Activation of the STAT3/microRNA-21 pathway participates in angiotensin II-induced angiogenesis

Molecular mechanisms of PTEN in atherosclerosis: A comprehensive review

Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the arterial wall caused by an imbalance of lipid metabolism and a maladaptive inflammatory response. A variety of harmful cellular changes associated with atherosclerosis include endothelial dysfunction, the migration of circulating inflammatory cells to the arterial wall, the production of proinflammatory cytokines, lipid buildup in the intima, local inflammatory responses in blood vessels, atherosclerosis-associated apoptosis, and autophagy. PTEN inhibits the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (PKB/AKT)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway through its lipid phosphatase activity. Previous studies have shown that PTEN is closely related to atherosclerosis. This article reviews the role of PTEN in atherosclerosis from the perspectives of autophagy, apoptosis, inflammation, proliferation, and angiogenesis.

Melatonin affects the expression of microRNA-21: A mini-review of current evidence

Melatonin (MLT) is an endogenous hormone produced by pineal gland which possess promising anti-tumor effects. Anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties of MLT, along with its immunomodulatory, proapoptotic, and anti-angiogenic properties, are often referred to the main mechanisms of its anti-tumor effects. Recent evidence has suggested that epigenetic alterations are also involved in the anti-tumor properties of MLT. Among these MLT-induced epigenetic alterations is modulation of the expression of several oncogenic and tumor suppressor microRNAs(miRNAs). MiRNAs are among the most promising and potential therapeutic and diagnostic tools in different diseases and enhanced the development of better therapeutic drugs. Suppression of oncomicroRNAs such as microRNA-21, - 20a, and - 27a as well as, up-regulation of microRNA-34 a/c are among the most important effects of MLT on microRNAs homeostasis. Recently, miR-21 has attracted the attention of scientists due to the its wide range of effects on different cancers and diseases. Regulation of this RNA may be a key to the development of better therapeutic targets. The present review will summarize the findings of in vitro and experimental studies of MLT-induced impacts on the expression of microRNAs which are involved in different models and numerous stages of tumor initiation, growth, metastasis, and chemo-resistance.

miRNAs associated with endoplasmic reticulum stress and unfolded protein response during decidualization

RESEARCH QUESTION

Do microRNAs (miRNAs) play a role in regulating endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) and unfolded protein response (UPR) in decidualized cells and endometrium associated with reproductive failures?

DESIGN

Endometrial stromal cell line St-T1b was decidualized in vitro with 8-Br-cAMP over 5 days, or treated with the ERS inducer thapsigargin. Expression of ERS sensors, UPR markers and potential miRNA regulators was analysed by quantitative PCR. Endometrial biopsies from patients with recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) and recurrent implantation failure (RIF) were investigated for the location of miRNA expression.

RESULTS

Decidualization of St-T1b cells resulted in increased expression of ERS sensors including ATF6α, PERK and IRE1α, and the UPR marker, CHOP. TXNIP, which serves as a link between the ERS pathway and inflammation, as well as inflammasome NLRP3 and interleukin 1β expression increased in decidualized cells. An in-silico analysis identified miR-17-5p, miR-21-5p and miR-193b-3p as miRNAs potentially involved in regulation of the ERS/UPR pathways and inflammation associated with embryo implantation. Their expression decreased significantly (P ≤ 0.0391) in non-decidualized cells in the presence of thapsigargin. Finally, expression of the selected miRNAs was localized by in-situ hybridization in stromal and glandular epithelial cells in endometrial samples from patients with RPL and RIF. Expression in stroma cells from patients with RPL was lower in comparison with stroma cells from patients with RIF.

CONCLUSIONS

Decidualization in St-T1b cells is accompanied by ERS/UPR processes, associated with an inflammatory response that is potentially influenced by miR-17-5p, miR-21-5p and miR-193b-3p. These miRNAs are expressed differentially in stromal cells from patients with RPL and RIF, indicating an alteration in regulation of the ERS/UPR pathways.

The potential role of miRNAs in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases - A focus on signaling pathways interplay

For the past two decades since their discovery, scientists have linked microRNAs (miRNAs) to posttranscriptional regulation of gene expression in critical cardiac physiological and pathological processes. Multiple non-coding RNA species regulate cardiac muscle phenotypes to stabilize cardiac homeostasis. Different cardiac pathological conditions, including arrhythmia, myocardial infarction, and hypertrophy, are modulated by non-coding RNAs in response to stress or other pathological conditions. Besides, miRNAs are implicated in several modulatory signaling pathways of cardiovascular disorders including mitogen-activated protein kinase, nuclear factor kappa beta, protein kinase B (AKT), NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3), Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs), Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and apoptotic protease-activating factor 1 (Apaf-1)/caspases. This review highlights the potential role of miRNAs as therapeutic targets and updates our understanding of their roles in the processes underlying pathogenic phenotypes of cardiac muscle.

