Comparison of ultrasonographically guided fine-needle aspiration and core needle biopsy in the diagnosis of parotid masses

Frozen Section Analysis in Submandibular Gland Tumors: Optimizing Intraoperative Decision-Making

Introduction: With around 25 different salivary gland tumor entities described by the World Health Organization, the correct preoperative identification of masses as benign or malignant remains a challenge. If preoperative needle biopsy is inconclusive, frozen section analysis is a possible alternative for accurate histological identification. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the diagnostic effectiveness of frozen section performed for primary submandibular gland masses. Methods: In addition to acquiring epidemiological data from patients who underwent submandibular gland excision over a 20-year period, we analyzed the diagnostic effectiveness of frozen section performed for submandibular gland masses. We also examined the impact of frozen section on overall survival. Furthermore, we investigated whether there was an impact on the surgical revision rate for malignant submandibular gland masses that required additional neck dissection within the submandibular triangle. Results: Frozen section was performed for 54 submandibular gland tumors, with a specificity of 100% and a sensitivity of 81.3%. Frozen section was conducted in 12 cases of primary salivary gland malignancies, of which 9 cases were identified correctly. In three cases, the frozen section results were inconclusive. We calculated a relative risk reduction of 27% for revision surgery by performing frozen section. There was no significant association between frozen section results and overall survival. Conclusions: Frozen section demonstrates a significant reduction in the need for revision surgery. With a specificity of 100%, frozen section is especially suited to identifying benign masses. It is a valid diagnostic tool when preoperative sampling is not possible or is inconclusive.

18F-FDG PET/CT for Surveillance in Salivary Gland Cancers: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of 18F-FDG-PET/CT compared to conventional imaging modalities (CIM) to detect recurrence of primary salivary gland cancers (SGCs).

DATA SOURCES

Review performed on December 26, 2024, using Embase, CINHAL, MEDLINE, and PubMed.

REVIEW METHODS

Two blinded reviewers selected studies reporting diagnostic accuracy of PET/CT in identifying locoregional recurrence and/or metastasis in patients with SGCs. The analysis was performed adhering to PRISMA guidelines using R 4.3.3. Pooled analysis with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were analyzed.

RESULTS

A total of 12 studies were retained from the systematic review, including 264 patients evaluated in the meta-analysis. For local recurrence, there was a pooled sensitivity of 0.86 (95% CI 0.73-0.93) and a pooled specificity of 0.95 (95% CI 0.92-0.97) for PET/CT, and a pooled sensitivity of 0.89 (95% CI 0.80-0.94) and a pooled specificity of 0.91 (95% CI 0.79-0.97) for CIM (p = 0.90). For regional metastasis, there was a pooled sensitivity of 0.90 (95% CI 0.73-0.97) and a pooled specificity of 0.96 (95% CI 0.92-0.98) for PET/CT, and a pooled sensitivity of 0.80 (95% CI 0.62-0.91) and a pooled specificity of 0.95 (0.90-0.98) for CIM (p = 0.26). For distant metastasis, there was a pooled sensitivity of 0.96 (95% CI 0.90-0.99) and a pooled specificity of 0.95 (95% CI 0.85-0.98) for PET/CT, and a pooled sensitivity of 0.80 (95% CI 0.71-0.86) and a pooled specificity of 0.97 (95% CI 0.87-0.99) for CIM (p = 0.018).

CONCLUSIONS

18F-FDG-PET/CT imaging is accurate for the detection of SGC recurrence, particularly for the detection of regional and distant metastases.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

Not applicable Laryngoscope, 2025.

