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Tsai WTK, Li Y, Yin Z, Tran P, Phung Q, Zhou Z, Peng K, Qin D, Tam S, Spiess C, Brumm J, Wong M, Ye Z, Wu P, Cohen S, Carter PJ. Nonclinical immunogenicity risk assessment for knobs-into-holes bispecific IgG 1 antibodies. MAbs 2024; 16:2362789. [PMID: 38845069 PMCID: PMC11164226 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2024.2362789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Bispecific antibodies, including bispecific IgG, are emerging as an important new class of antibody therapeutics. As a result, we, as well as others, have developed engineering strategies designed to facilitate the efficient production of bispecific IgG for clinical development. For example, we have extensively used knobs-into-holes (KIH) mutations to facilitate the heterodimerization of antibody heavy chains and more recently Fab mutations to promote cognate heavy/light chain pairing for efficient in vivo assembly of bispecific IgG in single host cells. A panel of related monospecific and bispecific IgG1 antibodies was constructed and assessed for immunogenicity risk by comparison with benchmark antibodies with known low (Avastin and Herceptin) or high (bococizumab and ATR-107) clinical incidence of anti-drug antibodies. Assay methods used include dendritic cell internalization, T cell proliferation, and T cell epitope identification by in silico prediction and MHC-associated peptide proteomics. Data from each method were considered independently and then together for an overall integrated immunogenicity risk assessment. In toto, these data suggest that the KIH mutations and in vitro assembly of half antibodies do not represent a major risk for immunogenicity of bispecific IgG1, nor do the Fab mutations used for efficient in vivo assembly of bispecifics in single host cells. Comparable or slightly higher immunogenicity risk assessment data were obtained for research-grade preparations of trastuzumab and bevacizumab versus Herceptin and Avastin, respectively. These data provide experimental support for the common practice of using research-grade preparations of IgG1 as surrogates for immunogenicity risk assessment of their corresponding pharmaceutical counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Ting K. Tsai
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yinyin Li
- Department of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Zhaojun Yin
- Department of Bioanalytical Sciences, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Peter Tran
- Department of Bioanalytical Sciences, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Qui Phung
- Department of Microchemistry, Proteomics and Lipidomics, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Zhenru Zhou
- Department of Microchemistry, Proteomics and Lipidomics, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kun Peng
- Department of Bioanalytical Sciences, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Dan Qin
- Department of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sien Tam
- Department of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Christoph Spiess
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jochen Brumm
- Department of Nonclinical Biostatistics, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Manda Wong
- Department of Structural Biology, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Zhengmao Ye
- Department of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Patrick Wu
- Department of Bioanalytical Sciences, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sivan Cohen
- Department of Bioanalytical Sciences, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Paul J. Carter
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
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2
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Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Current Therapeutic Algorithm for Localized and Advanced Disease. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2022; 2022:3817724. [PMID: 36624801 PMCID: PMC9825221 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3817724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary liver cancer in patients with liver cirrhosis of various etiologies. In recent years, there has been an advance in the knowledge of molecular mechanisms and a better staging definition of patients which has allowed the development of new therapies that have entered the therapeutic workup of these patients. Deep information on molecular drivers of HCC contributed to the development of targeted therapies with remarkable benefits. The novel strategies of targeting immune evasion using immune checkpoint inhibitors and CAR-T and TCR-T therapeutics have also shown promising results. For advanced diseases, the therapeutic algorithm has been recently updated, thanks to the efficacy of combining immunotherapy and antiangiogenic therapy in the first-line setting, and new drugs, both as single-agents or combinations, are currently under investigation.
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3
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Shoji S, Suzuki A, Gaitonde P, Cai CH, Marshall S. Population Pharmacokinetics of Tanezumab Following Intravenous or Subcutaneous Administration to Patients with Osteoarthritis or Chronic Low Back Pain. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2022; 88:3321-3334. [PMID: 35112378 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.15259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Describe population pharmacokinetics of intravenous (IV) and subcutaneous (SC) tanezumab across Phase 2b/3 studies of osteoarthritis (OA) and chronic low back pain (CLBP). Methods Data from 10 studies of IV or SC tanezumab (2.5-20 mg every 8 weeks for up to 56 weeks) were included in a multi-step analysis. In Step 1, a two-compartment model with linear and non-linear elimination (based on prior analysis of pre-2015 IV osteoarthritis studies) was expanded to include other pre-2015 studies. In Step 2, post-2015 SC studies were combined into the model. Steps 3 and 4 evaluated impact of baseline nerve growth factor (NGF) and treatment-emergent anti-drug antibodies (TE ADA). RESULTS SC bioavailability was estimated at 62-76%. The key disposition parameters CL, Vc , Vp , and KM were estimated to be 0.133 L·day-1 , 2.6 L, 1.77 L and 31.2 μg·L-1 . Plasma tanezumab concentration was predicted to reach Cmax at 8.9- 11.2 days following single and multiple SC administration in typical patients within the dose range of SC Phase 3 studies (2.5-10 mg every 8 weeks). Exposure of a typical patient was similar between IV and SC for the second part of the dosing interval (weeks 4-8). Covariates selected on the absorption parameters were WT, age, sex, and injection site. Baseline NGF had minimal effect on maximum elimination capacity and TE ADA status was associated with slightly higher tanezumab clearance (6-7%). CONCLUSION Our model adequately described plasma tanezumab concentration versus time following IV or SC administration. WT was the most influential covariate with respect to absorption of tanezumab in comparison to patient population (OA and CLBP) or other demographics. There was no clinically relevant effect of baseline NGF or TE ADA on tanezumab PK.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Puneet Gaitonde