MEL regulates miR-21 and let-7b through the STAT3 cascade in the follicular granulosa cells of Tibetan sheep

Under physiological and pathological conditions, melatonin (MEL) can regulate microRNA (miRNA) expression. However, the mechanisms underlying the regulatory effects of MEL on miRNAs in ovaries are not understood. Firstly, by using fluorescence in situ hybridisation, we found that in ovaries and follicular granulosa cells (FGCs), MT1 co-located with miR-21 and let-7b. Additionally, immunofluorescence revealed that MT1, STAT3, c-MYC and LIN28 proteins co-located. The mRNA and protein levels of STAT3, c-MYC and LIN28 increased under treatment with 10^-7 M MEL. MEL induced an increase in miR-21 and a decrease in let-7b. The LIN28/let-7b and STAT3/miR-21 axes are related to cell differentiation, apoptosis and proliferation. We explored whether the STAT3/c-MYC/LIN28 pathway was involved in miRNA regulation by MEL to explore the putative mechanism of the above relationship. AG490, an inhibitor of the STAT3 pathway, was added before MEL treatment. AG490 inhibited the MEL-induced increases in STAT3, c-MYC, LIN28 and MT1 and changes in miRNA. Through live-cell detection, we discovered that MEL enhanced the proliferation of FGCs. However, the ki67 protein levels decreased when AG490 was added in advance. Furthermore, the dual-luciferase reporter assay verified that STAT3, LIN28 and MT1 were target genes of let-7b. Furthermore, STAT3 and SMAD7 were target genes of miR-21. In addition, the protein levels of the STAT3, c-MYC, LIN28 and MEL receptors decreased when let-7b was overexpressed in FGCs. Overall, MEL might regulate miRNA expression through the STAT3 pathway. In addition, a negative feedback loop between the STAT3 and miR-21 formed; MEL and let-7b antagonized each other in FGCs. These findings may provide a theoretical basis for improving the reproductive performance of Tibetan sheep through MEL and miRNAs.

The Role of miRNA in the Regulation of Angiogenesis in Ischemic Heart Disease

Despite continued improvements in primary prevention and treatment, ischemic heart disease (IHD) is the most common cause of mortality in both developing and developed countries. Promoting angiogenesis and reconstructing vascular network in ischemic myocardium are critical process of postischemic tissue repair. Effective strategies to promote survival and avoid apoptosis of endothelial cells in the ischemic myocardium can help to achieve long-term cardiac angiogenesis. Therefore, it is of great importance to investigate the molecular pathophysiology of angiogenesis in-depth and to find the key targets that promote angiogenesis. Recently years, many studies have found that microRNAs play important regulatory roles in almost all process of angiogenesis, including vascular sprouting, proliferation, survival and migration of vascular endothelial cells, recruitment of vascular progenitor cells, and control of angiopoietin expression. This review presents detailed information about the regulatory role of miRNAs in the angiogenesis of IHD in recent years, and provides new therapeutic ideas for the treatment of IHD.

IFN-γ enhances the efficacy of mesenchymal stromal cell-derived exosomes via miR-21 in myocardial infarction rats

Background

Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) activated with IFN-γ elicit stronger physical effects. Exosomes (Exos) secreted from MSCs show protective effects against myocardial injury. This study aimed to determine whether Exos derived from IFN-γ-treated MSCs exhibit more potent cardioprotective function and the underlying mechanisms.

Methods

H9c2 cells or human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were treated with Exos isolated from MSCs (Ctrl-Exo) or IFN-γ-primed MSCs (IFN-γ-Exo) under oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) conditions in vitro and in vivo in an infarcted rat heart. RNA sequencing was used to identify differentially expressed functional transcription factors (TFs). Quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (qPCR) was used to confirm the upregulated TFs and miRNA in IFN-γ-primed MSCs. Dual-luciferase reporter gene assay was used to analyze the transcriptional regulation of miRNAs by STAT1. The target of miR-21-5p (miR-21) was determined by luciferase reporter assays and qPCR. The function of BTG2 was verified in vitro under OGD conditions.

Result

IFN-γ-Exo accelerated migration and tube-like structure formation and prevented OGD-induced apoptosis in H9c2. Similarly, IFN-γ-Exo treatment caused a decrease in fibrosis, reduced cardiomyocyte apoptosis, and improved cardiac function compared to Ctrl-Exo treatment. MiR-21 was significantly upregulated in IFN-γ-primed MSCs and IFN-γ-Exo. STAT1 transcriptionally induced miR-21 expression. Up-regulated miR-21 could inhibit BTG anti-proliferation factor 2 (BTG2) expressions. BTG2 promoted H9c2 cell apoptosis and reversed the protective effects of miR-21 under OGD conditions.

Conclusion

IFN-γ-Exo showed enhanced therapeutic efficacy against acute MI, possibly by promoting angiogenesis and reducing apoptosis by upregulating miR-21, which directly targeted BTG2.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13287-022-02984-z.

Long non-coding RNA NBAT1, TUG1, miRNA-335, and miRNA-21 as potential biomarkers for acute ischemic stroke and their possible correlation to thyroid hormones

Objective: RNA-based mechanisms of epigenetic modification related to acute ischemic stroke (AIS) have been widely studied recently. The current work aimed to determine the potential roles of four ncRNAs (TUG1 and its target miR-21, NBAT1, and miR-335) as promising diagnostic biomarkers in AIS as well as their involvement in the disease pathogenesis.

