1
|
Acute cytotoxicity test of PM 2.5, NNK and BPDE in human normal bronchial epithelial cells: A comparison of a co-culture model containing macrophages and a mono-culture model. Toxicol In Vitro 2022; 85:105480. [PMID: 36152786 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2022.105480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Based on extensive research on cytotoxicity of exogenous compounds in vitro, it is essential to develop a cell model that better mimics environment in vivo to explore cytotoxic mechanisms of exogenous compounds. METHODS A co-culture system was established using a transwell system with Beas-2B and U937 cells. Cells were treated with fine particulate matter (PM2.5; 25, 50 and 100 μg/mL), nicotine-derived nitrosamine ketone (NNK; 50, 100 and 200 μg/mL) and benzo(a)pyrene diol epoxide (BPDE; 0.5, 2 and 8 μM) for 24 h. Cell proliferation, apoptosis and cell cycle, DNA damage were detected by CCK-8 and EdU, flow cytometry, and comet assay, respectively. Differentially expressed transcript and cytokine concentrations were determined by transcriptome sequencing and Cytokine Array, respectively. RESULTS Compared with mono-culture, cell proliferation increased, apoptosis decreased, and DNA damage decreased in a dose-response relationship in co-culture. Gene expression profile was significantly different in co-culture, with significantly increased expression levels of 48 cytokines in co-culture. CONCLUSION Cytotoxic damage to Beas-2B cells induced by exogenous carcinogens, including PM2.5, NNK and BPDE, was significantly reduced in a co-culture system compared with a mono-culture system. The mechanism may be related to changes in expression of cytokines, such as LIF, and activation of related pathways, such as TNF signaling pathway. Cytotoxic damage to Beas-2B induced by PM2.5, NNK and BPDE, was significantly reduced in co-culture. The mechanism may be related to changes in expression of cytokines and activation of related pathways. These findings provide new insights into cytotoxicity and experimental basis for safety evaluations of exogenous carcinogens.
Collapse
|
2
|
Mucinous metaplasia in Pten conditional knockout mice and mucin family genes as prognostic markers for prostate cancer. Life Sci 2022; 293:120264. [PMID: 35031262 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.120264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
AIMS This study evaluated the association of mucinous metaplasia (MM) with tumor cell proliferation, androgen receptor (AR) expression and invasiveness in Pten conditional knockout mice and the prognostic value of MM markers for patients with PCa. MAIN METHODS Prostatic lobes samples from genetic engineered mouse model Ptenf/f and Pb-Cre4/Ptenf/f were submitted for histopathological analysis and tissue expression of AR, the proliferation marker Ki67, alpha-smooth muscle actin, and laminin. RNAseq data of prostatic lobes samples were analyzed searching for MM gene expression patterns. We also investigated gene and protein expression related to MM in human PCa public databases. KEY FINDINGS All knockout animals analyzed showed at least one area of stroma-invading MM, which was absent in the control animals. The tumoral regions of MM showed a proliferative index 5 times higher than other tumoral areas and low expression of the AR (less than 20% of the cells were AR-positive). Disrupted basement membrane areas were observed in MM. The mouse and human PCa transcriptomes exhibited increased expression of the MM markers such as MUC1, MUC19, MUC4, MUC5AC, MUC5B, and TFF3. Gene expression profile was associated with castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) and with a lower probability of freedom from biochemical recurrence. SIGNIFICANCE The expression of goblet cell genes, such as MUC1, MUC5AC, MUC5B, and TFF3 have significant prognostic value for PCa patients and represent another class of potential therapeutic targets.
Collapse
|
3
|
Osório DA, Consonni SR, Dos Santos AM, Carvalho HF. Polarization, migration, and homotypical interactions among prostatic smooth muscle cells in a laminin 111-rich extracellular matrix. Cell Biol Int 2021; 45:882-889. [PMID: 33377550 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is a life-threatening condition worldwide. As the tumor progresses, smooth muscle cells (SMCs) become atrophic/dedifferentiated, within a series of stromal changes named stromal reaction. Here, we tested whether a laminin 111-rich extracellular matrix (Lr-ECM) could affect SMCs phenotype and differentiation status. Using time-lapse microscopy, image analyses, quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting, and transmission electron microscopy, we showed that SMCs acquires a migratory behavior with a decreased expression of differentiation markers and relocation of focal adhesion kinase. SMCs set homotypic cell junctions and were active in autophagy/phagocytosis. Analysis of the migratory behavior showed that SMCs polarized and migrated toward each other, recognizing long-distance signals such as matrix tensioning. However, half of the cell population were immotile, irrespective of the nearest neighbor distance, suggesting they do not engage in productive interactions, possibly as a result of back-to-back positioning. In conclusion, the Lr-ECM, mimics the effects of the proliferating and infiltrating tumor epithelium, causing SMCs phenotypical change similar to that observed in the stromal reaction, in addition to a hitherto undescribed, stereotyped pattern of cell motility resulting from cell polarization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Osório
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Silvio R Consonni
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Aline M Dos Santos
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.,National Institute of Photonics Applied to Cell Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Hernandes F Carvalho
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.,National Institute of Photonics Applied to Cell Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Silva JAF, Calmasini F, Siqueira-Berti A, Moraes-Vieira PMM, Quintar A, Carvalho HF. Prostate immunology: A challenging puzzle. J Reprod Immunol 2020; 142:103190. [PMID: 32853844 DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2020.103190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mucosal immunity defines the relationship of surfaces in contact with the environment and integrates diverse tissues such as epidermis, gum, nose, gut, uterus and prostate with the immune system. Although considered part of a system, each mucosa presents specific immune features beyond the barrier and secretory functions. Information regarding the mucosal immunology of the male reproductive tract and the prostate gland in particular is scarce. In this review, we approach the prostate as an epithelial barrier and as part of the mucosal immune system. Finally, we also raise a series of questions that will improve the understanding of this gland, its role in reproduction and its sensitivity/resistance to disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juliete Aparecida F Silva