- Clinical Pharmacology, Global Product Development, Pfizer, Groton, CT, USA
| | - Chun-Hua Cai
- Clinical Pharmacology, Global Product Development, Pfizer, Groton, CT, USA
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4
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Zhang H, Zhang W, Jiang L, Chen Y. Recent advances in systemic therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma. Biomark Res 2022; 10:3. [PMID: 35000616 PMCID: PMC8744248 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-021-00350-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common and lethal malignant tumors in the world. Therapeutic options for advanced HCC are limited. Systemic treatment, especially with conventional cytotoxic drugs, is usually ineffective. For more than a decade, sorafenib has been the only systemic drug that has been proven to be clinically effective for treating advanced HCC. However, over the past three years, the rapid progress of molecular targeted therapies has dramatically changed the treatment landscape for advanced HCC. Immune checkpoint therapies are now being incorporated into HCC therapies, and their combination with molecular targeted therapy is emerging as a tool to enhance the immune response. In this review, we summarize the development and progress of molecular targeted agents and immunotherapies in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huajun Zhang
- Department of Oncology, NHC Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics, Laboratory of Structural Biology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Wuyang Zhang
- Clinical skills training center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Longying Jiang
- Department of Oncology, NHC Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics, Laboratory of Structural Biology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.
| | - Yongheng Chen
- Department of Oncology, NHC Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics, Laboratory of Structural Biology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.
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5
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Shao M, Shi R, Gao ZX, Gao SS, Li JF, Li H, Cui SZ, Hu WM, Chen TY, Wu GR, Zhang J, Xu J, Sy MS, Li C. Crizotinib and Doxorubicin Cooperatively Reduces Drug Resistance by Mitigating MDR1 to Increase Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells Death. Front Oncol 2021; 11:650052. [PMID: 34094940 PMCID: PMC8170002 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.650052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
As the sixth most lethal cancers worldwide, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has been treated with doxorubicin (Dox) for decades. However, chemotherapy resistance, especially for Dox is an even more prominent problem due to its high cardiotoxicity. To find a regimen to reduce Dox resistance, and identify the mechanisms behind it, we tried to identify combination of drugs that can overcome drug resistance by screening tyrosine kinase inhibitor(s) with Dox with various HCC cell lines in vitro and in vivo. We report here that combination of Crizo and Dox has a synergistic effect on inducing HCC cell death. Accordingly, Crizo plus Dox increases Dox accumulation in nucleus 3-16 times compared to Dox only; HCC cell death enhanced at least 50% in vitro and tumor weights reduced ranging from 35 to 65%. Combining these two drugs reduces multiple drug resistance 1 (MDR1) protein as a result of activation of protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK), which phosphorylates eIF2α, leading to protein translational repression. Additionally, PERK stimulation activates C-Jun terminal kinase (JNK), resulting in accumulation of unfused autophagosome to enhance autophagic cell death via Poly-ADP-ribosyltransferase (PARP-1) cleavage. When the activity of PERK or JNK is blocked, unfused autophagosome is diminished, cleaved PARP-1 is reduced, and cell death is abated. Therefore, Crizo plus Dox sensitize HCC drug resistance by engaging PERK-p- eIF2α-MDR1, and kill HCC cells by engaging PERK-JNK- autophagic cell death pathways. These newly discovered mechanisms of Crizo plus Dox not only provide a potential treatment for HCC but also point to an approach to overcome MDR1 related drug resistance in other cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Run Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhen-Xing Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shan-Shan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing-Feng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Huan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Shu-Zhong Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Abdominal Surgery, Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei-Min Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tian-Yun Chen
- Department of Stomatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Gui-Ru Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Jiang Xu
- Department of Stomatology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Man-Sun Sy
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Chaoyang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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6