Methods: The levels of the studied lncRNAs and miRNAs were measured in the serum for two different groups, including patients with AIS (60) and healthy controls (60). All individuals were subjected to a full history investigation and clinical examination. Blood samples were tested for FBS, 2HPP, TAG, HDL, LDL, TSH, T3, and T4 levels.

Results: The serum levels of TUG1 were significantly increased in AIS patients compared to control subjects. It is worthwhile to note that serum TUG1 levels were positively correlated with cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, carotid IMT (Intima-media thickness), and miR-21, while they were negatively correlated with HDL levels. Our study showed that NBAT1 serum expression levels were elevated in AIS patients compared to controls. NBAT1 expression levels were observed to be positively correlated with triglycerides, TUG1, and miR-21. NBAT1 could distinguish between AIS patients and controls with a sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 100% at a cut-off point of 1.45. Regarding miR-335, we found that its expression levels were downregulated in AIS patients compared with healthy controls. It could distinguish between AIS patients and controls with a sensitivity of 73.3% and a specificity of 100% at a cut-off point of 0.796.

Conclusion: Our results revealed that serum TUG1, miR-21, NBAT1, and miR-335 could be promising molecular diagnostic markers for AIS as these biomarkers could discriminate between AIS patients and healthy controls.

miRNA in Ischemic Heart Disease and Its Potential as Biomarkers: A Comprehensive Review

Ischemic heart disease (IHD) constitutes the leading global cause of mortality and morbidity. Although significant progress has been achieved in the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of IHD, more robust diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic interventions are still needed to circumvent the increasing incidence of IHD. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are critical regulators of cardiovascular function and are involved in various facets of cardiovascular biology. While the knowledge of the role of miRNAs in IHD as diagnostic biomarkers has improved, research emphasis on how miRNAs can be effectively used for diagnosis and prognosis of IHD is crucial. This review provides an overview of the biology, therapeutic and diagnostic potential, as well as the caveats of using miRNAs in IHD based on existing research.

Tanshinone IIA-regulation of IL-6 antagonizes PM2 .5 -induced proliferation of human bronchial epithelial cells via a STAT3/miR-21 reciprocal loop

Particulate matter 2.5 (PM_2.5 ), a component of atmospheric particulate matter, leads to changes in gene expression and cellular functions. Epidemiological evidence confirms that PM_2.5 has a positive correlation with lung injury. However, the molecular mechanisms involved remain poorly understood, and preventive methods are needed. In the present study, with human bronchial epithelial (HBE) cells in culture, we showed that low concentrations of PM_2.5 resulted in acceleration of the G1/S transition and cell proliferation. Consistent with these effects, expression of the pro-inflammatory factor interleukin-6 (IL-6) was elevated in HBE cells exposed to PM_2.5 . Accordingly, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) was activated, which down-regulated expression of cyclin D1. In addition, PM_2.5 exposure led to higher levels of miR-21, and there was a reciprocal loop between miR-21 and STAT3. For HBE cells, tanshinone IIA (Tan IIA) reversed the PM_2.5 -induced cell cycle alteration and cell proliferation, and reduced the expression of cytokines (IL-6, STAT3, and miR-21). These results show that, for HBE cells, Tan IIA attenuates the PM_2.5 -induced G1/S alteration and cell proliferation, and indicate that it has potential clinical application for PM_2.5 -induced respiratory injuries.

Human organ rejuvenation by VEGF-A: Lessons from the skin

Transplanting aged human skin onto young SCID/beige mice morphologically rejuvenates the xenotransplants. This is accompanied by angiogenesis, epidermal repigmentation, and substantial improvements in key aging-associated biomarkers, including ß-galactosidase, p16^ink4a, SIRT1, PGC1α, collagen 17A, and MMP1. Angiogenesis- and hypoxia-related pathways, namely, vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) and HIF1A, are most up-regulated in rejuvenated human skin. This rejuvenation cascade, which can be prevented by VEGF-A-neutralizing antibodies, appears to be initiated by murine VEGF-A, which then up-regulates VEGF-A expression/secretion within aged human skin. While intradermally injected VEGF-loaded nanoparticles suffice to induce a molecular rejuvenation signature in aged human skin on old mice, VEGF-A treatment improves key aging parameters also in isolated, organ-cultured aged human skin, i.e., in the absence of functional skin vasculature, neural, or murine host inputs. This identifies VEGF-A as the first pharmacologically pliable master pathway for human organ rejuvenation in vivo and demonstrates the potential of our humanized mouse model for clinically relevant aging research.