IgG4-related disease: an update on pathology and diagnostic criteria with a focus on salivary gland manifestations

Immunoglobulin G4-related disease (IgG4-RD) is a multi-organ disorder characterized by a highly variable clinical presentation depending on the affected organ/s, extent of tumefactive fibroinflammatory lesions, and associated functional impairment. The disease pursues a chronic, relapsing, often asymptomatic course and hence may pose a significant diagnostic challenge. Diagnostic delay can lead to progressive fibrosis and irreversible organ damage resulting into significant morbidity and even mortality. Given its broad clinical spectrum, physicians of all specialties may be the first clinicians facing this diagnostic challenge. Outside the pancreatobiliary system, the head and neck represents the major site of IgG4-RD with variable organ-specific diffuse or mass-forming lesions. In up to 75% of cases, elevated serum IgG4 levels are observed, but this figure possibly underestimates the fraction of seronegative cases, as the disease manifestations may present metachronously with significant intervals. Together with negative serology, this can lead to misdiagnosis of seronegative cases. A standardized nomenclature and diagnostic criteria for IgG4-RD were established in 2012 and revised in 2020 facilitating scientific research and expanding the range of diseases associated with IgG4 abnormalities. In addition to orbital pseudotumor, dacryoadenitis, Riedel thyroiditis, sinonasal manifestations, and rare miscellaneous conditions, IgG4-related sialadenitis is one of the most frequent presentations in the head and neck region. However, controversy still exists regarding the relationship between sialadenitis and IgG4-RD. This review focuses on the clinicopathological features of IgG4-related sialadenitis and its contemporary diagnostic criteria.

The Value of Ultrasound-guided Core Needle Biopsy in Differentiating Benign from Malignant Salivary Gland Lesions

Purpose

In recent years, core needle biopsy (CNB) technique has received much attention, being used as alternative method of tissue sampling for surgical biopsy of salivary gland tumors (SGTs). The present study aimed to evaluate the value of CNB in differentiating benign from malignant SGTs.

Materials and methods

Patients with suspected benign or malignant SGTs in imaging were enrolled in this study. All core needle biopsies were performed under ultrasound guidance, i.e. ultrasound-guided Core Needle Biopsy (USCNB). Histological examination of the specimen after surgical excision was regarded as gold standard test and set as reference standard to assess USCNB accuracy for discriminating between ultrasound-visible benign and malignant SGTs.

Results

Based on USCNB results, from 36 participants (14 women and 22 men) with SGTs, 44.4% of detected tumors were benign and 55.5% were malignant. Twenty-two patients underwent surgery and postoperative specimen histological examination showed that 59% of excised lesions were benign and 41% were malignant. USCNB and surgical biopsy (SB) findings were completely compatible for 21 patients. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and diagnostic accuracy of USCNB were 100% in differentiating malignant from benign lesions.

Conclusion

USCNB is a valuable and accurate method of diagnosis with high sensitivity and specificity in distinguishing benign from malignant ultrasound-visible SGTs.

Cytologic diagnosis of parotid gland Warthin tumor: Systematic review and meta-analysis

It is important to define the accuracy of fine‐needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) in the diagnosis of Warthin tumor (WT). This systematic review and meta‐analysis evaluated the accuracy of FNAC in the diagnosis of WT in the parotid gland and WT growth rate. For determination of FNAC accuracy, 17 studies, encompassing 1710 cases, were included. Pulled random model estimates of sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV were 93.7% (95%CI: 92.1, 95.3), 97.9% (95%CI: 97, 98.9), 93.3% (95%CI: 91.5, 95.1), and 97.4% (95%CI: 96.4, 98.4), respectively. FNAC is highly reliable for the diagnosis of WT of the parotid. The high PPV value suggests that patients with a cytological diagnosis of WT of the parotid may be assigned to active surveillance.

Ultrasound-guided core biopsy in the diagnosis of parotid neoplasia: an overview and update with a review of the literature

OBJECTIVE

Accurate diagnosis of parotid neoplasia is a key to determine the most appropriate patient management choice, including the need for surgery. This review provides an update of the literature on current practice and outcomes of parotid tissue sampling techniques, with an emphasis on ultrasound-guided core biopsy (USCB) and comparison with fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC).

METHODS

A literature review of EMBASE, Medline, PubMed and Google Scholar was conducted.

RESULTS

USCB has higher sensitivity, specificity and lower non-diagnostic rates than optimized FNAC. It also has a significantly higher sensitivity for the detection of malignancy. Significant complications post-USCB are uncommon, with only one reported case of tumour seeding and no cases of permanent facial nerve dysfunction. The technique is less operator-dependent than FNAC, with less reported variation in results between institutions.