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Jiang W, Li T, Guo J, Wang J, Jia L, Shi X, Yang T, Jiao R, Wei X, Feng Z, Tang Q, Ji G. Bispecific c-Met/PD-L1 CAR-T Cells Have Enhanced Therapeutic Effects on Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Front Oncol 2021; 11:546586. [PMID: 33777728 PMCID: PMC7987916 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.546586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells expressing chimeric antigen receptors, especially CD19 CAR-T cells have exhibited effective antitumor activities in B cell malignancies, but due to several factors such as antigen escape effects and tumor microenvironment, their curative potential in hepatocellular carcinoma has not been encouraging. To reduce the antigen escape risk of hepatocellular carcinoma, this study was to design and construct a bispecific CAR targeting c-Met and PD-L1. c-Met/PD-L1 CAR-T cells were obtained by lentiviral transfection, and the transfection efficiency was monitored by flow cytometry analysis. LDH release assays were used to elucidate the efficacy of c-Met/PD-L1 CAR-T cells on hepatocellular carcinoma cells. In addition, xenograft models bearing human hepatocellular carcinoma were constructed to detect the antitumor effect of c-Met/PD-L1 CAR-T cells in vivo. The results shown that this bispecific CAR was manufactured successfully, T cells modified with this bispecific CAR demonstrated improved antitumor activities against c-Met and PD-L1 positive hepatocellular carcinoma cells when compared with those of monovalent c-Met CAR-T cells or PD-L1 CAR-T cells but shown no distinct cytotoxicity on hepatocytes in vitro. In vivo experiments shown that c-Met/PD-L1 CAR-T cells significantly inhibited tumor growth and improve survival persistence compared with other groups. These results suggested that the design of single-chain, bi-specific c-Met/PD-L1 CAR-T is more effective than that of monovalent c-Met CAR-T for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma., and this bi-specific c-Met/PD-L1 CAR is rational and implementable with current T-cell engineering technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiaojiao Guo
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Antibody Technique of National Health Commission, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Pathology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jingjing Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lizhou Jia
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Antibody Technique of National Health Commission, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Pathology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao Shi
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tingting Yang
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Antibody Technique of National Health Commission, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Pathology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ruonan Jiao
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xin Wei
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhenqing Feng
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Antibody Technique of National Health Commission, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Pathology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qi Tang
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Antibody Technique of National Health Commission, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Pathology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guozhong Ji
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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7
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Zhang Y, Liang B, Song X, Wang H, Evert M, Zhou Y, Calvisi DF, Tang L, Chen X. Loss of Apc Cooperates with Activated Oncogenes to Induce Liver Tumor Formation in Mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2021; 191:930-946. [PMID: 33545120 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2021.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and hepatoblastoma are the major types of primary liver cancer in adulthood and childhood, respectively. Wnt/β-catenin signaling deregulation is one of the most frequent genetic events in hepatocarcinogenesis. APC regulator of WNT signaling pathway (APC) encodes an inhibitor of the Wnt cascade and acts as a tumor suppressor. Germline defects of the APC gene lead to familial adenomatous polyposis, and its somatic mutations occur in multiple tumor types. However, the contribution of APC in hepatocarcinogenesis remains unclear. Therefore, APC mutations and expression patterns were examined in human HCC and hepatoblastoma samples. Whether loss of Apc alone or in cooperation with other oncogenes triggers liver tumor development in vivo was also investigated. sgApc alone could not drive liver tumor formation, but synergized with activated oncogenes (YapS127A, TazS89A, and c-Met) to induce hepatocarcinogenesis. Mechanistically, Apc deletion induced the activation of β-catenin and its downstream targets in mouse liver tumors. Furthermore, Ctnnb1 ablation or TCF4-mediated transcription blockade completely prevented liver tumor formation, indicating the requirement of a functional β-catenin pathway for loss of Apc-driven hepatocarcinogenesis. This study shows that a subset of HCC patients with loss-of-function APC mutations might benefit from therapeutic strategies targeting the Wnt/β-catenin pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China; Department of Bioengineering University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Binyong Liang
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Department of Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xinhua Song
- Department of Bioengineering University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Haichuan Wang
- Liver Transplantation Division, Department of Liver Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Laboratory of Liver Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Matthias Evert
- Institute of Pathology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Yi Zhou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Diego F Calvisi
- Institute of Pathology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Liling Tang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Bioengineering University of California, San Francisco, California; Department of Therapeutic Sciences and Liver Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California.
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8