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, State University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Fabiano Calmasini
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, State University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Aline Siqueira-Berti
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, State University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Pedro M M Moraes-Vieira
- Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, State University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Amado Quintar
- Centro de Microscopía Electrónica, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Hernandes F Carvalho
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, State University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology of Photonics Applied to Cell Biology - INFABiC, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Werneck-Gomes H, Campolina-Silva GH, Maria BT, Barata MC, Mahecha GAB, Hess RA, Oliveira CA. Tumor-Associated Macrophages (TAM) are recruited to the aging prostate epithelial lesions and become intermingled with basal cells. Andrology 2020; 8:1375-1386. [PMID: 32157817 DOI: 10.1111/andr.12783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer remains one of the most common cancers in men. Macrophages are thought to be important regulators in cancers, and their potential involvement in prostate cancer should not be overlooked. Therefore, the association between macrophages and the pre-tumorous changes in prostate epithelium during aging deserves further investigation. OBJECTIVES We sought to investigate whether macrophages would be recruited into the prostate epithelium that display pathological lesions commonly found during aging. MATERIALS AND METHODS Prostates of aging rats, with and without treatment with a combination of testosterone and estradiol, were examined for premalignant and malignant epithelial lesions. For comparison, prostates of castrated rats were also investigated. RESULTS Intraepithelial macrophages were found restricted to areas of premalignant and malignant lesions. An unprecedented interaction between macrophages and basal cells was observed in the aging pathological lesions. The intraepithelial macrophages were associated with autophagy, in contrast to those found after castration. In prostate lesions, the intraepithelial macrophages had TAM phenotype (CD68+/iNOS+/CD206+/ARG+), denoting a possible involvement in cancer progression. However, M2 macrophages (CD68+/CD163+) were recruited into the epithelium after castration, possibly to phagocytize cells undergoing apoptosis. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION In conclusion, macrophages were recruited into the prostate epithelium and presented diverse phenotypes and morphology, consistent with changes reflected in the hormonal environment. Macrophages with the TAM phenotype were found restricted to areas of premalignant and malignant lesions in aging prostates, denoting a possible involvement in cancer progression. In contrast, M2 macrophages were found in the regressed epithelium after castration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hipácia Werneck-Gomes
- Department of Morphology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Bruna T Maria
- Department of Morphology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Maria C Barata
- Department of Morphology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Germán A B Mahecha
- Department of Morphology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Rex A Hess
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Cleida A Oliveira
- Department of Morphology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Nishan U, da Rosa-Ribeiro R, Damas-Souza DM, Barbosa GO, Carvalho HF. Transcriptional regulators and regulatory pathways involved in prostate gland adaptation to a hypoandrogen environment. Genet Mol Biol 2020; 42:e20180362. [PMID: 32159609 PMCID: PMC7198032 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2018-0362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-androgen therapies, including orchiectomy, are effective at promoting
prostate cancer remission, but are followed by progression to the more
aggressive castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Castration promotes
gland and tumor shrinkage. However, prostate adaptation to androgen deprivation
involves striking parallel events, all requiring changes in gene expression. We
hypothesized that transcription factors (TF) and other transcription-related
genes are needed to orchestrate those changes. In this work, downstream analysis
using bioinformatic tools and published microarray data allowed us to identify
sixty transcriptional regulators (including 10 TF) and to integrate their
function in physiologically relevant networks. Functional associations revealed
a connection between Arnt, Bhlhe41 and
Dbp circadian rhythm genes with the Ar
circuitry and a small gene network centered in Pex14, which might indicate a
previously unanticipated metabolic shift. We have also identified human homologs
and mapped the corresponding genes to human chromosome regions commonly affected
in prostate cancer, with particular attention to the
PTEN/HHEX/MXI1 cluster at
10q23-25 (frequently deleted in PCa) and to MAPK1 at 22q11.21 (delete in
intermediate risk but not in high risk PCa). Twenty genes were found mutated or
with copy number alterations in at least five percent of three cancer cohorts
and six of them (PHOX2A, NFYC, EST2, EIF2S1, SSRP1 and PARP1) associated with
impacted patient survival. These changes are specific to the adaptation to the
hypoandrogen environment and seem important for the progression to CRPC when
mutated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Umar Nishan
- Departamento de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Rafaela da Rosa-Ribeiro
- Departamento de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Danilo Marchete Damas-Souza
- Departamento de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Oliveira Barbosa
- Departamento de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Hernandes F Carvalho
- Departamento de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|