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Huang L, Yang W, Su M. Research into the mechanism of intervention of Wenjing decoction in endometriosis based on network pharmacology and molecular docking technology. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e34845. [PMID: 37653805 PMCID: PMC10470684 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000034845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endometriosis (EMs) is a frequent disease in women and is the principal cause of infertility and dysmenorrhea. Due to its high recurrence rate and serious complications, more research on EMs is needed. We used network pharmacology and molecular docking technology to predict the key active components, targets, and signaling pathways of Wen Jing decoction (WJD) in the treatment of EMs. METHODS The components and targets of WJD were collected and identified using the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database and BATMAN-TCM. The EMs targets were obtained from GeneCards, OMIM, TTD, Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) and GAD Databases; the Venny diagram was used to analyze the overlap between the targets of WJD and EMs; use Cytoscape 3.8.2 software to build a drug active ingredient-target protein interaction network; after downloading the data from the String online database, Cytoscape 3.8.2 software was used to draw the intersection target protein-protein interaction network diagram. Finally, microbiotic information mapping was used to analyze gene ontology function enrichment and KEGG pathway enrichment. Molecular docking was used to predict the binding affinity of the components of WJD to the targets of EMs. RESULTS Seventy-eight active ingredients of WJD were screened, corresponding to 108 targets, 2626 EMs-related targets and 124 intersection targets. The results of gene ontology functional enrichment analysis showed that WJD could affect 709 biological processes, 131 molecular functions and 54 cell composition. The enrichment analysis of KEGG pathway yielded 185 pathways. The treatment of EMs by WJD has the characteristics of multiple targets and multiple pathways. Molecular docking with the AutoDock Vina platform found that 5 active ingredients of WJD were successfully docked with 6 common targets. CONCLUSION Based on network pharmacology and molecular docking, WJD was found to act on EMs through multi-targets and related signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linhui Huang
- Department of Gynecology, Liuzhou Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital, Liuzhou, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Wei Yang
- Preventive Treatment of Disease Center, Liuzhou Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital, Liuzhou, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Minxue Su
- Department of Physical Examination, Liuzhou Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital, Liuzhou, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
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Segura-Benítez M, Bas-Rivas A, Juárez-Barber E, Carbajo-García MC, Faus A, De Los Santos MJ, Pellicer A, Ferrero H. Human blastocysts uptake extracellular vesicles secreted by endometrial cells containing miRNAs related to implantation. Hum Reprod 2023:dead138. [PMID: 37407281 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dead138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION Are the extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted by the maternal endometrium uptaken by human embryos and is their miRNA cargo involved in implantation and embryo development? SUMMARY ANSWER Data suggest that EVs secreted by human endometrial epithelial cells are internalized by human blastocysts, and transport miRNAs to modulate biological processes related to implantation events and early embryo development. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Successful implantation is dependent on coordination between maternal endometrium and embryo, and EVs role in the required cell-to-cell crosstalk has recently been established. In this regard, our group previously showed that protein cargo of EVs secreted by primary human endometrial epithelial cells (pHEECs) is implicated in biological processes related to endometrial receptivity, embryo implantation, and early embryo development. However, little is known about the regulation of these biological processes through EVs secreted by the endometrium at a transcriptomic level. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION A prospective descriptive study was performed. Endometrial biopsies were collected from healthy oocyte donors with confirmed fertility on the day of oocyte retrieval, 36 h after the LH surge. pHEECs were isolated from endometrial biopsies (n = 8 in each pool) and cultured in vitro. Subsequently, conditioned medium was collected and EVs were isolated and characterized. Uptake of EVs by human blastocysts and miRNA cargo of these EVs (n = 3 pools) was analyzed. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS EVs were isolated from the conditioned culture media using ultracentrifugation, and characterization was performed using western blotting, nanoparticle tracking analysis, and transmission electron microscopy. EVs were fluorescently labeled with Bodipy-TR ceramide, and their uptake by human blastocysts was analyzed using confocal microscopy. Analysis of the miRNA cargo of EVs was performed using miRNA sequencing, target genes of the most expressed miRNA were annotated, and functional enrichment analysis was performed. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE EVs measured 100-300 nm in diameter, a concentration of 1.78 × 1011 ± 4.12 × 1010 (SD) particles/ml and expressed intraluminal protein markers Heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) and Tumor Susceptibility Gene 101 (TSG101), in addition to CD9 and CD81 transmembrane proteins. Human blastocysts efficiently internalized fluorescent EVs within 1-2 h, and more pronounced internalization was observed in the hatched pole of the embryos. miRNA-seq analysis featured 149 annotated miRNAs, of which 37 were deemed most relevant. The latter had 6592 reported gene targets, that in turn, have functional implications in several processes related to embryo development, oxygen metabolism, cell cycle, cell differentiation, apoptosis, metabolism, cellular organization, and gene expression. Among the relevant miRNAs contained in these EVs, we highlight hsa-miR-92a-3p, hsa-let-7b-5p, hsa-miR-30a-5p, hsa-miR-24-3p, hsa-miR-21-5p, and hsa-let-7a-5p as master regulators of the biological processes. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION This is an in vitro study in which conditions of endometrial cell culture could not mimic the intrauterine environment. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS This study defines potential biomarkers of endometrial receptivity and embryo competence that could be useful diagnostic and therapeutic targets for implantation success, as well as open insight further investigations to elucidate the molecular mechanisms implicated in a successful implantation. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) This study was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Education through FPU awarded to M.S.-B. (FPU18/03735), the Health Institute Carlos III awarded to E.J.-B. (FI19/00110) and awarded to H.F. by the Miguel Servet Program 'Fondo Social Europeo «El FSE invierte en tu futuro»' (CP20/00120), and Generalitat Valenciana through VALi+d Programme awarded to M.C.C.-G. (ACIF/2019/139). The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER N/A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Segura-Benítez
- Fundación IVI, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Valencia, Spain
- Departamento de Pediatría, Obstetricia y Ginecología, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Alba Bas-Rivas
- Fundación IVI, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - María Cristina Carbajo-García
- Fundación IVI, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Valencia, Spain
- Departamento de Pediatría, Obstetricia y Ginecología, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Amparo Faus
- Fundación IVI, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - María José De Los Santos
- Fundación IVI, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Valencia, Spain
- IVIRMA Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Antonio Pellicer
- Fundación IVI, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Valencia, Spain
- IVIRMA Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Hortensia Ferrero
- Fundación IVI, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Valencia, Spain
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Zhang Z, Shi Q, Zhu X, Jin L, Lang L, Lyu S, Xin X, Huang Y, Yu X, Li Z, Chen S, Xu Z, Zhang W, Wang E. Identification and Functional Analysis of Transcriptome Profiles, Long Non-Coding RNAs, Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms, and Alternative Splicing from the Oocyte to the Preimplantation Stage of Sheep by Single-Cell RNA Sequencing. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1145. [PMID: 37372325 DOI: 10.3390/genes14061145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous dynamic and complicated processes characterize development from the oocyte to the embryo. However, given the importance of functional transcriptome profiles, long non-coding RNAs, single-nucleotide polymorphisms, and alternative splicing during embryonic development, the effect that these features have on the blastomeres of 2-, 4-, 8-, 16-cell, and morula stages of development has not been studied. Here, we carried out experiments to identify and functionally analyze the transcriptome profiles, long non-coding RNAs, single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), and alternative splicing (AS) of cells from sheep from the oocyte to the blastocyst developmental stages. We found between the oocyte and zygote groups significantly down-regulated genes and the second-largest change in gene expression occurred between the 8- and 16-cell stages. We used various methods to construct a profile to characterize cellular and molecular features and systematically analyze the related GO and KEGG profile of cells of all stages from the oocyte to the blastocyst. This large-scale, single-cell atlas provides key cellular information and will likely assist clinical studies in improving preimplantation genetic diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijing Zhang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 116 Hua Yuan Road, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Qiaoting Shi
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 116 Hua Yuan Road, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Xiaoting Zhu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 116 Hua Yuan Road, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Lei Jin
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 116 Hua Yuan Road, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Limin Lang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 116 Hua Yuan Road, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Shijie Lyu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 116 Hua Yuan Road, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Xiaoling Xin
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 116 Hua Yuan Road, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Yongzhen Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Xiang Yu
- Henan Animal Health Supervision Institute, Zhengzhou 450003, China
| | - Zhiming Li
- Henan Provincial Animal Husbandry General Station, Zhengzhou 450008, China
| | - Sujuan Chen