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Ma Y, Zhang M, Wang J, Huang X, Kuai X, Zhu X, Chen Y, Jia L, Feng Z, Tang Q, Liu Z. High-Affinity Human Anti-c-Met IgG Conjugated to Oxaliplatin as Targeted Chemotherapy for Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Front Oncol 2019; 9:717. [PMID: 31428584 PMCID: PMC6688309 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most mortality-causing solid cancers globally and the second largest cause of death among malignancies. Oxaliplatin, a platinum-based drug, has been widely utilized in the treatment of malignancies such as colorectal cancer and hepatocellular carcinoma, yet its usage is limited because of severe side effects of cytotoxicity to normal tissues. c-Met, a receptor tyrosine kinase, is expressed aberrantly on the surface of HCC. The purpose of this study was to synthesise a humanized antibody against c-Met (anti-c-Met IgG) and conjugate it to oxaliplatin to develop a novel antibody-drug conjugate (ADC). Anti-c-Met IgG was detected to be loaded with ~4.35 moles oxaliplatin per mole of antibody. ELISA and FCM confirmed that ADC retained a high and selective binding affinity for c-Met protein and c-Met-positive HepG2 cells. In vitro, the cytotoxicity tests and biological function assay indicated that ADC showed much higher cytotoxicity and functioning in c-Met-positive HepG2 cells, compared with shMet-HepG2 cells expressing lower levels of c-Met. Furthermore, compared with free oxaliplatin, ADC significantly improved cytotoxicity to c-Met-positive tumours and avoided off-target cell toxicity in vivo. In conclusion, by targeting c-Met-expressing hepatoma cells, ADC can provide a platform to reduce drug toxicity and improve drug efficacy in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilan Ma
- Medical Center for Digestive Diseases, Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mingjiong Zhang
- Medical Center for Digestive Diseases, Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiayan Wang
- Medical Center for Digestive Diseases, Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaochen Huang
- Key Laboratory of Antibody Techniques of National Health Commission, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Pathology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xingwang Kuai
- Key Laboratory of Antibody Techniques of National Health Commission, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Pathology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaojuan Zhu
- Medical Center for Digestive Diseases, Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuan Chen
- Otorhinolaryngological Department, Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lizhou Jia
- Key Laboratory of Antibody Techniques of National Health Commission, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Pathology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhenqing Feng
- Key Laboratory of Antibody Techniques of National Health Commission, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Pathology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qi Tang
- Key Laboratory of Antibody Techniques of National Health Commission, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zheng Liu
- Medical Center for Digestive Diseases, Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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9
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Liu B, Liu ZZ, Zhou ML, Lin JW, Chen XM, Li Z, Gao WB, Yu ZD, Liu T. Development of c‑MET‑specific chimeric antigen receptor‑engineered natural killer cells with cytotoxic effects on human liver cancer HepG2 cells. Mol Med Rep 2019; 20:2823-2831. [PMID: 31524233 PMCID: PMC6691195 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, cellular immunotherapy has served an important role in the combined treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. The possibility of specific cell therapies for the treatment of solid tumours has been further explored following the success of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy in the treatment of haematological tumours. The present study aimed to evaluate the specificity and efficiency of c-MET-targeted CAR-NK cell immunotherapy on human liver cancer in vitro. A CAR structure that targeted and recognised a c-MET antigen was constructed. c-MET-CAR was transferred into primary NK cells using lentiviral infection. c-MET-positive HepG2 cells were used as an in vitro study model. The cytotoxicity assay results revealed that c-MET-CAR-NK cells exhibited more specific cytotoxicity for HepG2 cells with high c-MET expression compared with the lung cancer cell line H1299, which has low levels of c-MET expression. The results of the present study demonstrated that c-MET may be a specific and effective target for human liver cancer cell CAR-NK immunotherapy. Based on these results, CAR-NK cell-based immunotherapy may provide a potential biotherapeutic approach for liver cancer treatment in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Liu
- Department of Biotherapy and Oncology, Shenzhen Luohu People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518001, P.R. China
| | - Zheng-Zhi Liu
- Department of Laboratory, Women and Children Health Institute of Futian, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518045, P.R. China
| | - Mei-Ling Zhou
- Department of Biotherapy and Oncology, Shenzhen Luohu People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518001, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Wei Lin
- Department of Biotherapy and Oncology, Shenzhen Luohu People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518001, P.R. China
| | - Xue-Mei Chen
- Department of Biotherapy and Oncology, Shenzhen Luohu People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518001, P.R. China
| | - Zhu Li
- Department of Biotherapy and Oncology, Shenzhen Luohu People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518001, P.R. China
| | - Wen-Bin Gao
- Department of Biotherapy and Oncology, Shenzhen Luohu People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518001, P.R. China
| | - Zhen-Dong Yu
- Central Laboratory, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518036, P.R. China
| | - Tao Liu
- Department of Biotherapy and Oncology, Shenzhen Luohu People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518001, P.R. China
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10