NaAsO2 decreases GSH synthesis by inhibiting GCLC and induces apoptosis through Hela cell mitochondrial damage, mediating the activation of the NF-κB/miR-21 signaling pathway

BACKGROUND

Cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer in women worldwide, and arsenic has a certain effect in solid tumor chemotherapy. As the rate-limiting enzyme subunit of GSH synthesis, GCLC may be an important target for arsenic to induce apoptosis through mitochondrial apoptosis pathway to exert anti-tumor effect. NF-κB plays an important role in the occurrence and development of cervical cancer and can regulate the expression of GCLC. miR-21 is a potential biomarker of cervical cancer, which can induce apoptosis through ROS regulated the mitochondrial pathway of cells. However, the role of miR-21 in the mitochondrial pathway of cervical cancer cells induced by NaAsO2 through NF-κB/GCLC and GSH synthesis regulated oxidative stress is rarely reported. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate whether NaAsO2 might induce mitochondrial damage and apoptosis of cervical cancer cells through NF-κB/ miR-21 /GCLC induced oxidative stress, and play the anti-tumor role of arsenic as a potential drug for the treatment of cervical cancer.

METHODS

Hela cells were treated with different concentrations of NaAsO2, D, L-Buthionine-(SR)-sulfoximine (BSO), IκBα inhibitor (BAY 11-7082) and miR-21 Inhibitor. CCK-8 assay, Western Blot, qRT PCR, immunofluorescence, transmission electron microscopy, mitochondrial Membrane Potential Assay Kit with JC-1,2',7'-Dichlorofluorescin diacetate fluorescent probe and Annexin V-FITC were used to measure cell activity, GSH and ROS, mitochondrial morphology and membrane potential (ΔΨm), protein and mRNA expression of GCLC, GCLM, p65, IκBα, p-P65, p-I κBα, Bcl-2, BAX, Caspase3, cleaved-caspase3 and miR-21.

RESULTS

Compared with the control group, with the gradual increasing dose of NaAsO2, cell viability was considerable reduced, and increased rate of apoptosis, intracellular GSH level was decreased significantly, ROS was increased, mitochondrial structure was damaged, mitochondrial membrane potential ΔΨm and Bcl2/BAX lowered, the expression of Caspase3 and cleaved-caspase3 were significantly increased, resulting in mitochondrial apoptosis. When Hela cells were treated with 15, 20, and 25 μmol/L NaAsO2, the mRNA and protein levels of GCLC and GCLM were reduced, the expression of p65 in the nucleus was increased, the expression of p-p65/p65, p-IκBα/IκBα and miR-21 were significantly increased. When BSO increased the inhibitory effect of NaAsO2 on GCLC, Compared with NaAsO2 group, the ΔΨm and protein of Bcl-2/BAX, caspase3 and cleaved-capsase3 were increased. When BAY 11-7082 combined with NaAsO2 co-treated, compared with the NaAsO2 group, the protein and mRNA expression of GCLC was increased, NaAsO2-increased expression level of miR-21 was suppressed, and the ΔΨm and cell viability were higher. In addition, compared with the combination of NaAsO2 and miR-21NC, the protein expression of GCLC was increased, the ΔΨm and cell viability reduction were alleviated by miR-21 Inhibitor combined with NaAsO2.

CONCLUSION

NaAsO2 may lead to ROS accumulation in Hela cells and trigger mitochondrial apoptosis. The mechanism may be related to the activation of NF-κB signaling pathway and the promotion of miR-21 expression which leads to the inhibition of GCLC expression and the significant decrease of intracellular reductive GSH synthesis.

Hypertension: Potential Player in Cardiovascular Disease Incidence in Preeclampsia

Preeclampsia (PE) is one of the complications, that threatens pregnant mothers during pregnancy. According to studies, it accounts for 3-7% of all pregnancies, and also is effective in preterm delivery. PE is the third leading cause of death in pregnant women. High blood pressure in PE can increase the risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD) in cited individuals, and is one of the leading causes of death in PE individuals. Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), Renin-Angiotensin system and nitric oxide (NO) are some of involved factors in regulating blood pressure. Therefore, by identifying the signaling pathways, that are used by these molecules to regulate and modulate blood pressure, appropriate treatment strategies can be provided to reduce blood pressure through target therapy in PE individuals; consequently, it can reduce CVD risk and mortality.

Expression of Circulating Rennin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone-Related microRNAs in Patients with Thyrotoxic Heart Disease

Thyrotoxic heart disease (THD) is a common and severe complication of hyperthyroidism and the etiology of this complication remains poorly understood. Activation of the rennin-angiotensin- aldosterone system by excess thyroxin is one of the major factors that contribute to the pathogenesis of THD. Several microRNAs such as miR-21, miR-155, miR-208a, and miR-499 are closely related to the rennin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and therefore should be involved in this process. Our study intends to explore whether these miRNAs are involved in the pathogenesis of THD, and if these miRNAs could be secreted into the circulation and serve as sentinel indicators for THD. Though there is a trend of elevation of miR- 155 in THD than in simple hyperthyroidism patients, we did not find statistically significant differences in the expression of these miRNAs in the blood of THD patients, but we found that miR-155 was significantly up-regulated in patients with Graves' disease with or without THD in comparison with healthy controls. Thus, miR-155 can serve as a novel biomarker for Graves' disease and can play important roles in pathogenesis of Graves' disease.

miRetrieve-an R package and web application for miRNA text mining

microRNAs (miRNAs) regulate gene expression and thereby influence biological processes in health and disease. As a consequence, miRNAs are intensely studied and literature on miRNAs has been constantly growing. While this growing body of literature reflects the interest in miRNAs, it generates a challenge to maintain an overview, and the comparison of miRNAs that may function across diverse disease fields is complex due to this large number of relevant publications. To address these challenges, we designed miRetrieve, an R package and web application that provides an overview on miRNAs. By text mining, miRetrieve can characterize and compare miRNAs within specific disease fields and across disease areas. This overview provides focus and facilitates the generation of new hypotheses. Here, we explain how miRetrieve works and how it is used. Furthermore, we demonstrate its applicability in an exemplary case study and discuss its advantages and disadvantages.

Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound ameliorates angiotensin II-induced cardiac fibrosis by alleviating inflammation via a caveolin-1-dependent pathway

OBJECTIVES

Cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis are major pathological manifestations observed in left ventricular remodeling induced by angiotensin II (AngII). Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) has been reported to ameliorate cardiac dysfunction and myocardial fibrosis in myocardial infarction (MI) through mechano-transduction and its downstream pathways. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether LIPUS could exert a protective effect by ameliorating AngII-induced cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis and if so, to further elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms.

METHODS

We used AngII to mimic animal and cell culture models of cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis. LIPUS irradiation was applied in vivo for 20 min every 2 d from one week before mini-pump implantation to four weeks after mini-pump implantation, and in vitro for 20 min on each of two occasions 6 h apart. Cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis levels were then evaluated by echocardiographic, histopathological, and molecular biological methods.

RESULTS

Our results showed that LIPUS could ameliorate left ventricular remodeling in vivo and cardiac fibrosis in vitro by reducing AngII-induced release of inflammatory cytokines, but the protective effects on cardiac hypertrophy were limited in vitro. Given that LIPUS increased the expression of caveolin-1 in response to mechanical stimulation, we inhibited caveolin-1 activity with pyrazolopyrimidine 2 (pp2) in vivo and in vitro. LIPUS-induced downregulation of inflammation was reversed and the anti-fibrotic effects of LIPUS were absent.

CONCLUSIONS

These results indicated that LIPUS could ameliorate AngII-induced cardiac fibrosis by alleviating inflammation via a caveolin-1-dependent pathway, providing new insights for the development of novel therapeutic apparatus in clinical practice.

Irbesartan ameliorates chronic mountain sickness in a rat model via the cholesterol metabolism: An iTRAQ -based proteomics analysis

OBJECTIVE

To study the effects of irbesartan on pulmonary artery lesions in a rat model with chronic mountain sickness (CMS) and identify the biomarkers involved.

METHODS

In this study, we used a rat model of CMS to evaluate the therapeutic effect of irbesartan by measuring pulmonary artery pressure and evaluating the histopathology of the pulmonary artery. We also used proteomics technology to identify differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) in the serum and performed bioinformatics analysis. Results were then verified by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and immunohistochemistry (IHC).

RESULTS

Irbesartan treatment induced a significant decrease (P < 0.05) in the pulmonary artery pressure of CMS rats. Histopathological and electron microscope further confirmed that high altitude hypoxia induced changes in the structure of the pulmonary artery tissue and caused ultrastructural lesions. Proteomics analysis identified 40 DEPs; bioinformatics analysis further revealed that the cholesterol metabolism pathway plays a crucial role in the occurrence of CMS. ELISA and IHC verified that several DEPs (Apo-A1, Apo-C1, Apo-E, IGF-1, Profilin1, and Col1a1) represent critical biological markers in pulmonary artery disease caused by CMS.

CONCLUSIONS

Irbesartan significantly improved pulmonary artery damage in a rat model of CMS possibly by impacting on the cholesterol metabolism pathway and by reducing damage to vascular endothelial cells. Irbesartan also inhibited the expression levels of IGF-1, Profilin1 and Col1a1 to relieve pulmonary artery pressure and improve lung function by inhibiting vascular remodeling. Several proteins were identified as potential biomarkers of CMS, including Apo-A1, Apo-C1, Apo-E, IGF-1, Profilin1, and Col1a1.

TPTEP1 suppresses high glucose-induced dysfunction in retinal vascular endothelial cells by interacting with STAT3 and targeting VEGFA

AIMS

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a vascular complication of diabetes mellitus that causes visual impairment and blindness. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been revealed to be involved in biological processes of several diseases including DR. We designed this study to investigate the specific role of TPTEP1 in DR.

METHODS

First, we mimicked diabetic conditions with high glucose (HG) stimulation of human retinal vascular endothelial cells (HRVECs) and measured TPTEP1 expression in HG-stimulated HRVECs using RT-qPCR analysis. Then, CCK-8, Transwell, and Matrigel tube formation assays as well as western blot analysis were performed to reveal the biological functions of TPTEP1 in HG-stimulated HRVECs. Subsequently, bioinformatics analysis, RNA pull down, luciferase reporter and ChIP assays as well as western blot analysis evaluated the relationship of TPTEP1, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) in HG-stimulated HRVECs. Finally, to verify the regulation of the TPTEP1/STAT3/VEGFA axis in HG-stimulated HRVECs, rescue experiments were carried out in HG-stimulated HRVECs.

