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Ovari TR, Trufán B, Katona G, Szabó G, Muresan LM. Correlations between the anti-corrosion properties and the photocatalytic behavior of epoxy coatings incorporating modified graphene oxide deposited on a zinc substrate. RSC Adv 2024; 14:10826-10841. [PMID: 38577435 PMCID: PMC10989242 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra00413b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
This research aimed to create a substrate-coating system based on zinc and an epoxy resin incorporating modified graphene oxide, which possesses two key characteristics: effective resistance against corrosion and the ability to harness photocatalytic properties. Furthermore, correlations between the anti-corrosion properties and the photocatalytic behaviour of the coatings were made. Thin epoxy (EP) layers embedding 0.1 wt% graphene oxide (GO), reduced graphene oxide (rGO), and modified graphene oxide with (3-aminopropyl)-triethoxysilane (APTES) or poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimer were applied on a zinc (Zn) substrate using the dip-coating method. Anti-corrosion properties of coated Zn samples were investigated through electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements. They showed that the corrosion protection effect is more prominent for EP containing functionalized GO, the highest in the case of GO-PAMAM. The results of the EIS measurements indicated also that the corrosion protection provided by EP-rGO is smaller than that of EP. The photocatalytic properties of the coatings were studied by exposure of the samples to Methylene Blue (MB) solution followed by monitoring the model dye degradation through UV-Vis measurements. To determine the changes in the anti-corrosion properties due to photocatalysis, the coated Zn samples were put through additional EIS measurements. The same coatings applied to a glass substrate lacked photocatalytic properties, indicating that the Zn substrate is accountable for the degradation of MB. Furthermore, the incorporation of GO or functionalized GO into the coating amplifies this effect. From EIS spectra, it was determined that the protective properties loss observed after 3 days is due to coating delamination during exposure to MB solution, the EP-GO-APTES retaining the best adhesion of the coating, 98% remaining on Zn after a cross-hatch test. The corrosion measurements were complemented by examining the morphology and structure of the coatings and the modified GO particles. All things considered, the Zn/EP-GO-APTES system shows the best ability to break down organic pollutants, keeping a good anti-corrosive property and adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gabriel Katona
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hungarian Line, Babes-Bolyai University, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering 11, Arany J. St 400028 Cluj-Napoca Romania
| | - Gabriella Szabó
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hungarian Line, Babes-Bolyai University, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering 11, Arany J. St 400028 Cluj-Napoca Romania
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POLYETHYLENE CROSSLINKING USING THE EPOXYANHYDRIDE REACTION I. A STRATEGY FOR A CURING PROCESS WITH HIGH THERMAL SENSITIVITY. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.4414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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3
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Peterson T, Davies D, Koh K, Ren D, Rickard M, Singh‐Rachford T, Sun Y. POLYETHYLENE CROSSLINKING USING THE EPOXY‐ANHYDRIDE REACTION II. DEVELOPMENT OF A CHEMORHEOLOGICAL MODEL. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.4417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Davies
- The Dow Chemical Company, Chemical Science, Core R&D
| | - Kyoungmoo Koh
- DuPont de Nemours Inc, Performance Building Solution
| | - Dakai Ren
- The Dow Chemical Company, Dow Construction Chemicals
| | | | | | - Yabin Sun
- The Dow Chemical Company, Packaging, Specialty Plastics & Hydrocarbons R&D
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4
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Barabanova AI, Afanas’ev ES, Molchanov VS, Askadskii AA, Philippova OE. Unmodified Silica Nanoparticles Enhance Mechanical Properties and Welding Ability of Epoxy Thermosets with Tunable Vitrimer Matrix. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:3040. [PMID: 34577941 PMCID: PMC8467415 DOI: 10.3390/polym13183040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Epoxy/silica thermosets with tunable matrix (vitrimers) were prepared by thermal curing of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) in the presence of a hardener-4-methylhexahydrophthalic anhydride (MHHPA), a transesterification catalyst-zinc acetylacetonate (ZAA), and 10-15 nm spherical silica nanoparticles. The properties of the resulting material were studied by tensile testing, thermomechanical and dynamic mechanical analysis. It is shown that at room temperature the introduction of 5-10 wt% of silica nanoparticles in the vitrimer matrix strengthens the material leading to the increase of the elastic modulus by 44% and the tensile stress by 25%. Simultaneously, nanoparticles enhance the dimensional stability of the material since they reduce the coefficient of thermal expansion. At the same time, the transesterification catalyst provides the thermoset with the welding ability at heating, when the chain exchange reactions are accelerated. For the first time, it was shown that the silica nanoparticles strengthen welding joints in vitrimers, which is extremely important, since it allows to repeatedly use products made of thermosets and heal defects in them. Such materials hold great promise for use in durable protective coatings, adhesives, sealants and many other applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna I. Barabanova
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (E.S.A.); (A.A.A.)
| | - Egor S. Afanas’ev
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (E.S.A.); (A.A.A.)
| | | | - Andrey A. Askadskii
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (E.S.A.); (A.A.A.)