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Sun J, Boado RJ, Pardridge WM, Sumbria RK. Plasma Pharmacokinetics of High-Affinity Transferrin Receptor Antibody-Erythropoietin Fusion Protein is a Function of Effector Attenuation in Mice. Mol Pharm 2019; 16:3534-3543. [PMID: 31199881 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b00369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Erythropoietin (EPO) is a potential therapeutic for Alzheimer's disease (AD); however, limited blood-brain barrier (BBB) penetration reduces its applicability as a CNS therapeutic. Antibodies against the BBB transferrin receptor (TfRMAbs) act as molecular Trojan horses for brain drug delivery, and a fusion protein of EPO and TfRMAb, designated TfRMAb-EPO, is protective in a mouse model of AD. TfRMAbs have Fc effector function side effects, and removal of the Fc N-linked glycosylation site by substituting Asn with Gly reduces the Fc effector function. However, the effect of such Fc mutations on the pharmacokinetics (PK) of plasma clearance of TfRMAb-based fusion proteins, such as TfRMAb-EPO, is unknown. To examine this, the plasma PK of TfRMAb-EPO (wild-type), which expresses the mouse IgG1 constant heavy chain region and includes the Asn residue at position 292, was compared to the mutant TfRMAb-N292G-EPO, in which the Asn residue at position 292 is mutated to Gly. Plasma PK was compared following IV, IP, and SQ administration for doses between 0.3 and 3 mg/kg in adult male C57 mice. The results show a profound increase in clearance (6- to 8-fold) of the TfRMAb-N292G-EPO compared with the wild-type TfRMAb-EPO following IV administration. The clearance of both the wild-type and mutant TfRMAb-EPO fusion proteins followed nonlinear PK, and a 10-fold increase in dose resulted in a 7- to 11-fold decrease in plasma clearance. Following IP and SQ administration, the Cmax values of the TfRMAb-N292G-EPO mutant were profoundly (37- to 114-fold) reduced compared with the wild-type TfRMAb-EPO, owing to comparable increases in plasma clearance of the mutant fusion protein. The wild-type TfRMAb fusion protein was associated with reticulocyte suppression, and the N292G mutation mitigated this suppression of reticulocytes. Overall, the beneficial suppression of effector function via the N292G mutation may be offset by the deleterious effect this mutation has on the plasma levels of the TfRMAb-EPO fusion protein, especially following SQ administration, which is the preferred route of administration in humans for chronic neurodegenerative diseases including AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahong Sun
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Health Sciences , Keck Graduate Institute , Claremont , California 91711 , United States
| | - Ruben J Boado
- ArmaGen, Incorporation , Agoura Hills , California 91301 , United States
| | | | - Rachita K Sumbria
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Health Sciences , Keck Graduate Institute , Claremont , California 91711 , United States.,Departments of Neurology , University of California, Irvine , Irvine , California 92868 , United States
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11
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Mody K, Abou-Alfa GK. Systemic Therapy for Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma in an Evolving Landscape. Curr Treat Options Oncol 2019; 20:3. [PMID: 30635732 DOI: 10.1007/s11864-019-0601-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OPINION STATEMENT Globally, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a leading cause of cancer-related death and a malignancy with rising incidence. After sorafenib remaining the one and only FDA-approved therapy for the disease for many years, the past 2 years has seen the landscape of available treatments change dramatically. Multiple multi-targeted tyrosine kinases (TKIs) have demonstrated success and garnered FDA approval both in the first- (lenvatinib) and second-line (regorafenib) settings. Now, various questions regarding the sequencing of these therapies remain for investigation. Effective positioning of these TKIs will be crucial to optimization of outcomes for patients with HCC. Additionally, promising outcomes have been seen with a number of immunotherapies, and one such agent has been approved (nivolumab). Positioning of these immunotherapies in the landscape may or may not have impacts upon sequencing of all of the available therapies. Further studies are ongoing investigating such sequencing questions, in addition to more novel agents to combat this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kabir Mody
- Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic Florida, 4500 San Pablo Rd, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA.
| | - Ghassan K Abou-Alfa
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
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12
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Li C, Shoji S, Beebe J. Pharmacokinetics and C-reactive protein modelling of anti-interleukin-6 antibody (PF-04236921) in healthy volunteers and patients with autoimmune disease. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2018; 84:2059-2074. [PMID: 29776017 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.13641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS The purpose of this study was to characterize pharmacokinetics (PK) of PF-04236921, a novel anti-interleukin-6 monoclonal antibody, and its pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) relationship on serum C-reactive protein (CRP) in healthy volunteers and patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and Crohn's disease (CD). METHODS Population modelling analyses were conducted using nonlinear mixed effects modelling. Data from two phase 1 healthy volunteer studies, a phase 1 RA study, a Phase 2 CD study and a Phase 2 SLE study were included. RESULTS A two-compartment model with first order absorption and linear elimination and a mechanism-based indirect response model adequately described the PK and PK/PD relationships, respectively. Central compartment volume of distribution (Vc) positively correlated with body weight. Clearance (CL) negatively correlated with baseline albumin concentration and positively correlated with baseline CRP and creatinine clearance, and was slightly lower in females. After correcting for covariates, CL in CD subjects was approximately 60% higher than other populations. Maximum inhibition of PF-04236921 on CRP production (Imax ) negatively correlated with baseline albumin. Imax positively correlated with baseline CRP and the relationship was captured as a covariance structure in the PK/PD model. CONCLUSION Integrated population PK and PK/PD models of PF-04236921 have been developed using pooled data from healthy subjects and autoimmune patients. The current model enables simulation of PF-04236921 PK and PD profiles under various dosing regimens and patient populations and should facilitate future clinical study of PF-04236921 and other anti-interleukin-6 monoclonal antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl Li
- Clinical Pharmacology/Pharmacometrics, Clinical Research, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Satoshi Shoji