CONCLUSIONS

USCB can be considered as the optimum tool of choice for the diagnosis of parotid neoplasia. This would particularly be the case in centres utilizing FNAC with high non-diagnostic rates or reduced diagnostic accuracy when compared to USCB published data, or in centres establishing a new service.

ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE

An update of the role and outcomes of USCB in the diagnosis of parotid gland pathologies.Research shows that USCB preforms better than FNAC, in terms of sensitivity and specificity, particularly in the case of malignant neoplasia.Complications following USCB were found to be higher than that of FNAC; however, no long-term major complications following either method have been reported in the literature.

Percutaneous CT-Guided Core Needle Biopsies of Head and Neck Masses: Review of 184 Cases at a Single Academic Institution, Common and Special Techniques, Diagnostic Yield, and Safety

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Percutaneous CT-guided core needle biopsies of head and neck lesions can be safely performed with vigilant planning. This largest-to-date single-center retrospective study evaluates multiple approaches with consideration of special techniques and examines the histopathologic yield.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Retrospective review of CT-guided core biopsies of head and neck lesions from January 1, 2010, to October 30, 2020, was performed. We recorded the following: patient demographics, sedation details, biopsy needle type and size, lesion location and size, approach, patient positioning, preprocedural intravenous contrast, proceduralists' years of experience, complications, and pathology results.

RESULTS

One hundred eighty-four CT-guided core biopsies were evaluated. The initial diagnostic yield was 93% (171/184). However, of 43/184 (23%) originally "negative for malignancy" biopsies, 4 were eventually positive for malignancy via rebiopsy/excision, resulting in a 2% false-negative rate and an adjusted total diagnostic yield of 167/184 (91%). Biopsies were performed by 16 neuroradiologists with variable experience. The diagnostic yield was essentially the same: 91% (64/70) for proceduralists with ≤3 years' experience, and 90% (103/114) with >3 years' experience. The diagnostic yield was 93% (155/166) for lesions of >10 mm. The diagnostic yield per biopsy needle gauge was the following: 20 ga, 81% (13/16); 18 ga, 93% (70/75); 16 ga, 90% (64/71); and 14 ga, 91% (20/22). There were 4 asymptomatic hematomas, with none requiring intervention.

CONCLUSIONS

Percutaneous CT-guided core needle biopsies are safe procedures for superficial and deep head and neck lesions with a high diagnostic yield. Careful planning and special techniques may increase the number of lesions accessible percutaneously while minimizing the risk of complications.

Ultrasound-Guided Biopsy of Suspected Salivary Gland Lymphoma in Sjögren's Syndrome

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the safety and utility of core needle biopsy (CNB) for diagnosis of salivary gland lymphoma in Sjögren's syndrome (SS).

METHODS

We analyzed data from consecutive SS patients who underwent ultrasound-guided major salivary gland CNB for lymphoma diagnosis and determined whether CNB yielded an actionable diagnosis without need for further intervention.

RESULTS

CNBs were performed in 24 patients to evaluate discrete parotid (n = 6) or submandibular (n = 2) gland masses or diffuse enlargement (n = 16; 15 parotid). One patient had 3 CNBs of the same mass. Of the 26 CNBs, 24 included flow cytometry, using CNB and/or fine needle aspirate material, and 14 targeted sonographically identified focal lesions. No patient reported complications. In the 23 patients with 1 CNB, final diagnoses were marginal zone lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT; n = 6), atypical lymphoid infiltration (n = 3), benign lymphoepithelial sialadenitis (n = 9), normal gland tissue (n = 4), and lymphoepithelial cyst (n = 1). In the patient with serial CNBs, the initial one without flow cytometry was benign, but the next 2 showed atypical lymphoid infiltration. Monoclonal lymphoid infiltration was detected in 12 patients: 6 with MALT lymphoma, 3 were benign, and 3 with atypical lymphoid infiltration. Of the latter 3, 1 was treated with rituximab and 2 with expectant observation. The diagnosis changed from atypical lymphoid infiltration to MALT lymphoma in 1 patient following biopsy of inguinal adenopathy 6 months post-CNB. CNB provided actionable results and avoided open excisional biopsies in all cases.