- Moscow State University of Civil Engineering, 129337 Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga E. Philippova
- Physics Department, Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (V.S.M.); (O.E.P.)
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Waniek T, Braun U, Silbernagl D, Sturm H. The impact of water released from boehmite nanoparticles during curing in epoxy‐based nanocomposites. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tassilo Waniek
- Department 6 Materials Chemistry, Division 6.6 Physical and Chemical Analysis of Polymers Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und ‐prüfung (BAM) Berlin Germany
- Faculty V of Mechanical Engineering and Transport Systems, Institute of Machine Tools and Factory Management (IWF), Tribology Technical University of Berlin Berlin Germany
| | - Ulrike Braun
- Department 6 Materials Chemistry, Division 6.6 Physical and Chemical Analysis of Polymers Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und ‐prüfung (BAM) Berlin Germany
| | - Dorothee Silbernagl
- Department 6 Materials Chemistry, Division 6.6 Physical and Chemical Analysis of Polymers Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und ‐prüfung (BAM) Berlin Germany
| | - Heinz Sturm
- Department 6 Materials Chemistry, Division 6.6 Physical and Chemical Analysis of Polymers Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und ‐prüfung (BAM) Berlin Germany
- Faculty V of Mechanical Engineering and Transport Systems, Institute of Machine Tools and Factory Management (IWF), Tribology Technical University of Berlin Berlin Germany
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6
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Reuscher V, Haag S, Patzelt G, Mayer B. Aging of anhydride-hardened epoxies in lubricants at elevated temperatures. J Appl Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/app.44877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vivien Reuscher
- Robert Bosch GmbH; Robert-Bosch-Campus 1 Renningen 71272 Germany
- Faculty for Production Engineering-Mechanical Engineering & Process Engineering; University of Bremen; Badgasteiner Strasse 1 Bremen 28359 Germany
| | - Sabine Haag
- Robert Bosch GmbH; Robert-Bosch-Campus 1 Renningen 71272 Germany
| | - Gesa Patzelt
- Fraunhofer Institute for Manufacturing Technology and Advanced Materials (IFAM); Wiener Strasse 12 Bremen 28359 Germany
| | - Bernd Mayer
- Faculty for Production Engineering-Mechanical Engineering & Process Engineering; University of Bremen; Badgasteiner Strasse 1 Bremen 28359 Germany
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Zhao F, Fei X, Wei W, Ye W, Luo J, Chen Y, Zhu Y, Liu X. A random acrylate copolymer with epoxy-amphiphilic structure as an efficient toughener for an epoxy/anhydride system. J Appl Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/app.44863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fangqiao Zhao
- The Key Laboratory of Food Colloids and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering; Jiangnan University; Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoma Fei
- The Key Laboratory of Food Colloids and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering; Jiangnan University; Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Wei
- The Key Laboratory of Food Colloids and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering; Jiangnan University; Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 People's Republic of China
| | - Weitao Ye
- The Key Laboratory of Food Colloids and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering; Jiangnan University; Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Luo
- The Key Laboratory of Food Colloids and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering; Jiangnan University; Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 People's Republic of China
| | - Yaxin Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Food Colloids and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering; Jiangnan University; Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 People's Republic of China
| | - Ye Zhu
- The Key Laboratory of Food Colloids and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering; Jiangnan University; Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoya Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Food Colloids and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering; Jiangnan University; Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 People's Republic of China
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Corcuera MA, De La Caba K, Gabilondo N, Marieta C, Kortaberria G, Eceiza A. Rheokinetic and Dynamic Mechanical Analysis of Tetrafunctional Epoxy/anhydride Mixtures. Influence of Stoichiometry and Cure Conditions. HIGH PERFORM POLYM 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/0954008306050009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The copolymerization of hexahydrophthalic anhydride (HHPA) with N, N, N′, N′-tetraglycidyl-4,4′-diaminodiphenylmethane (TGDDM) has been studied for several stoichiometric ratios. The rheological, thermal and dynamic mechanical behaviors of these systems were examined. Kinetic studies by differential scanning calorimetry, in both isothermal and dynamic modes, showed a first-order kinetics. Activation energies were also obtained by rheological measurements, through gelation times at different temperatures, with results in agreement with calorimetric results. The dynamic mechanical behavior was studied to analyse the influence of both stoichiometric ratio and cure schedule in the viscoelastic properties of the mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian Angeles Corcuera
- ‘Materials + Technologies’ Group, Dpto. Ingeniería Química y del Medio Ambiente, Escuela Univ. Politécnica, Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, Pza Europa 1, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain,
| | - Koro De La Caba