- Pharmacometrics/Clinical Pharmacology, Clinical Research, Pfizer Japan Inc., Yoyogi, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jean Beebe
- Clinical Research, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
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13
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Stella GM, Gentile A, Baderacchi A, Meloni F, Milan M, Benvenuti S. Ockham's razor for the MET-driven invasive growth linking idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and cancer. J Transl Med 2016; 14:256. [PMID: 27590450 PMCID: PMC5010719 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-016-1008-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) identifies a specific lung disorder characterized by chronic, progressive fibrosing interstitial pneumonia of unknown etiology, which lacks effective treatment. According to the current pathogenic perspective, the aberrant proliferative events in IPF resemble those occurring during malignant transformation. MAIN BODY Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK) are known to be key players in cancer onset and progression. It has been demonstrated that RTK expression is sometimes also altered and even druggable in IPF. One example of an RTK-the MET proto-oncogene-is a key regulator of invasive growth. This physiological genetic program supports embryonic development and post-natal organ regeneration, as well as cooperating in the evolution of cancer metastasis when aberrantly activated. Growing evidence sustains that MET activation may collaborate in maintaining tissue plasticity and the regenerative potential that characterizes IPF. CONCLUSION The present work aims to elucidate-by applying the logic of simplicity-the bio-molecular mechanisms involved in MET activation in IPF. This clarification is crucial to accurately design MET blockade strategies within a fully personalized approach to IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia M. Stella
- Pneumology Unit, Cardiothoracic and Vascular Department, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation and University of Pavia Medical School, Piazzale Golgi 19, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Investigational Clinical Oncology (INCO), IRCCS Candiolo Cancer Institute-FPO, Candiolo, 20060 Turin, Italy
| | - Alessandra Gentile
- Experimental Clinical Molecular Oncology (ECMO), IRCCS Candiolo Cancer Institute-FPO, Candiolo, 20060 Turin, Italy
| | - Alice Baderacchi
- Investigational Clinical Oncology (INCO), IRCCS Candiolo Cancer Institute-FPO, Candiolo, 20060 Turin, Italy
| | - Federica Meloni
- Pneumology Unit, Cardiothoracic and Vascular Department, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation and University of Pavia Medical School, Piazzale Golgi 19, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Melissa Milan
- Experimental Clinical Molecular Oncology (ECMO), IRCCS Candiolo Cancer Institute-FPO, Candiolo, 20060 Turin, Italy
| | - Silvia Benvenuti
- Experimental Clinical Molecular Oncology (ECMO), IRCCS Candiolo Cancer Institute-FPO, Candiolo, 20060 Turin, Italy
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14
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Jonsson EN, Xie R, Marshall SF, Arends RH. Population pharmacokinetics of tanezumab in phase 3 clinical trials for osteoarthritis pain. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2016; 81:688-99. [PMID: 26613544 PMCID: PMC4799925 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.12850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims The aims were to 1) develop the pharmacokinetics model to describe and predict observed tanezumab concentrations over time, 2) test possible covariate parameter relationships that could influence clearance and distribution and 3) assess the impact of fixed dosing vs. a dosing regimen adjusted by body weight. Methods Individual concentration–time data were determined from 1608 patients in four phase 3 studies conducted to assess efficacy and safety of intravenous tanezumab. Patients received two or three intravenous doses (2.5, 5 or 10 mg) every 8 weeks. Blood samples for assessment of tanezumab PK were collected at baseline, 1 h post‐dose and at weeks 4, 8, 16 and 24 (or early termination) in all studies. Blood samples were collected at week 32 in two studies. Plasma samples were analyzed using a sensitive, specific, validated enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Results A two compartment model with parallel linear and non‐linear elimination processes adequately described the data. Population estimates for clearance (CL), central volume (V1), peripheral volume (V2), inter‐compartmental clearance, maximum elimination capacity (VM) and concentration at half‐maximum elimination capacity were 0.135 l day–1, 2.71 l, 1.98 l, 0.371 l day–1, 8.03 μg day–1 and 27.7 ng ml–1, respectively. Inter‐individual variability (IIV) was included on CL, V1, V2 and VM. A mixture model accounted for the distribution of residual error. While gender, dose and creatinine clearance were significant covariates, only body weight as a covariate of CL, V1 and V2 significantly reduced IIV. Conclusions The small increase in variability associated with fixed dosing is consistent with other monoclonal antibodies and does not change risk : benefit.
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15
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Morley R, Cardenas A, Hawkins P, Suzuki Y, Paton V, Phan SC, Merchant M, Hsu J, Yu W, Xia Q, Koralek D, Luhn P, Aldairy W. Safety of Onartuzumab in Patients with Solid Tumors: Experience to Date from the Onartuzumab Clinical Trial Program. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139679. [PMID: 26445503 PMCID: PMC4596876 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Onartuzumab, a recombinant humanized monovalent monoclonal antibody directed against MET, the receptor for the hepatocyte growth factor, has been investigated for the treatment of solid tumors. This publication describes the safety profile of onartuzumab in patients with solid tumors using data from the global onartuzumab clinical development program. METHODS Adverse event (AE) and laboratory data from onartuzumab phase II/III studies were analyzed and coded into standardized terms according to industry standards. The severity of AEs was assessed using the NCI Common Toxicity Criteria, Version 4. Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities (MedDRA) AEs were grouped using the standardized MedDRA queries (SMQs) "gastrointestinal (GI) perforation", "embolic and thrombotic events, venous (VTE)", and "embolic and thrombotic events, arterial (ATE)", and the Adverse Event Group Term (AEGT) "edema." The safety evaluable populations (patients who received at least one dose of study treatment) for each study were included in this analysis. RESULTS A total of 773 onartuzumab-treated patients from seven studies (phase II, n = 6; phase III, n = 1) were included. Edema and VTEs were reported in onartuzumab-treated patients in all seven studies. Edema events in onartuzumab arms were generally grade 1-2 in severity, observed more frequently than in control arms and at incidences ranging from 25.4-65.7% for all grades and from 1.2-14.1% for grade 3. Hypoalbuminemia was also more frequent in onartuzumab arms and observed at frequencies between 77.8% and 98.3%. The highest frequencies of all grade and grade ≥3 VTE events were 30.3% and 17.2%, respectively in onartuzumab arms. The cumulative incidence of all grade ATE events ranged from 0-5.6% (grade ≥3, 0-5.1%) in onartuzumab arms. The frequency of GI perforation was below 10% in all studies; the highest estimates were observed in studies with onartuzumab plus bevacizumab for all grades (0-6.2%) and grade ≥3 (0-6.2%). CONCLUSIONS The frequencies of VTE, ATE, GI perforation, hypoalbuminemia, and edema in clinical studies were higher in patients receiving onartuzumab than in control arms; these are considered to be expected events in patients receiving onartuzumab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Morley
- Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Alison Cardenas
- Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Peter Hawkins
- Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Yasuyo Suzuki
- Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Virginia Paton
- Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - See-Chun Phan
- Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Mark Merchant
- Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Jessie Hsu
- Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Wei Yu
- Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Qi Xia
- Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Daniel Koralek
- Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Patricia Luhn
- Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Wassim Aldairy
- Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, United States of America
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Padda S, Neal JW, Wakelee HA. MET inhibitors in combination with other therapies in non-small cell lung cancer. Transl Lung Cancer Res 2015; 1:238-53. [PMID: 25806189 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2218-6751.2012.10.08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
MET and its ligand hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor (HGF) influence cell motility and lead to tumor growth, invasion, and angiogenesis. Alterations in MET have been observed in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) tumors, with increased expression associated with more aggressive cancer, as well as acquired resistance to epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI). MET inhibitors act via two basic mechanisms. Small molecule inhibitors antagonize ATP in the intracellular tyrosine kinase domain of MET, with studies on the following agents reviewed here: tivantinib (ARQ-197), cabozantinib (XL-184), crizotinib (PF-02341066), amuvatinib (MP470), MGCD265, foretinib (EXEL-2880), MK2461, SGX523, PHA665752, JNJ-38877605, SU11274, and K252A. The monoclonal monovalent antibody fragment onartuzumab (MetMAb) is also discussed here, which binds to and prevents the extracellular activation of the receptor by ligand. MET inhibition may both overcome the negative prognostic effect of MET tumor expression as well as antagonize MET-dependent acquired resistance to EGFR inhibitors. Here we discuss MET inhibitors in combination with other therapies in lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukhmani Padda
- Stanford University/Stanford Cancer Institute, 875 Blake Wilbur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305-5826, USA
| | - Joel W Neal
- Stanford University/Stanford Cancer Institute, 875 Blake Wilbur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305-5826, USA
| | - Heather A Wakelee
- Stanford University/Stanford Cancer Institute, 875 Blake Wilbur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305-5826, USA
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17
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Prat M, Oltolina F, Basilico C. Monoclonal Antibodies against the MET/HGF Receptor and Its Ligand: Multitask Tools with Applications from Basic Research to Therapy. Biomedicines 2014; 2:359-383. [PMID: 28548076 PMCID: PMC5344273 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines2040359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Revised: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies can be seen as valuable tools for many aspects of basic as well as applied sciences. In the case of MET/HGFR, they allowed the identification of truncated isoforms of the receptor, as well as the dissection of different epitopes, establishing structure-function relationships. Antibodies directed against MET extracellular domain were found to be full or partial receptor agonists or antagonists. The agonists can mimic the effects of the different isoforms of the natural ligand, but with the advantage of being more stable than the latter. Thus, some agonist antibodies promote all the biological responses triggered by MET activation, including motility, proliferation, morphogenesis, and protection from apoptosis, while others can induce only a migratory response. On the other hand, antagonists can inhibit MET-driven biological functions either by competing with the ligand or by removing the receptor from the cell surface. Since MET/HGFR is often over-expressed and/or aberrantly activated in tumors, monoclonal antibodies can be used as probes for MET detection or as "bullets" to target MET-expressing tumor cells, thus pointing to their use in diagnosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Prat
- Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, via Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy.
| | - Francesca Oltolina
- Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, via Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy.
| | - Cristina Basilico
- Laboratory of Exploratory Research, Candiolo Cancer Institute, Str. Prov. 142, 10060 Candiolo, Italy.