RESULTS

TPTEP1 presented a significant downregulation in HG-stimulated HRVECs. Additionally, TPTEP1 overexpression reduced viability, migration, and angiogenesis in HG-stimulated HRVECs. Moreover, TPTEP1 suppressed phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of STAT3, and thereby downregulated VEGFA mRNA and protein levels. Furthermore, TPTEP1 overexpression-mediated suppression of HG-induced dysfunction in HRVECs was countervailed by STAT3 upregulation or VEGFA upregulation.

CONCLUSIONS

TPTEP1 alleviated HG-induced dysfunction in HRVECs via interacting with STAT3 and targeting VEGFA.

circRNA‑0006896‑miR1264‑DNMT1 axis plays an important role in carotid plaque destabilization by regulating the behavior of endothelial cells in atherosclerosis

Atherosclerosis (AS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the vascular wall with multiple causes. AS is the primary pathological basis of cardiovascular disease and stroke. Moreover, carotid plaque rupture and thrombus formation are the main causes of ischemic stroke. Therefore, understanding the formation of carotid plaques may help improve the prediction and prevention of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events. Endothelial cell dysfunction results in re‑endothelialization and angiogenesis in atherosclerotic plaques, thus promoting plaque destabilization. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of circular RNA (circRNA) molecules in serum exosomes (serum‑Exos) from patients with stable plaque atherosclerosis (SA) and unstable/vulnerable plaque atherosclerosis (UA). Specifically, the effect of circRNA on human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) behavior and the mechanisms underlying plaque destabilization in AS were evaluated. Serum‑Exos were isolated, then identified using transmission electron microscopy, nanoparticle tracking analysis and western blotting. The serum‑Exo‑circRNA expression profile of patients with SA or UA was investigated using a circRNA array. The relationship between circRNA‑006896 in serum‑Exos and biochemical parameters of patients with SA and UA were analyzed using Spearman's correlation. In addition, HUVECs were incubated with serum‑Exos for in vitro functional assays. The present study demonstrated that circRNAs expression profiles in SA and UA serum‑Exos were significantly different, indicating a potential role for circRNAs in carotid plaque destabilization. The expression of circRNA‑0006896 was positively correlated with triglyceride, low‑density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‑C) and C‑reactive protein levels, and negatively correlated with albumin levels in patients with UA. However, circRNA‑0006896 expression was positively correlated with LDL‑C in patients with SA. Using bioinformatic analysis, a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network was selected to study the regulatory roles of circRNA‑0006896 in serum‑Exos. Additionally, in HUVECs treated with serum‑Exos derived from patients with UA, the expression of circRNA‑0006896 in HUVECs was upregulated. This was accompanied by decreased expression of microRNA‑1264 and SOCS3, increased levels of DNMT1 and phosphorylated STAT3. HUVEC proliferation and migration were significantly increased in the UA group, compared with the mock and SA groups. This finding indicates that the circRNA‑0006896‑miR-1264‑DNMT1 axis plays an important role in carotid plaque destabilization by regulating the behavior of endothelial cells. Moreover, it suggests that circRNA‑0006896 may represent a therapeutic target for controlling JNK/STAT3 signaling in HUVECs. Thus, this study may provide insight on potential interventions against vulnerable plaque formation in patients with AS.

Novel Bionic Topography with MiR-21 Coating for Improving Bone-Implant Integration through Regulating Cell Adhesion and Angiogenesis

Implant loosening is still the major form of the failure of artificial joints. Herein, inspired by the operculum of the river snail, we prepared a novel bionic micro/nanoscale topography on a titanium surface. This bionic topography promoted early cell adhesion through up-regulating the expression of ITG α5β1 and thus accelerated the following cell spreading, proliferation, and differentiation. Moreover, a miR-21 coating, which promoted the angiogenic differentiation of MSCs, was fabricated on the bionic topography. Benefiting from both bionic micro/nanoscale topography and miR-21, blood vessel growth and bone formation and mineralization around the implant, as well as bone-implant bonding strength, were significantly improved. Collectively, the present study highlights the combination of the bionic micro/nanoscale topography and miR-21 on promoting cell adhesion and angiogenic differentiation and improving in vivo angiogenesis and bone-implant osseointegration. This work provides a new train of thought propelling the development of implants for potential application in the orthopedics field.

MicroRNA-21-Enriched Exosomes as Epigenetic Regulators in Melanomagenesis and Melanoma Progression: The Impact of Western Lifestyle Factors

DNA mutation-induced activation of RAS-BRAF-MEK-ERK signaling associated with intermittent or chronic ultraviolet (UV) irradiation cannot exclusively explain the excessive increase of malignant melanoma (MM) incidence since the 1950s. Malignant conversion of a melanocyte to an MM cell and metastatic MM is associated with a steady increase in microRNA-21 (miR-21). At the epigenetic level, miR-21 inhibits key tumor suppressors of the RAS-BRAF signaling pathway enhancing proliferation and MM progression. Increased MM cell levels of miR-21 either result from endogenous upregulation of melanocytic miR-21 expression or by uptake of miR-21-enriched exogenous exosomes. Based on epidemiological data and translational evidence, this review provides deeper insights into environmentally and metabolically induced exosomal miR-21 trafficking beyond UV-irradiation in melanomagenesis and MM progression. Sources of miR-21-enriched exosomes include UV-irradiated keratinocytes, adipocyte-derived exosomes in obesity, airway epithelium-derived exosomes generated by smoking and pollution, diet-related exosomes and inflammation-induced exosomes, which may synergistically increase the exosomal miR-21 burden of the melanocyte, the transformed MM cell and its tumor environment. Several therapeutic agents that suppress MM cell growth and proliferation attenuate miR-21 expression. These include miR-21 antagonists, metformin, kinase inhibitors, beta-blockers, vitamin D, and plant-derived bioactive compounds, which may represent new options for the prevention and treatment of MM.