- ‘Materials + Technologies’ Group, Dpto. Ingeniería Química y del Medio Ambiente, Escuela Univ. Politécnica, Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, Pza Europa 1, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Nagore Gabilondo
- ‘Materials + Technologies’ Group, Dpto. Ingeniería Química y del Medio Ambiente, Escuela Univ. Politécnica, Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, Pza Europa 1, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Cristina Marieta
- ‘Materials + Technologies’ Group, Dpto. Ingeniería Química y del Medio Ambiente, Escuela Univ. Politécnica, Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, Pza Europa 1, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Galder Kortaberria
- ‘Materials + Technologies’ Group, Dpto. Ingeniería Química y del Medio Ambiente, Escuela Univ. Politécnica, Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, Pza Europa 1, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Arantxa Eceiza
- ‘Materials + Technologies’ Group, Dpto. Ingeniería Química y del Medio Ambiente, Escuela Univ. Politécnica, Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, Pza Europa 1, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
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9
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Chiang TH, Liu CY, Lin YC. The effect of an anhydride curing agent, an accelerant, and non-ionic surfactants on the electrical resistivity of graphene/epoxy composites. J Appl Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/app.41975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tzu Hsuan Chiang
- Department of Energy Engineering; National United University; 2, Lienda, Nan-Shi Li, Miaoli, Taiwan 36063 Republic of China
| | - Chun-Yu Liu
- Department of Energy Engineering; National United University; 2, Lienda, Nan-Shi Li, Miaoli, Taiwan 36063 Republic of China
| | - Ya-Chun Lin
- Department of Energy Engineering; National United University; 2, Lienda, Nan-Shi Li, Miaoli, Taiwan 36063 Republic of China
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10
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Gerrits PO, Horobin RW. Glycol Methacrylate Embedding for Light Microscopy: Basic Principles and Trouble-Shooting. J Histotechnol 2013. [DOI: 10.1179/his.1996.19.4.297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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11
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Pan X, Sengupta P, Webster DC. High Biobased Content Epoxy–Anhydride Thermosets from Epoxidized Sucrose Esters of Fatty Acids. Biomacromolecules 2011; 12:2416-28. [DOI: 10.1021/bm200549c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Pan
- Department of Coatings and Polymeric Materials, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, United States
| | - Partha Sengupta
- Department of Coatings and Polymeric Materials, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, United States
| | - Dean C. Webster
- Department of Coatings and Polymeric Materials, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, United States
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12
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Morell M, Ramis X, Ferrando F, Yu Y, Serra A. New improved thermosets obtained from DGEBA and a hyperbranched poly(ester-amide). POLYMER 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2009.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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13
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Foix D, Yu Y, Serra A, Ramis X, Salla JM. Study on the chemical modification of epoxy/anhydride thermosets using a hydroxyl terminated hyperbranched polymer. Eur Polym J 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2009.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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14
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Reddy PV, Samuelson S, Gowda NMN, Sathyanarayana DN. Benzimidazole derivatives and their complexes as accelerators for curing of epoxy resin. J Appl Polym Sci 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/app.27845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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15
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Shimazaki A. Volume-temperature relation of epoxy resin-acid anhydride mixtures with different degrees of crosslinking. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/polc.5070230212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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16
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Shito N. Specific volume, dielectric properties, and mechanical properties of cured epoxy resins in the glass-transition region. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/polc.5070230213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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17
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Worzakowska M. Influence of cure schedule on the viscoelastic properties and thermal degradation of crosslinked mono- and diepoxides obtained during the reaction of hydrogen peroxide and divinylbenzene. J Appl Polym Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/app.24936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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18
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Anionic copolymerization of cyclic ethers with cyclic anhydrides. ADVANCES IN POLYMER SCIENCE 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/bfb0024121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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19
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The kinetics and mechanism of cure of an amino-glycidyl epoxy resin by a co-anhydride as studied by FT-Raman spectroscopy. POLYMER 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2004.07.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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20