- Synthetic Biology Engineering Lab of Henan Province, School of Sciences and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Zhaoxue Xu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 116 Hua Yuan Road, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Eryao Wang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 116 Hua Yuan Road, Zhengzhou 450002, China
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Li X, Kodithuwakku SP, Chan RWS, Yeung WSB, Yao Y, Ng EHY, Chiu PCN, Lee CL. Three-dimensional culture models of human endometrium for studying trophoblast-endometrium interaction during implantation. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2022; 20:120. [PMID: 35964080 PMCID: PMC9375428 DOI: 10.1186/s12958-022-00973-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
During implantation, a symphony of interaction between the trophoblast originated from the trophectoderm of the implanting blastocyst and the endometrium leads to a successful pregnancy. Defective interaction between the trophoblast and endometrium often results in implantation failure, pregnancy loss, and a number of pregnancy complications. Owing to ethical concerns of using in vivo approaches to study human embryo implantation, various in vitro culture models of endometrium were established in the past decade ranging from two-dimensional cell-based to three-dimensional extracellular matrix (ECM)/tissue-based culture systems. Advanced organoid systems have also been established for recapitulation of different cellular components of the maternal-fetal interface, including the endometrial glandular organoids, trophoblast organoids and blastoids. However, there is no single ideal model to study the whole implantation process leaving more research to be done pursuing the establishment of a comprehensive in vitro model that can recapitulate the biology of trophoblast-endometrium interaction during early pregnancy. This would allow us to have better understanding of the physiological and pathological process of trophoblast-endometrium interaction during implantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xintong Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong S.A.R., China
| | - Suranga P Kodithuwakku
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong S.A.R., China
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, 20400, Sri Lanka
| | - Rachel W S Chan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong S.A.R., China
- Laboratory of Fertility Regulation, The University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Key, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - William S B Yeung
- Laboratory of Fertility Regulation, The University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Key, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuanqing Yao
- Laboratory of Fertility Regulation, The University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Key, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ernest H Y Ng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong S.A.R., China
- Laboratory of Fertility Regulation, The University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Key, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Philip C N Chiu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong S.A.R., China.
- Laboratory of Fertility Regulation, The University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Key, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Cheuk-Lun Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong S.A.R., China.
- Laboratory of Fertility Regulation, The University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Key, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China.
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Sun J, Zhao Y, He J, Zhou Q, El-Ashram S, Yuan S, Chi S, Qin J, Huang Z, Ye M, Huang S, Li Z. Small RNA expression patterns in seminal plasma exosomes isolated from semen containing spermatozoa with cytoplasmic droplets versus regular exosomes in boar semen. Theriogenology 2021; 176:233-243. [PMID: 34673403 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2021.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Multiple physiological pathways are controlled by exosomes. Exosomes may be found in seminal plasma where they carry functional molecules to the sperm, such as microRNAs (miRNAs). Sperm cytoplasmic droplets (CDs) are remnants of cytoplasm, and their migration is a morphological characteristic of epididymal maturation. However, miRNA expression patterns in seminal plasma exosomes found in semen containing spermatozoa with CDs versus regular exosomes in boar semen have not been examined. In this study, seminal plasma exosomes were isolated from semen containing spermatozoa with CDs and miRNA expression profiles were analyzed. A total of 348 known and 206 new miRNAs were identified. Sixteen miRNAs were significantly differentially expressed. Of these, 13 miRNAs (ssc-miR-101, ssc-miR-148a-5p, ssc-miR-184, ssc-miR-202-3p, ssc-miR-221-5p, ssc-miR-2483, ssc-miR-29a-3p, ssc-miR-29c, ssc-miR-31, ssc-miR-362, ssc-miR-500-5p, ssc-miR-542-3p, and ssc-miR-769-5p) were significantly upregulated, whereas three miRNAs (ssc-miR-1249, ssc-miR-155-5p, and ssc-miR-296-5p) were significantly downregulated. GO and KEGG pathway analyses showed that these targeted genes were enriched for functions such as metabolic process, reproductive process, proteasome, ubiquitin mediated proteolysis, and oxidative phosphorylation. Therefore, seminal plasma exosomes are predicted to play a key role in the regulation of sperm CDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingshuai Sun
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, 18 Jiangwan Street, Foshan, 528231, Guangdong province, China
| | - Yunxiang Zhao
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, 18 Jiangwan Street, Foshan, 528231, Guangdong province, China.