CONCLUSION

CNB is safe and useful in the evaluation of suspected salivary gland lymphoma in SS.

Comparison of preoperative diagnostic accuracy of fine needle aspiration and core needle biopsy in parotid gland neoplasms

BACKGROUND

Fine needle aspiration (FNA) and core needle biopsy (CNB) are two commonly used approaches for the diagnosis of suspected neoplastic parotid gland lesions. We aimed to compare the diagnostic efficiency of FNA and CNB performed with ultrasound guidance preoperatively for the diagnosis of parotid neoplasms.

METHODS

We retrospectively analysed the preoperative specimens of 113 patients (66 FNA, 47 CNB) who underwent surgical excision at our institute between 2014 and 2017. Patient selection was based on lesion type and dimension, preliminary and final pathology, imaging characteristics, clinical course, and treatment data for accurate statistical analysis. The final diagnosis was based on surgery in all of the patients. We compared the diagnostic accuracy of FNA and CNB regarding the correct tissue-specific diagnosis of benign and malignant tumours. The recurrence and complication rates were analysed to determine the safety of each technique.

RESULTS

Among the 113 patients, the average follow-up period was 65.4 (50-88) months. Seventy-one patients (62.8%) were males, and the median age was 50 years. The most common type of surgery was superficial parotidectomy (83.2%), and the median tumour size was 30.0 mm. Pleomorphic adenoma was the most frequent neoplasm. The diagnostic rates of preoperative pathological evaluation of FNA and CNB samples were 68.2% and 91.5%, respectively. The sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value of FNA for detecting malignant lesions were 40, 100, and 100%, respectively, and those of CNB were 100, 100, and 100%, respectively. Only one complication occurred (haematoma) in the biopsy area after CNB. No recurrences were seen after CNB and FNA during the follow-up period.

CONCLUSION

Our findings suggest that the diagnostic ability, sensitivity, and specificity of CNB are excellent compared with those of FNA. The only disadvantage of CNB is the need for experienced staff and good-quality equipment. The complication rates of each technique are very low, and the risk of tumour tract seeding is controversial. CNB should be considered the technique of choice when a nodule is detected in the parotid glands.

Management of Salivary Gland Malignancy: ASCO Guideline

PURPOSE

To provide evidence-based recommendations for practicing physicians and other healthcare providers on the management of salivary gland malignancy.

METHODS

ASCO convened an Expert Panel of medical oncology, surgical oncology, radiation oncology, neuroradiology, pathology, and patient advocacy experts to conduct a literature search, which included systematic reviews, meta-analyses, randomized controlled trials, and prospective and retrospective comparative observational studies published from 2000 through 2020. Outcomes of interest included survival, diagnostic accuracy, disease recurrence, and quality of life. Expert Panel members used available evidence and informal consensus to develop evidence-based guideline recommendations.

RESULTS

The literature search identified 293 relevant studies to inform the evidence base for this guideline. Six main clinical questions were addressed, which included subquestions on preoperative evaluations, surgical diagnostic and therapeutic procedures, appropriate radiotherapy techniques, the role of systemic therapy, and follow-up evaluations.

RECOMMENDATIONS

When possible, evidence-based recommendations were developed to address the diagnosis and appropriate preoperative evaluations for patients with a salivary gland malignancy, therapeutic procedures, and appropriate treatment options in various salivary gland histologies.Additional information is available at www.asco.org/head-neck-cancer-guidelines.

Ultrasound and Bioptic Investigation of Patients with Primary Sjögren's Syndrome

Primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) is a chronic and heterogeneous disorder characterized by a wide spectrum of glandular and extra-glandular features. The hallmark of pSS is considered to be the immune-mediated involvement of the exocrine glands and B-cell hyperactivation. This leads pSS patients to an increased risk of developing lymphoproliferative diseases, and persistent (>2 months) major salivary gland enlargement is a well-known clinical sign of possible involvement by B cell lymphoma. Better stratification of the patients may improve understanding of the mechanism underlying the risk of lymphoproliferative disorder. Here, we summarize the role of different imaging techniques and a bioptic approach in pSS patients, focusing mainly on the role of salivary gland ultrasonography (SGUS) and a US-guided core needle biopsy (Us-guided CNB) as diagnostic and prognostic tools in pSS patients with persistent parotid swelling.