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Thomas R, Abraham J, Thomas P S, Thomas S. Influence of carboxyl-terminated (butadiene-co-acrylonitrile) loading on the mechanical and thermal properties of cured epoxy blends. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.20115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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21
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Rocks J, Halter M, George G, Vohwinkel F. Calorimetric and rheological characterization of a high-performance epoxy curable at low temperatures. POLYM INT 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.1285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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22
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Rocks J, George GA, Vohwinkel F. Curing kinetics and thermomechanical behaviour of co-anhydride cured aminoglycidyl epoxy resins. POLYM INT 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.1286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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23
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Kimura K, Sasano H, Shimosegawa T, Kato K, Noguchi T, Mochizuki S, Sawai T, Koizumi M, Toyota T, Nagura H. Ultrastructural and confocal laser scanning microscopic examination of TUNEL-positive cells. J Pathol 1997; 181:235-42. [PMID: 9120732 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-9896(199702)181:2<235::aid-path714>3.0.co;2-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
TdT-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labelling (TUNEL) has been widely used for detecting cells with DNA fragmentation or apoptotic cells. However, since the concept of apoptosis is based on cellular ultrastructure, it is important to identify the morphological features of TUNEL-positive cells. In this study, we performed TUNEL and electron microscopic observation on serial semithin and ultrathin sections of pancreas from bilaterally adrenalectomized rats with caerulein-induced pancreatitis. TUNEL-positive cells were identified with two different ultrastructural patterns. One was characteristic of apoptosis, with condensed nuclei, intact mitochondria, and zymogen granules. The other pattern was one of marked cellular degeneration, possibly representing the end stage of cell death. Cells which did not demonstrate these ultrastructural patterns were not labelled by the TUNEL method. The three-dimensional structure of TUNEL-positive cells was also investigated by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), which showed the apoptotic nuclei exhibited various three-dimensional structures. These results confirm the utility of the TUNEL method in detecting apoptosis; application of the technique reported in this study will contribute to the further characterization of individual TUNEL-positive cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kimura
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Miyagi, Japan
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24
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Mollenhauer HH. Artifacts caused by dehydration and epoxy embedding in transmission electron microscopy. Microsc Res Tech 1993; 26:496-512. [PMID: 8305727 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.1070260604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Epoxy resins are the principal embedding media for the preservation of tissues to be sectioned and examined by transmission electron microscopy. Their primary advantages are good ultrastructural preservation, little or no shrinkage, ease of sectioning, and reasonable stability in the electron beam. However, epoxy resins also have disadvantages; namely, some are toxic, they may mask antigenic sites to a greater extent than do some other embedding resins, and they do not penetrate tissues as well as less viscous embedding formulations. Some unusual characteristics may also be revealed, for example, as shrinkage of organelles, as problems in poststaining sections, and as movement of tissue elements within the block and section. Some of the properties of epoxy resins are discussed in this report.
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Affiliation(s)
- H H Mollenhauer
- Food Animal Protection Research Laboratory, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, College Station, Texas 77845-9594
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25
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Corcuera MA, Andres MA, Sarasua R, Mondragon I. Rheological and mechanical behaviour of tetraglycidyldiaminodiphenylmethane (TGDDM)/anhydride epoxy systems. POLYM INT 1992. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.4990290206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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26
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Le Huy H, Bellenger V, Verdu J, Paris M. Thermal oxidation of anhydride cured epoxies. I—mechanistic aspects. Polym Degrad Stab 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0141-3910(92)90138-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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27
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28
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Differential scanning calorimetry applied to cross-linking of a filled epoxy resin: Accuracy of the Borchardt and Daniels equation for describing the curing process kinetics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1986. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01914646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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29
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Litwin JA. Light microscopic histochemistry on plastic sections. PROGRESS IN HISTOCHEMISTRY AND CYTOCHEMISTRY 1985; 16:1-84. [PMID: 2417278 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6336(85)80001-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
