. Ursolic acid derivative UA232 evokes apoptosis of lung cancer cells induced by endoplasmic reticulum stress. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2020; 58:707-715. [PMID: 32726164 PMCID: PMC7470152 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2020.1794013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Ursolic acid (UA), a natural product, shows a broad spectrum of anticancer effects. However, the poor bioavailability and efficacy of UA limit its clinical application. OBJECTIVE We developed novel analogues of UA with enhanced antitumor activities by the extensive chemical modification of UA. MATERIALS AND METHODS We developed multiple compounds by structural modification of UA, and found that UA232 had stronger activity than UA. The effects of UA232 (0-50 μM) on inhibiting the proliferation of A549 and H460 cells were determined by CCK-8 for 24, 48, or 72 h. The proapoptotic effect of UA232 was analyzed by microscopy and flow cytometry, and the potential signal pathway affected by UA232 was further validated by Western blotting and flow cytometry. RESULTS Compared with UA, UA232 showed a stronger ability to inhibit the proliferation of lung cancer cells (IC50 = 5.4-6.1 μM for A549 and 3.9-5.7 μM for H460 cells). UA232 could induce not only cell cycle arrest in the G0/G1 phase but also apoptosis in both A549 and H460 cells. The treatment of UA232 could lead to an increase of CHOP expression rather than an increase in Bax or caspase-8, indicating that the apoptosis induced by UA232 was correlated with the endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER stress) pathway. Treatment with the ER stress-specific inhibitor, 4-PBA, decreased the ability of UA232 to induce apoptosis in A549 and H460 cells. CONCLUSION UA232 induced apoptosis through the ER stress pathway, and showed stronger growth-inhibitory effects in A549 and H460 cells compared to UA, which may be a potential anticancer drug to suppress the proliferation of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenfeng Gou
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Na Luo
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Huiqiang Wei
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Hongying Wu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaojun Yu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuqing Duan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Changfen Bi
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Hongxin Ning
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Wenbin Hou
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Yiliang Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Tianjin, China
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Jiang H, Meng X, Shi X, Yang J. Interspecies metabolic diversity of artocarpin in vitro mammalian liver microsomes. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2019; 84:661-669. [PMID: 31829112 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2019.1701405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Artocarpin has shown anti-inflammation and anticancer activities. However, the metabolism differences among different species have not been reported. In this work, we used liver microsomes to explore the metabolic characteristics and possible metabolites of artocarpin among different species. The structures of six metabolites were characterized by LC-MS/MS, and hydroxylated artocarpin was the main metabolite. Enzyme kinetics and depletion studies of artocarpin among different species proved that artocarpin metabolism exhibited significant species differences; rats and monkeys showed a great metabolic ability to artocarpin, and minipigs showed the highest similarity to humans. The in vivo hepatic clearances of artocarpin in rats and humans were predicted that artocarpin was classified as a high-clearance drug in humans and rats. The glucuronidation assay of artocarpin in different liver microsomes also proved that artocarpin metabolism showed significant species difference. These findings will support further pharmacological or toxicological research on artocarpin.Abbreviations: UGT: UDP-glucuronosyltransferase; CYP: cytochrome P450; LC-MS/MS: liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry; HPLC: high-performance liquid chromatography; HLMs: human liver microsomes; MLMs: monkey liver microsomes; RAMs: rabbit liver microsomes; RLMs: rat liver microsomes; DLMs: dog liver microsomes; PLMs: minipig liver microsomes; Vmax: maximum velocity; Km: Michaelis constant; CLint: intrinsic clearance; CLH: hepatic clearance; QH: hepatic blood flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Jiang
- Pharmaceutical Science School, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China.,Drug action and quality evaluation center of Liaoning province, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Xiangcai Meng
- College of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Xianbao Shi
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Jingming Yang
- Pharmaceutical Science School, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
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Optimizing Ultrasound-Assisted Deep Eutectic Solvent Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Chinese Wild Rice. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24152718. [PMID: 31357469 PMCID: PMC6696331 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24152718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, deep eutectic solvents (DESs) were used for the ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) of valuable bioactive compounds from Chinese wild rice (Zizania spp.). To this end, 7 different choline chloride (CC)-based DESs were tested as green extraction solvents. Choline chloride/1,4-butanediol (DES-2) exhibited the best extraction efficiency in terms of parameters such as the total flavonoid content (TFC), total phenolic content (TPC), and free radical scavenging capacity (DPPH● and ABTS●+). Subsequently, the UAE procedure using 76.6% DES-2 was also optimized: An extraction temperature of 51.2 °C and a solid–liquid ratio of 37.0 mg/mL were considered optimal by a Box–Behnken experiment. The optimized extraction procedure proved efficient for the extraction of 9 phenolic and 3 flavonoid compounds from Chinese wild rice as determined by quantification based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography–triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-QqQ-MS). This work, thus, demonstrates the possibility of customizing green solvents that offer greater extraction capacity than that of organic solvents.
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