Cross-sectional imaging and cytologic investigations in the preoperative diagnosis of parotid gland tumors - An updated literature review

An accurate preoperative diagnosis of parotid tumors is essential for the selection and planning of surgical treatment. Various modern cross-sectional imaging and cytologic investigations can support the differential diagnosis of parotid tumors. The aim of this study was to achieve a comprehensive and updated review of modern imaging and cytologic investigations used in parotid tumor diagnosis, based on the latest literature data. This literature review could serve as a guide for clinicians in selecting different types of investigations for the preoperative differential diagnosis of parotid tumors. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with its dynamic and advanced sequences is the first-line imaging investigation used in differentiating parotid tumors. Computed tomography (CT) and positron emission tomography (PET)-CT provide limited indications in differentiating parotid tumors. Fine needle aspiration biopsy and core needle biopsy can contribute with satisfactory results to the cytological diagnosis of parotid tumors. Dynamic MRI with its dynamic contrast-enhanced and diffusion-weighted sequences provides the best accuracy for the preoperative differential diagnosis of parotid tumors. CT allows the best evaluation of bone invasion, being useful when MRI cannot be performed, and PET-CT has value in the follow-up of cancer patients. The dual cytological and imaging approach is the safest method for an accurate differential diagnosis of parotid tumors.

The role of core needle biopsy in parotid glands lesions with inconclusive fine needle aspiration

OBJECTIVES

Usefulness of preoperative tissue sampling and pathology diagnoses in parotid gland tumors were accepted worldwide. We investigate the role of CNB in the parotid gland lesions when FNA results are inconclusive.

METHODS

We conducted a cross sectional study to evaluate CNB results from fifty-two patients with history of parotid gland lesion and inconclusive previous fine needle aspiration.

RESULTS

In this study, 45 out of 52 CNB results determined definite histological subtype diagnosis. Four CNB reports were inconclusive and three CNB results were compatible with malignancies, but did not define definite diagnosis. Calculated sensitivity for diagnosis of malignancy was 96% and specificity was 85%. Negative predictive value, positive predictive value, and accuracy for CNB in detecting malignancy, were calculated 94%, 90%, and 92%, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

When FNA is not conclusive, CNB may be used as a precise method to evaluate the parotid gland lesions.

ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Neck Mass-Adenopathy

A palpable neck mass may be the result of neoplastic, congenital, or inflammatory disease. Older age suggests neoplasia, and a congenital etiology is more prevalent in the pediatric population. The imaging approach is based on the patient age, mass location, and clinical pulsatility. Underlying human papillomavirus-related malignancy should be considered in all age groups. Although the imaging appearance of some processes in the head and neck overlap, choosing the appropriate imaging examination may allow a specific diagnosis, or a limited differential diagnosis. Tissue sampling is indicated to confirm suspected malignancy. The American College of Radiology Appropriateness Criteria are evidence-based guidelines for specific clinical conditions that are reviewed annually by a multidisciplinary expert panel. The guideline development and revision include an extensive analysis of current medical literature from peer reviewed journals and the application of well-established methodologies (RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Method and Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation or GRADE) to rate the appropriateness of imaging and treatment procedures for specific clinical scenarios. In those instances where evidence is lacking or equivocal, expert opinion may supplement the available evidence to recommend imaging or treatment.

The role of ultrasound-guided tissue sampling techniques in the management of extra-ocular orbital lesions

Background

Multiple disease processes may arise within the orbit and imaging plays a vital role in the evaluation of such lesions. The anterior orbital contents are readily amenable to evaluation by ultrasonography. Furthermore, the modality can be used to guide tissue sampling (fine needle aspiration or core biopsy) and may obviate the requirement for invasive surgical biopsy.

Methods

We carried out a retrospective review of ultrasound-guided fine needle aspirations/core biopsies of extra-ocular orbital lesions undertaken at our institution. The anatomical locations, sonographic appearances and sampling techniques were analysed.