As compared with conventional paraffin, celloidin, and frozen sections, semithin plastic sections offer a superior quality of the light microscopic image in terms of better resolution, absence of distortion and shrinkage artifacts, and suitability for calcified tissues. Application of histochemical methods to such sections often encounters, however, serious difficulties resulting from a considerably reduced reactivity of plastic-embedded biological material. Factors involved include a poor penetration of reagents into plastic embedding media due to a steric or hydrophobic hindrance, as well as a blockade of the reactive chemical groups in the sample due to interactions with fixatives and plastics. Embedding in polar (hydrophilic) plastics, such as glycol methacrylate, permits carrying out a large number of histochemical reactions, including the demonstration of enzymatic activities, directly on sections, but is less suitable for combined light/electron microscopic studies because of an imperfect ultrastructural preservation of tissues. Embedding in nonpolar epoxy resins, particularly if combined with a double aldehyde-osmium fixation, results in a high quality ultrastructure but almost fully inhibits the histochemical reactivity of the embedded material. In order to restore this reactivity, i.e. to unmask chemical groups bound by the polymerized resin, semithin epoxy sections require the removal of the embedding matrix by alkoxides prior to the histochemical procedure. Additional steps are also often necessary: treatment of osmium-fixed sections with oxidative agents, e.g., hydrogen peroxide or periodate which reoxidize the bound osmium and remove it from tissue, and a controlled proteolytic digestion, especially useful in immunocytochemical studies, which probably cleaves the bonds between the primary aldehyde fixative, and the reactive sites. This article reviews histochemical methods which have been successfully applied to plastic-embedded material. Using polar methacrylates and/or nonpolar epoxy resins as embedding media, it has been possible to demonstrate proteins and aminoacid residues, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, biogenic amines, inorganic ions, and some enzymes, although the spectrum of methods found as suitable for plastic-embedded material is far narrower than that available for paraffin or frozen sections.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Litwin JA, Yokota S, Hashimoto T, Fahimi HD. Light microscopic immunocytochemical demonstration of peroxisomal enzymes in epon sections. HISTOCHEMISTRY 1984; 81:15-22. [PMID: 6469719 DOI: 10.1007/bf00495395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
A procedure is described for light microscopic immunocytochemical localization of catalase and three enzymes of peroxisomal lipid beta-oxidation: acyl-CoA oxidase, enoyl-CoA hydratase and 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase in semi-thin sections of rat liver processed for routine electron microscopy. Satisfactory immunostaining required the removal of the epoxy resin with sodium ethoxide, controlled digestion of deplasticized sections with proteases and, in case of osmiumfixed tissue, bleaching with oxidants. Resin removal was essential for successful immunostaining, and protease treatment enhanced markedly the intensity of the reaction. This study shows that tissues processed for conventional ultrastructural studies can be used for postembedding immunocytochemical demonstration of various peroxisomal enzymes.
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Eldin SH, Stockinger F, Lohse F, Rihs G. A new epoxy resin/hardener system with variable processing and end properties. J Appl Polym Sci 1981. [DOI: 10.1002/app.1981.070261109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Kuhlmann WD, Krischan R. Resin embedment of organs and postembedment localization of antigens by immunoperoxidase methods. HISTOCHEMISTRY 1981; 72:377-89. [PMID: 6170617 DOI: 10.1007/bf00501780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Various procedures for nonpolar and polar resin embedment were applied to mouse and rat livers for the study of postembedment immunolocalization of alpha 1-fetoprotein, albumin and the microsomal enzyme epoxide hydrolase. Fixations with formaldehyde and with formaldehyde-glutaraldehyde mixtures were used for tissue stabilization. Both fixation schedules did not abolish immunoreactivity. Treatment of liver with inert compounds such as polyvinylpyrrolidones or chemical modification of antigens with ethyl acetimidate prior to embedment improved immuno-staining. Either the low-polarity solvent ethanol or the highly polar ethylene glycol could be employed as dehydrating agents. Antigens were readily localized in sections from Epon 812 embedded livers. For this purpose, polymerized resin had to be partially removed. On the other hand, immunoreactivity of antigens was only faint after embedment in an epoxy-resin based on diepoxide octane. Also, antigens reacted faintly in sections from livers which were embedded at 0 degrees C in the polar acrylate-methacrylate based Lowicryl K4M resin. The indirect peroxidase labelled antibody method was as specific and sensitive as the PAP technique. Optimal antigen detection was attained with antibodies isolated by affinity chromatography and purified peroxidase conjugates. Apart from purified immunological reagents, the addition of high molarity sodium chloride and bovine serum albumin to the wash solutions enhanced immunohistological specificity.
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Kaplan SL, McAllister LE, Stewart AT. Effects of moisture on glycidyl reactions with carboxylic acid anhydrides. POLYM ENG SCI 1966. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.760060112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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