| | - Jian He
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, 18 Jiangwan Street, Foshan, 528231, Guangdong province, China
| | - Qingbin Zhou
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, 18 Jiangwan Street, Foshan, 528231, Guangdong province, China
| | - Saeed El-Ashram
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, 18 Jiangwan Street, Foshan, 528231, Guangdong province, China; Faculty of Science, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, 33516, Egypt
| | - Sheng Yuan
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, 18 Jiangwan Street, Foshan, 528231, Guangdong province, China
| | - Shihong Chi
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, 18 Jiangwan Street, Foshan, 528231, Guangdong province, China
| | - Jiali Qin
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, 18 Jiangwan Street, Foshan, 528231, Guangdong province, China
| | - Zongyang Huang
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, 18 Jiangwan Street, Foshan, 528231, Guangdong province, China
| | - Manqing Ye
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, 18 Jiangwan Street, Foshan, 528231, Guangdong province, China
| | - Shujian Huang
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, 18 Jiangwan Street, Foshan, 528231, Guangdong province, China
| | - Zhili Li
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, 18 Jiangwan Street, Foshan, 528231, Guangdong province, China.
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Hua R, Wang Y, Lian W, Li W, Xi Y, Xue S, Kang T, Lei M. Small RNA-seq analysis of extracellular vesicles from porcine uterine flushing fluids during peri-implantation. Gene 2020; 766:145117. [PMID: 32920039 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2020.145117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular vesicles (EVs) of uterine flushing fluids (UFs) mediate intrauterine communication between conceptus and uterus in pigs. The small RNAs of UFs-EVs are widely recognized as important factors that influence embryonic implantation. However, small RNAs expression profiles of porcine UFs-EVs during peri-implantation are still unknown. In this study, cup-shaped EVs of porcine UFs on days 10 (D10), 13 (D13) and 18 (D18) of pregnancy were isolated and characterized. The expression of small RNAs in these EVs was comprehensively profiled through sequencing. A total of 152 known microRNAs (miRNAs), 43 novel miRNAs, 6248 known Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) and 110 novel piRNAs were identified. Among these small RNAs, RT-qRCR results indicated that ssc-let-7f-5p, ssc-let-7i-5p and ssc-let-7g were differentially expressed during the three stages. Bioinformatics analysis showed that the miRNAs differentially expressed in the three comparisons (D10 vs D13, D13 vs D18 and D10 vs D18) were involved in important processes and pathways related to immunization, endometrial receptivity and embryo development, which play important roles in embryonic implantation. Our results reveal that EVs from porcine UFs contain various small RNAs with potentially vital effects on implantation. This research also provides resources for studies of miRNAs and piRNAs in the cross-talk between embryo and endometrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renwu Hua
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction of the Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430000, China
| | - Yueying Wang
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Jining NO. 1 People's Hospital, Jining 272000, China
| | - Weisi Lian
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction of the Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430000, China
| | - Wenchao Li
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction of the Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430000, China
| | - Yu Xi
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction of the Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430000, China
| | - Songyi Xue
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction of the Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430000, China
| | - Tingting Kang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction of the Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430000, China
| | - Minggang Lei
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction of the Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430000, China; National Engineering Research Center for Livestock, Wuhan 430000, China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, 430000 Wuhan, China.
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