In silico analysis of the molecular regulatory networks in peripheral arterial occlusive disease

BACKGROUND

Peripheral arterial occlusive disease (PAOD) is a global public health concern that decreases the quality of life of the patients and can lead to disabilities and death. The aim of this study was to identify the genes and pathways associated with PAOD pathogenesis, and the potential therapeutic targets.

METHODS

Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and miRNAs related to PAOD were extracted from the GSE57691 dataset and through text mining. Additionally, bioinformatics analysis was applied to explore gene ontology, pathways and protein-protein interaction of those DEGs. The potential miRNAs targeting the DEGs and the transcription factors (TFs) regulating miRNAs were predicted by multiple different databases.

RESULTS

A total of 59 DEGs were identified, which were significantly enriched in the inflammatory response, immune response, chemokine-mediated signaling pathway and JAK-STAT signaling pathway. Thirteen genes including IL6, CXCL12, IL1B, and STAT3 were hub genes in protein-protein interaction network. In addition, 513 miRNA-target gene pairs were identified, of which CXCL12 and PTPN11 were the potential targets of miRNA-143, and IL1B of miRNA-21. STAT3 was differentially expressed and regulated 27 potential target miRNAs including miRNA-143 and miRNA-21 in TF-miRNA regulatory network.

CONCLUSION

In summary, inflammation, immune response and STAT3-mediated miRNA-target genes axis play an important role in PAOD development and progression.

Meta-Analysis of the Potential Role of miRNA-21 in Cardiovascular System Function Monitoring

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short and noncoding RNA fragments that bind to the messenger RNA. They have different roles in many physiological or pathological processes. MicroRNA-21, one of the first miRNAs discovered, is encoded by the MIR21 gene and is located on the chromosomal positive strand 17q23.2. MicroRNA-21 is transcribed by polymerase II and has its own promoter sequence, although it is in an intron. It is intra- and extracellular and can be found in many body fluids, alone or combined with another molecule. It regulates many signalling pathways and therefore plays an important role in the cardiovascular system. Indeed, it is involved in the differentiation and migration of endothelial cells and angiogenesis. It contributes to the reconstruction of a myocardial infarction, and it can also act as a cellular connector or as an antagonist to cardiac cell apoptosis. By playing all these roles, it can be interesting to use it as a biomarker, especially for cardiovascular diseases.

miR-21 may Act as a Potential Mediator Between Inflammation and Abnormal Bone Formation in Ankylosing Spondylitis Based on TNF-α Concentration-Dependent Manner Through the JAK2/STAT3 Pathway

Objective:

To explore the role of microRNA (miR-21) in new bone formation in ankylosing spondylitis (AS) as mediated by different concentration of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α).

Methods:

Fibroblasts isolated from the hips of patients with AS were induced to osteogenesis. These cells were then stimulated with varying concentrations of TNF-α. MicroRNA-21 expressions were evaluated using reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and osteogenesis was detected via Alizarin Red S (ARS) staining and measurement of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity. Relative expressions of p-STAT3, Nuclear STAT3, cytoplasm STAT3, Runx2, BMP2, osteopontin, osteocalcin, and LC3B in AS fibroblasts were measured after exposure to different concentrations of TNF-α. The STAT3-inhibiting small interfering RNA allowed further exploration on its impact on miR-21 and primary miR-21 expressions. A proteoglycan-induced arthritis (PGIA) Balb/c mouse model was established in order to monitor sacroiliac joint (SIJ) inflammation and subsequent damage through magnetic resonance image. Serum miR-21 and TNF-α expressions were evaluated using RT-PCR and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. At week 16, mice models were transfected intravenously with miR-21 overexpressing agomir and miR-21 inhibiting antagomir for 7 successive days. The rate of abnormal bone formation at SIJ was evaluated using microcomputed tomography and hematoxylin and eosin staining at week 24. Western blot analysis enabled quantification of STAT-3, JAK-2, and interleukin (IL)-17A expressions present in the SIJ.

Results:

The in vitro miR-21 expression and osteogenesis activity were noted to be augmented in the setting of low TNF-α concentrations (0.01-0.1 ng/mL) while they were depressed in settings with higher TNF-α concentrations (1-10 ng/mL). Samples with the most distinct ARS manifestation and ALP activity as well as the highest miR-21 expressions were those who received 0.1 ng/mL of TNF-α. Primary miR-21 was found to be notable raised by Si-STAT3, while the converse effect was seen in mature miR-21 expressions. Intravenous injection of exogenous miR-21 contributed to new bone formation and significantly elevated expressions of STAT3, JAK2, and IL-17 in PGIA mice.