Results

There were 7 fine needle aspirations and 1 core biopsy carried out during the period analysed. Multimodality imaging was available in all cases. The majority of lesions were located in the region of the lacrimal gland. All procedures were well-tolerated and there were no post-procedure complications.

Conclusion

Many extra-ocular, orbital neoplasms are amenable to ultrasound-guided tissue sampling and the procedure is well tolerated. However, a clear understanding of orbital anatomy, differential diagnosis and technique is required to enable safe sampling. Furthermore, a collaborative, multimodality approach is imperative for optimal patient management.

US-guided core-needle biopsy versus US-guided fine-needle aspiration of suspicious cervical lymph nodes for staging workup of non-head and neck malignancies: A propensity score matching study

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES

To compare US-guided core-needle biopsy (USCNB) and US-guided fine-needle aspiration (USFNA) of suspicious cervical lymph nodes for staging workup of malignancies in locations other than the head and neck using propensity score matching (PSM).

METHODS

This retrospective cohort study included 108 patients who underwent USFNA and 1058 who underwent USCNB for suspicious cervical lymph nodes detected by imaging modalities during the staging workup for malignancies located in regions other than the head and neck. The primary outcome was defined as the inconclusive results. To evaluate the procedures according to the outcome, we performed univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses and a 1:1 PSM of USCNB and USFNA.

RESULTS

There was no complication for both USFNA and USCNB. The inconclusive results were 6.5% (7/108) for USFNA and 1.6% (17/1058) for USCNB. A significantly lower rate of the inconclusive results in USCNB than in USFNA before matching was maintained after a 1:1 PSM of 103 patients from each group (before PSM, odds ratio (OR) = 4.489, 95% confidence interval (CI) [1.803-11.177], P = 0.001; after PSM, OR = 1.060, 95%CI [1.013-1.109], P = 0.012).

CONCLUSIONS

Because USCNB can reduce inconclusive results compared to USFNA, it could be more helpful for staging workup of malignancies in locations other than the head and neck in patients with suspicious cervical lymph nodes.

The accuracy of fine-needle aspiration cytology for diagnosis of parotid gland masses: a clinicopathological study of 114 patients

Objective

Fine-needle aspiration cytology is a valuable method for preoperative assessment of head and neck tumors. However, its accuracy in detection of salivary gland masses is controversial compared with other methods. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effectiveness and accuracy of fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) in the diagnosis of parotid gland masses.

Material and Methods

Over a 10-year period, 126 parotid gland masses were resected. Retrospective chart reviews of 114 patients were performed. The results of FNAC and final histological diagnosis were compared and the accuracy of FNAC was determined.

Results

Final histological evaluation revealed 11 malignant tumors and 103 benign lesions. Pleomorphic adenoma was the most common neoplasm (63%), followed by Warthin’s tumor (17.5%). The sensitivity of FNAC in detecting malignant tumors was 73% and the specificity was 97%. Positive predictive value (PPV) was 73% and negative predictive value (NPV) was 97%. The overall accuracy of FNAC in detecting parotid masses was 95%. False-negative diagnosis was found in mucoepidermoid carcinoma, acinic cell carcinoma, and epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma whereas there was false-positive diagnosis in cases of pleomorphic adenoma and normal parotid gland tissue.

Conclusion

FNAC is a reliable minimally invasive diagnostic method with a high sensitivity in diagnosis of lesions in parotid glands. The sensitivity of detection of malignant tumors in parotid glands was low due to the biopsy technique used, and depended on tumor location. Postoperative complications decreased after superficial parotidectomy.

