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Stika CS, Hebert MF. Design Considerations for Pharmacokinetic Studies During Pregnancy. J Clin Pharmacol 2023; 63 Suppl 1:S126-S136. [PMID: 37317491 PMCID: PMC10350295 DOI: 10.1002/jcph.2238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Most of the interventions performed by obstetric providers involve the administration of drugs. Pregnant patients are pharmacologically and physiologically different from nonpregnant young adults. Therefore, dosages that are effective and safe for the general public may be inadequate or unsafe for the pregnant patient and her fetus. Establishing dosing regimens appropriate for pregnancy requires evidence generated from pharmacokinetic studies performed in pregnant people. However, performing these studies during pregnancy often requires special design considerations, evaluations of both maternal and fetal exposures, and recognition that pregnancy is a dynamic process that changes as gestational age advances. In this article, we address design challenges unique to pregnancy and discuss options for investigators, including timing of drug sampling during pregnancy, appropriate selection of control groups, pros and cons of dedicated and nested pharmacokinetic studies, single-dose and multiple-dose analyses, dose selection strategies, and the importance of integrating pharmacodynamic changes into these protocols. Examples of completed pharmacokinetic studies in pregnancy are provided for illustration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine S. Stika
- Northwestern University, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chicago IL
| | - Mary F. Hebert
- University of Washington, Departments of Pharmacy and Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seattle WA
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Hebert JF, Myatt L. Metformin Impacts Human Syncytiotrophoblast Mitochondrial Function from Pregnancies Complicated by Obesity and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in a Sexually Dimorphic Manner. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12030719. [PMID: 36978967 PMCID: PMC10044921 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12030719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Maternal obesity and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) are associated with placental dysfunction, small for gestational age (SGA) offspring, and programming of adult-onset disease. We examine how metformin, commonly used to treat type A2 GDM, affects placental metabolism as well as mitochondrial content and function. Syncytiotrophoblasts (STBs) were prepared from placentas of male and female fetuses collected at term cesarean section from lean (pre-pregnancy BMI < 25), obese (BMI > 30), and obese A2GDM women. Metformin treatment (0.001–10 mM) of STB caused no change in non-mitochondrial respiration but significant concentration-dependent (1 and 10 mM) decreases in basal, maximal, and ATP-linked respiration and spare capacity. Respiration linked to proton leak was significantly increased in STB of male A2GDM placentas at low metformin concentrations. Metformin concentrations ≥1 mM increased glycolysis in STB from placentas from lean women, but only improved glycolytic capacity in female STB. Whereas metformin had little effect on superoxide generation from male STB of any group, it gave a concentration-dependent decrease in superoxide generation from female STB of lean and obese women. Fewer mitochondria were observed in STB from obese women and male STB from lean women with increasing metformin concentration. Metformin affects STB mitochondrial function in a sexually dimorphic manner but at concentrations above those reported in maternal circulation (approximately 0.01 mM) in women treated with metformin for GDM.
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Bui L, Edwards S, Hall E, Alderfer L, Round K, Owen M, Sainaghi P, Zhang S, Nallathamby PD, Haneline LS, Hanjaya-Putra D. Engineering bioactive nanoparticles to rejuvenate vascular progenitor cells. Commun Biol 2022; 5:635. [PMID: 35768543 PMCID: PMC9243106 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03578-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Fetal exposure to gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) predisposes children to future health complications including type-2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease. A key mechanism by which these complications occur is through stress-induced dysfunction of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), including endothelial colony-forming cells (ECFCs). Although several approaches have been previously explored to restore endothelial function, their widespread adoption remains tampered by systemic side effects of adjuvant drugs and unintended immune response of gene therapies. Here, we report a strategy to rejuvenate circulating vascular progenitor cells by conjugation of drug-loaded liposomal nanoparticles directly to the surface of GDM-exposed ECFCs (GDM-ECFCs). Bioactive nanoparticles can be robustly conjugated to the surface of ECFCs without altering cell viability and key progenitor phenotypes. Moreover, controlled delivery of therapeutic drugs to GDM-ECFCs is able to normalize transgelin (TAGLN) expression and improve cell migration, which is a critical key step in establishing functional vascular networks. More importantly, sustained pseudo-autocrine stimulation with bioactive nanoparticles is able to improve in vitro and in vivo vasculogenesis of GDM-ECFCs. Collectively, these findings highlight a simple, yet promising strategy to rejuvenate GDM-ECFCs and improve their therapeutic potential. Promising results from this study warrant future investigations on the prospect of the proposed strategy to improve dysfunctional vascular progenitor cells in the context of other chronic diseases, which has broad implications for addressing various cardiovascular complications, as well as advancing tissue repair and regenerative medicine. Drug-loaded liposomal nanoparticles conjugated to endothelial colony-forming cells can improve the vasculogenic potential of vascular progenitor cells exposed to gestational diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loan Bui
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Shanique Edwards
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Riley Hospital for Children at Indiana University Health, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Eva Hall
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Laura Alderfer
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Kellen Round
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Madeline Owen
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Pietro Sainaghi
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Siyuan Zhang
- Department of Biological Science, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA.,Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Prakash D Nallathamby
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Laura S Haneline
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Riley Hospital for Children at Indiana University Health, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.,Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Donny Hanjaya-Putra
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA. .,Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA. .,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA. .,Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA.
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Ren Z, Bremer AA, Pawlyk AC. Drug development research in pregnant and lactating women. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2021; 225:33-42. [PMID: 33887238 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2021.04.227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Pregnant and lactating women are considered "therapeutic orphans" because they generally have been excluded from clinical drug research and the drug development process owing to legal, ethical, and safety concerns. Most medications prescribed for pregnant and lactating women are used "off-label" because most of the clinical approved medications do not have appropriate drug labeling information for pregnant and lactating women. Medications that lack human safety data on use during pregnancy and lactation may pose potential risks for adverse effects in pregnant and lactating women as well as risks of teratogenic effects to their unborn and newborn babies. Federal policy requiring the inclusion of women in clinical research and trials led to considerable changes in research design and practice. Despite more women being included in clinical research and trials, the inclusion of pregnant and lactating women in drug research and clinical trials remains limited. A recent revision to the "Common Rule" that removed pregnant women from the classification as a "vulnerable" population may change the culture of drug research and drug development in pregnant and lactating women. This review article provides an overview of medications studied by the Obstetric-Fetal Pharmacology Research Units Network and Centers and describes the challenges in current obstetrical pharmacology research and alternative strategies for future research in precision therapeutics in pregnant and lactating women. Implementation of the recommendations of the Task Force on Research Specific to Pregnant Women and Lactating Women can provide legislative requirements and opportunities for research focused on pregnant and lactating women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoxia Ren
- Obstetric and Pediatric Pharmacology and Therapeutics Branch, the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD.
| | - Andrew A Bremer
- Pediatric Growth and Nutrition Branch, the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD; Pregnancy and Perinatology Branch, the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD
| | - Aaron C Pawlyk
- Obstetric and Pediatric Pharmacology and Therapeutics Branch, the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD
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