The point mutation analysis of Cyp2C9*2 (Arg144Cys C>T), Cyp2C9*3 (Ile359Leu A>C) and VKORC1 (1639G>A) in women with cervical cancer related to HPV: A case-control study

Pathological and pharmacological functions of the metabolites of polyunsaturated fatty acids mediated by cyclooxygenases, lipoxygenases, and cytochrome P450s in cancers

Oxylipins have garnered increasing attention because they were consistently shown to play pathological and/or pharmacological roles in the development of multiple cancers. Oxylipins are the metabolites of polyunsaturated fatty acids via both enzymatic and nonenzymatic pathways. The enzymes mediating the metabolism of PUFAs include but not limited to lipoxygenases (LOXs), cyclooxygenases (COXs), and cytochrome P450s (CYPs) pathways, as well as the down-stream enzymes. Here, we systematically summarized the pleiotropic effects of oxylipins in different cancers through pathological and pharmacological aspects, with specific reference to the enzyme-mediated oxylipins. We discussed the specific roles of oxylipins on cancer onset, growth, invasion, and metastasis, as well as the expression changes in the associated metabolic enzymes and the associated underlying mechanisms. In addition, we also discussed the clinical application and potential of oxylipins and related metabolic enzymes as the targets for cancer prevention and treatment. We found the specific function of most oxylipins in cancers, especially the underlying mechanisms and clinic applications, deserves and needs further investigation. We believe that research on oxylipins will provide not only more therapeutic targets for various cancers but also dietary guidance for both cancer patients and healthy humans.

Trends in Co-circulation of Oncogenic HPV Genotypes in Single and Multiple Infections among Unvaccinated Community

Cocirculation of multiple human papillomavirus (HPV) infections with low, probably high, and high‐risk genotypes are to be associated with various grades of infections and cancer progression. The oncogenic high‐risk HPVs are distributed and cocirculated throughout the world. This study was investigated to identify HPV genotypes related to genital disorders in unvaccinated women. The subjects were referred from clinics to a molecular lab for HPV testing in Iran as a low‐coverage vaccinated country. HPVs DNAs of cervical scrapping and genital tissue specimens of 1,133 un‐vaccinated women were genotyped using an in vitro diagnostic line probe (reverse hybridization) assay. In addition, phylogenetic trees were constructed on 100 MY09/MY11 polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplicons of common genotypes of HPV L1 gene by Sanger sequencing. The mean age of the population study was 32.7 ± 8.0 and the mean age of HPV‐positive cases was 31.6 ± 7.8. HPV DNA was detected in 57.8% (655/1133) of women subjects and 42.2% (478/1133) of cases were undetected. Among 655 HPV‐positive cases, 639 subjects (56.4%) were related to defined genotypes and 16 subjects (1.4%) were untypeable. The highest prevalence rate of HPV genotypes was identified in the 25–34 years. The top 6 dominant HPVs in single and multiple genotypes were HPV6 (284/655 [43.4%]), HPV16 (111/655 [16.9%]), HPV31 (72/655 [11%]), HPV53 (67/655 [10.2%]), HPV11 (62/655 [9.5%]), and HPV52 (62/655 [9.5%]). Moreover, single, multiple and untypeable HPV genotypes were diagnosed as follows: 1 type (318/655 [48.5%]), 2 types (162/655 [24.8%]), 3 types (83/655 [12.7%]), 4 types (42/655 [6.5%]), more than 5 types (34/655 [5.3%]), and 1.4% un‐typeable subjects. The sequenced partial L1 gene of HPV genotypes (GenBank databases under the accession numbers: MH253467‐MH253566) confirmed and determined the cocirculated HPV genotypes' origins and addressed helpful insights into the future viral epidemiology investigations. Multiple HPV infections and cocirculation of various oncogenic HPV genotypes among the normal population (women and men) with asymptomatic forms are still challenging in unvaccinated communities. The preventive and organized surveillance programs for HPV screening are needed to be considered and compiled by health policy makers of low or unvaccinated countries.

The Impact of MTHFR 1298 A > C and 677 C > T Gene Polymorphisms as Susceptibility Risk Factors in Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia Related to HPV and Sexually Transmitted Infections

BACKGROUND

HPV genotypes are the most common etiological factor for genital neoplasia. It would appear that sexually transmitted infections accompanied with HPV genotypes might have synergistic interactions in cancer progression. The genetic polymorphisms are involved in metabolizing carcinogens which may contribute to the susceptibility of developing genital cancers by less efficient or overly down metabolic pathways and cell signaling. MTHFR polymorphisms are related to several metabolic disorders and human cancers. We investigated the contribution of MTHFR 1298 and MTHFR 677 polymorphisms as potential risk factors for outcomes with HPV genotypes and STIs in Iranian population.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

As a case-control study, MTHFR A1298C and C677T were assessed for SNPs analysis using a PCR-RFLP assay in 50 cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) cases, 98 HPV-positive subjects and 47 non-cancerous/non-HPV patients as healthy controls.

RESULTS

Finding suggested a significant association between the MTHFR 1298 CC polymorphisms (OR = 3.5, 95% CI = 1.13-10.82, P ≤ 0.05) in women with CIN as compared to non-cancerous/non-HPV subjects. There was not a significant difference of MTHFR 677 between outcomes.

DISCUSSION

It would seem MTHFR 1298 CC is more likely to be a potential risk factor for HPV-cervical cancer progression. Consequences support further attempts to understand the clinical manifestations of neoplasia related to genital infections and gene mutations.