Conclusions:

The results revealed that miR-21 may act as a potential mediator between new bone formation and inflammation in AS.

Activation of the STAT3/microRNA-21 pathway participates in angiotensin II-induced angiogenesis

Angiotensin II (AngII) facilitates angiogenesis that is associated with the continuous progression of atherosclerotic plaques, but the underlying mechanisms are still not fully understood. Several microRNAs (miRNAs) have been shown to promote angiogenesis; however, whether miRNAs play a crucial role in AngII-induced angiogenesis remains unclear. This study evaluated the functional involvement of miRNA-21 (miR-21) in the AngII-mediated proangiogenic response in human microvascular endothelial cells (HMECs). We found that AngII exerted a proangiogenic role, indicated by the promotion of proliferation, migration, and tube formation in HMECs. Next, miR-21 was found to be upregulated in AngII-treated HMECs, and its specific inhibitor potently blocked the proangiogenic effects of AngII. Subsequently, we focused on the constitutive activation of STAT3 in the AngII-mediated proangiogenic process. Bioinformatic analysis indicated that STAT3 acted as a transcription factor initiating miR-21 expression, which was verified by ChIP-PCR. A reporter assay further identified three functional binding sites of STAT3 in the miR-21 promoter region. Moreover, phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) was recognized as a target of miR-21, and STAT3 inhibition restored AngII-induced reduction in PTEN. Similarly, the STAT3/miR-21 axis was shown to mediate AngII-provoked angiogenesis in vivo, which was demonstrated by using the appropriate inhibitors. Our data suggest that AngII was involved in proangiogenic responses through miR-21 upregulation and reduced PTEN expression, which was, at least in part, linked to STAT3 signaling. The present study provides novel insights into AngII-induced angiogenesis and suggests potential treatment strategies for attenuating the progression of atherosclerotic lesions and preventing atherosclerosis complications.

STAT3 Regulates miR-384 Transcription During Th17 Polarization

MicroRNAs are powerful regulators of gene expression in physiological and pathological conditions. We previously showed that the dysregulation of miR-384 resulted in a T helper cell 17 (Th17) imbalance and contributed to the pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, an animal model of multiple sclerosis. In this study, we evaluated the molecular mechanisms underlying the abnormal increase in miR-384. We did not detect typical CpG islands in the Mir384 promoter. Based on a bioinformatics analysis of the promoter, we identified three conserved transcription factor binding regions (R_I, R_II, and R_III), two of which (R_II and R_III) were cis-regulatory elements. Furthermore, we showed that signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) bound to specific sites in R_II and R_III based on chromatin immunoprecipitation, electrophoretic mobility shift assays, and site-specific mutagenesis. During Th17 polarization in vitro, STAT3 activation up-regulated miR-384, while a STAT3 phosphorylation inhibitor decreased miR-384 levels and reduced the percentage of IL-17⁺ cells, IL-17 secretion, and expression of the Th17 lineage marker Rorγt. Moreover, the simultaneous inhibition of STAT3 and miR-384 could further block Th17 polarization. These results indicate that STAT3, rather than DNA methylation, contributes to the regulation of miR-384 during Th17 polarization.

Identification of miRNAs and associated pathways regulated by Leukemia Inhibitory Factor in trophoblastic cell lines

INTRODUCTION

Leukemia Inhibitory Factor (LIF) regulates behavior of trophoblast cells and their interaction with immune and endothelial cells. In vitro, trophoblast cell response to LIF may vary depending on the cell model. Reported differences in the miRNA profile of trophoblastic cells may be responsible for these observations. Therefore, miRNA expression was investigated in four trophoblastic cell lines under LIF stimulation followed by in silico analysis of altered miRNAs and their associated pathways.

METHODS

Low density TaqMan miRNA assays were used to quantify levels of 762 mature miRNAs under LIF stimulation in three choriocarcinoma-derived (JEG-3, ACH-3P and AC1-M59) and a trophoblast immortalized (HTR-8/SVneo) cell lines. Expression of selected miRNAs was confirmed in primary trophoblast cells and cell lines by qPCR. Targets and associated pathways of the differentially expressed miRNAs were inferred from the miRTarBase followed by a KEGG Pathway Enrichment Analysis. HTR-8/SVneo and JEG-3 cells were transfected with miR-21-mimics and expression of miR-21 targets was assessed by qPCR.

RESULTS

A similar number of miRNAs changed in each tested cell line upon LIF stimulation, however, low coincidence of individual miRNA species was observed and occurred more often among choriocarcinoma-derived cells (complete data set at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/ under GEO accession number GSE130489). Altered miRNAs were categorized into pathways involved in human diseases, cellular processes and signal transduction. Six cascades were identified as significantly enriched, including JAK/STAT and TGFB-SMAD. Upregulation of miR-21-3p was validated in all cell lines and primary cells and STAT3 was confirmed as its target.

DISCUSSION

Dissimilar miRNA responses may be involved in differences of LIF effects on trophoblastic cell lines.