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Exercise Induces an Augmented Skeletal Muscle Mitochondrial Unfolded Protein Response in a Mouse Model of Obesity Produced by a High-Fat Diet. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065654. [PMID: 36982728 PMCID: PMC10051316 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Increase in body fat contributes to loss of function and changes in skeletal muscle, accelerating sarcopenia, a phenomenon known as sarco-obesity or sarcopenic obesity. Studies suggest that obesity decreases the skeletal muscle (SM)’s ability to oxidize glucose, increases fatty acid oxidation and reactive oxygen species production, due to mitochondrial dysfunction. Exercise improves mitochondrial dysfunction in obesity; however, it is not known if exercise regulates the mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt) in the SM. Our study aimed to determine the mito-nuclear UPRmt in response to exercise in a model of obesity, and how this response is associated with the improvement in SM functioning after exercise training. C57BL/6 mice were fed a normal diet and high-fat diet (HFD) for 12 weeks. After 8 weeks, animals were subdivided into sedentary and exercised for the remaining 4 weeks. Grip strength and maximal velocity of mice submitted to HFD improved after training. Our results show an increase in the activation of UPRmt after exercise while in obese mice, proteostasis is basally decreased but shows a more pronounced increase with exercise. These results correlate with improvement in the circulating triglycerides, suggesting mitochondrial proteostasis could be protective and could be related to mitochondrial fuel utilization in SM.
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Apa L, Cosentino M, Forconi F, Musarò A, Rizzuto E, Del Prete Z. The Development of an Innovative Embedded Sensor for the Optical Measurement of Ex-Vivo Engineered Muscle Tissue Contractility. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:6878. [PMID: 36146227 PMCID: PMC9502572 DOI: 10.3390/s22186878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Tissue engineering is a multidisciplinary approach focused on the development of innovative bioartificial substitutes for damaged organs and tissues. For skeletal muscle, the measurement of contractile capability represents a crucial aspect for tissue replacement, drug screening and personalized medicine. To date, the measurement of engineered muscle tissues is rather invasive and not continuous. In this context, we proposed an innovative sensor for the continuous monitoring of engineered-muscle-tissue contractility through an embedded technique. The sensor is based on the calibrated deflection of one of the engineered tissue's supporting pins, whose movements are measured using a noninvasive optical method. The sensor was calibrated to return force values through the use of a step linear motor and a micro-force transducer. Experimental results showed that the embedded sensor did not alter the correct maturation of the engineered muscle tissue. Finally, as proof of concept, we demonstrated the ability of the sensor to capture alterations in the force contractility of the engineered muscle tissues subjected to serum deprivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovica Apa
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, 00184 Rome, Italy
| | - Marianna Cosentino
- DAHFMO-Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Flavia Forconi
- DAHFMO-Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Musarò
- DAHFMO-Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuele Rizzuto
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, 00184 Rome, Italy
| | - Zaccaria Del Prete
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, 00184 Rome, Italy
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Acosta FM, Howland KK, Stojkova K, Hernandez E, Brey EM, Rathbone CR. Adipogenic Differentiation Alters Properties of Vascularized Tissue-Engineered Skeletal Muscle. Tissue Eng Part A 2022; 28:54-68. [PMID: 34102861 PMCID: PMC8812504 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2021.0064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Advances in the engineering of comprehensive skeletal muscle models in vitro will improve drug screening platforms and can lead to better therapeutic approaches for the treatment of skeletal muscle injuries. To this end, a vascularized tissue-engineered skeletal muscle (TE-SkM) model that includes adipocytes was developed to better emulate the intramuscular adipose tissue that is observed in skeletal muscles of patients with diseases such as diabetes. Muscle precursor cells cultured with and without microvessels derived from adipose tissue (microvascular fragments) were used to generate TE-SkM constructs, with and without a microvasculature, respectively. TE-SkM constructs were treated with adipogenic induction media to induce varying levels of adipogenesis. With a delayed addition of induction media to allow for angiogenesis, a robust microvasculature in conjunction with an increased content of adipocytes was achieved. The augmentation of vascularized TE-SkM constructs with adipocytes caused a reduction in maturation (compaction), mechanical integrity (Young's modulus), and myotube and vessel alignment. An increase in basal glucose uptake was observed in both levels of adipogenic induction, and a diminished insulin-stimulated glucose uptake was associated with the higher level of adipogenic differentiation and the greater number of adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisca M. Acosta