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18
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Glassman PM, Balthasar JP. Mechanistic considerations for the use of monoclonal antibodies for cancer therapy. Cancer Biol Med 2014; 11:20-33. [PMID: 24738036 PMCID: PMC3969805 DOI: 10.7497/j.issn.2095-3941.2014.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the approval of rituximab in 1997, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have become an increasingly important component of therapeutic regimens in oncology. The success of mAbs as a therapeutic class is a result of great strides that have been made in molecular biology and in biotechnology over the past several decades. Currently, there are 14 approved mAb products for oncology indications, and there are ten additional mAbs in late stages of clinical trials. Compared to traditional chemotherapeutic agents, mAbs have several advantages, including a long circulating half-life and high target specificity. Antibodies can serve as cytotoxic agents when administered alone, exerting a pharmacologic effect through several mechanisms involving the antigen binding (Fab) and/or Fc domains of the molecule, and mAbs may also be utilized as drug carriers, targeting a toxic payload to cancer cells. The extremely high affinity of mAbs for their targets, which is desirable with respect to pharmacodynamics (i.e., contributing to the high therapeutic selectivity of mAb), often leads to complex, non-linear, target-mediated pharmacokinetics. In this report, we summarize the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics of mAbs that have been approved and of mAbs that are near approval for oncology indications, with particular focus on the molecular and cellular mechanisms responsible for their disposition and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick M Glassman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - Joseph P Balthasar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
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19
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Vigna E, Comoglio PM. Targeting the oncogenic Met receptor by antibodies and gene therapy. Oncogene 2014; 34:1883-9. [PMID: 24882574 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Revised: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The receptor for hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), a tyrosine kinase encoded by the Met oncogene, has a crucial role in cancer growth, invasion and metastasis. It is a validated therapeutic target for 'personalized' treatment of a number of malignancies. Therapeutic tools prompting selective, robust and highly effective Met inhibition potentially represent a major step in the battle against cancer. Antibodies targeting either Met or its ligand HGF, although challenging, demonstrate to be endowed with promising features. Here we briefly review and discuss the state of the art in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Vigna
- University of Torino, Department of Oncology, and Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo (TO), Italy
| | - P M Comoglio
- University of Torino, Department of Oncology, and Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo (TO), Italy
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20
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Xiang H, Bender BC, Reyes AE, Merchant M, Jumbe NL', Romero M, Davancaze T, Nijem I, Mai E, Young J, Peterson A, Damico-Beyer LA. Onartuzumab (MetMAb): using nonclinical pharmacokinetic and concentration-effect data to support clinical development. Clin Cancer Res 2013; 19:5068-78. [PMID: 23894056 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-0260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We characterized the pharmacokinetics of onartuzumab (MetMAb) in animals and determined a concentration-effect relationship in tumor-bearing mice to enable estimation of clinical pharmacokinetics and target doses. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN A tumor growth inhibition model was used to estimate tumoristatic concentrations (TSC) in mice. Human pharmacokinetic parameters were projected from pharmacokinetics in cynomolgus monkeys by the species-invariant time method. Monte Carlo simulations predicted the percentage of patients achieving steady-state trough serum concentrations (Ctrough ss) ≥TSC for every 3-week (Q3W) dosing. RESULTS Onartuzumab clearance (CL) in the linear dose range was 21.1 and 12.2 mL/d/kg in mice and cynomolgus monkeys with elimination half-life at 6.10 and 3.37 days, respectively. The estimated TSC in KP4 pancreatic xenograft tumor-bearing mice was 15 μg/mL. Projected CL for humans in the linear dose range was 5.74 to 9.36 mL/d/kg with scaling exponents of CL at 0.75 to 0.9. Monte Carlo simulations projected a Q3W dose of 10 to 30 mg/kg to achieve Ctrough ss of 15 μg/mL in 95% or more of patients. CONCLUSIONS Onartuzumab pharmacokinetics differed from typical bivalent glycosylated monoclonal antibodies with approximately 2-times faster CL in the linear dose range. Despite this higher CL, xenograft efficacy data supported dose flexibility with Q1W to Q3W dose regimens in the clinical setting with a TSC of 15 μg/mL as the Ctrough ss target. The projected human efficacious dose of 10 to 30 mg/kg Q3W should achieve the target TSC of 15 μg/mL. These data show effective pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modeling to project doses to be tested in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Xiang
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Sciences, Translational Oncology, Bioanalytical Sciences, Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, and Portfolio Management and Operations, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco; Quantitative Solutions, Menlo Park; Medivation, Inc., San Francisco; and Celgene, San Diego, California
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21
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Monovalent antibody design and mechanism of action of onartuzumab, a MET antagonist with anti-tumor activity as a therapeutic agent. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:E2987-96. [PMID: 23882082 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1302725110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Binding of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) to the receptor tyrosine kinase MET is implicated in the malignant process of multiple cancers, making disruption of this interaction a promising therapeutic strategy. However, targeting MET with bivalent antibodies can mimic HGF agonism via receptor dimerization. To address this limitation, we have developed onartuzumab, an Escherichia coli-derived, humanized, and affinity-matured monovalent monoclonal antibody against MET, generated using the knob-into-hole technology that enables the antibody to engage the receptor in a one-to-one fashion. Onartuzumab potently inhibits HGF binding and receptor phosphorylation and signaling and has antibody-like pharmacokinetics and antitumor activity. Biochemical data and a crystal structure of a ternary complex of onartuzumab antigen-binding fragment bound to a MET extracellular domain fragment, consisting of the MET Sema domain fused to the adjacent Plexins, Semaphorins, Integrins domain (MET Sema-PSI), and the HGF β-chain demonstrate that onartuzumab acts specifically by blocking HGF α-chain (but not β-chain) binding to MET. These data suggest a likely binding site of the HGF α-chain on MET, which when dimerized leads to MET signaling. Onartuzumab, therefore, represents the founding member of a class of therapeutic monovalent antibodies that overcomes limitations of antibody bivalency for targets impacted by antibody crosslinking.
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