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA.,UTSA-UTHSCSA Joint Graduate Program in Biomedical Engineering, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Kennedy K. Howland
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Katerina Stojkova
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Elizabeth Hernandez
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Eric M. Brey
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Christopher R. Rathbone
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA.,Address correspondence to: Christopher R. Rathbone, PhD, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
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Duan C, Yin C, Ma Z, Li F, Zhang F, Yang Q, Lin M, Feng S, Zhu C, Wang L, Zhu X, Gao P, Jiang Q, Shu G, Wang S. trans 10, cis 12, but Not cis 9, trans 11 Conjugated Linoleic Acid Isomer Enhances Exercise Endurance by Increasing Oxidative Skeletal Muscle Fiber Type via Toll-like Receptor 4 Signaling in Mice. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:15636-15648. [PMID: 34928153 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c06280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) has been implicated in regulating muscle fiber. However, which isomer elicits this effect and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here, male C57BL6/J mice and C2C12 cells were treated with two CLA isomers, and the exercise endurance, skeletal muscle fiber type, and involvement of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling were assessed. The results demonstrated that dietary t10, c12, but not c9, t11-CLA isomer enhanced exercise endurance of mice (from 115.88 ± 11.21 to 130.00 ± 15.84 min, P < 0.05) and promoted the formation of oxidative muscle fiber type of gastrocnemius muscle (from 0.15 ± 0.04 to 0.24 ± 0.05, P < 0.05). Consistently, t10, c12-CLA isomer increased the mRNA expression of oxidative muscle fiber type in C2C12 myotubes (from 1.00 ± 0.08 to 2.65 ± 1.77, P < 0.05). In addition, t10, c12-CLA isomer increased TLR4 signaling expression in skeletal muscle and C2C12 myotubes. More importantly, knockdown of TLR4 eliminated the t10, c12-CLA isomer-induced enhancement of exercise endurance in mice and elevation of oxidative muscle fiber type in C2C12 myotubes and gastrocnemius muscle. Together, these findings showed that t10, c12, but not c9, t11-CLA isomer enhances exercise endurance by increasing oxidative skeletal muscle fiber type via TLR4 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Duan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry and UBT Lipid Suite Functional Fatty Acids Research Center, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China
| | - Cong Yin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry and UBT Lipid Suite Functional Fatty Acids Research Center, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China
| | - Zewei Ma
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry and UBT Lipid Suite Functional Fatty Acids Research Center, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China
| | - Fan Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry and UBT Lipid Suite Functional Fatty Acids Research Center, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China
| | - Fenglin Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry and UBT Lipid Suite Functional Fatty Acids Research Center, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China
| | - Qiang Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry and UBT Lipid Suite Functional Fatty Acids Research Center, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China
| | - Mingfa Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry and UBT Lipid Suite Functional Fatty Acids Research Center, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China
| | - Shengchun Feng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry and UBT Lipid Suite Functional Fatty Acids Research Center, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China
| | - Canjun Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry and UBT Lipid Suite Functional Fatty Acids Research Center, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China
| | - Lina Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry and UBT Lipid Suite Functional Fatty Acids Research Center, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China
| | - Xiaotong Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry and UBT Lipid Suite Functional Fatty Acids Research Center, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China
| | - Ping Gao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry and UBT Lipid Suite Functional Fatty Acids Research Center, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China
| | - Qingyan Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry and UBT Lipid Suite Functional Fatty Acids Research Center, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China
| | - Gang Shu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry and UBT Lipid Suite Functional Fatty Acids Research Center, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China
| | - Songbo Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry and UBT Lipid Suite Functional Fatty Acids Research Center, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China
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