Biopsy of parotid masses: Review of current techniques

Definitive diagnosis of parotid gland masses is required optimal management planning and for prognosis. There is controversy over whether fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) or ultrasound guided core biopsy (USCB) should be the standard for obtaining a biopsy. The aim of this review is to assess the current evidence available to assess the benefits of each technique and also to assess the use of intra-operative frozen section (IOFS). Literature searches were performed using pubmed and google scholar. The literature has been reviewed and the evidence is presented. FNAC is an accepted and widely used technique. It has been shown to have variable diagnostic capabilities depending on centres and experience of staff. USCB has a highly consistent diagnostic accuracy and can help with tumour grading and staging. However, the technique is more invasive and there is a question regarding potential for seeding. Furthermore, USCB is less likely to be offered as part of a one-stop clinic. IOFS has no role as a first line diagnostic technique but may be reserved as an adjunct or for lesions not amenable to percutaneous biopsy. On balance, USCB seems to be the method of choice. The current evidence suggests it has superior diagnostic potential and is safe. With time, USCB is likely to supplant FNAC as the biopsy technique of choice, replicating that which has occurred already in other areas of medicine such a breast practice.

Factors Influencing the Outcome of Ultrasound-Guided Fine-Needle Aspiration for Salivary Gland Lesion Diagnosis

OBJECTIVES

This study aimed to assess multiple factors influencing the outcomes of ultrasound (US)-guided fine-needle aspiration (FNA) of salivary gland lesions.

METHODS

From 2008 to 2013, a single radiologist performed US-guided FNA of salivary gland lesions in 243 patients. With the exclusion of pure cysts, poor image quality, and insufficient static image cases, 218 salivary gland lesions in 218 patients were included. The composition, size, location, and vascularity of the lesions were retrospectively investigated on the basis of sonographic findings by the same radiologist. The relationship between sampling adequacy and multiple factors was compared, and the diagnostic accuracy of US-guided FNA of salivary gland lesions was calculated by using the final diagnosis as a reference standard.

RESULTS

The sampling adequacy rate for US-guided FNA of the 218 salivary gland lesions was 96.8% (211 of 218). A significant difference was observed in the composition and vascularity of the lesions (P < .0001), whereas there was no significant difference in the patient age and sex, lesion size, lesion location, and needle size. The rate of inadequate sampling increased in predominantly cystic lesions compared with solid lesions as well as in low-vascularity lesions compared with high-vascularity lesions. Of the 218 lesions, 178 (81.7%) were ultimately diagnosed, and most were benign (162 of 178 [91.0%]). When 3 cases with indeterminate cytologic results were excluded, the sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and accuracy of US-guided FNA of salivary gland lesions were 64.3%, 98.8%, 81.8%, 97.0%, and 96.0%, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

When using US-guided FNA to diagnose salivary gland lesions, sampling adequacy depends on the composition or vascularity of the lesions.

Parotidectomy for Parotid Cancer

Parotidectomy for parotid cancer includes management of primary salivary cancer, metastatic cancer to lymph nodes, and direct extension from surrounding structures or cutaneous malignancies. Preoperative evaluation should provide surgeons with enough information to plan a sound operation and adequately counsel patients. Facial nerve sacrifice is sometimes required; but in preoperative functioning nerves, function should be preserved. Although nerve involvement predicts poor outcome, survival of around 50% has been reported for primary parotid malignancy. Metastatic cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma is a high-grade aggressive histology whereby local control for palliation with extended parotidectomy can be achieved; however, overall survival remains poor.

Cancers of major salivary glands

Major salivary gland malignancies are a rare but histologically diverse group of entities. Establishing the diagnosis of a malignant salivary neoplasm may be challenging because of the often minimally symptomatic nature of the disease, and limitations of imaging modalities and cytology. Treatment is centered on surgical therapy and adjuvant radiation in selected scenarios. Systemic therapy with chemotherapeutic agents and monoclonal antibodies lacks evidence in support of its routine use.

Review on the applications of ultrasonography in dentomaxillofacial region

Use of ultrasonography (US) in dentomaxillofacial region became popular in recent years owing to increasing radiation dose concerns and economic limitations. It helps to visualize fine detail of the surface structure of the oral and maxillofacial tissues without ionizing radiation. In diagnostic ultrasound, high frequency sound waves are transmitted into the body by a transducer and echoes from tissue interface are detected and displayed on a screen. Sound waves are emitted via piezoelectric crystals from the ultrasound transducer. US technique can be used in dentomaxillofacial region for the examination of bone and superficial soft tissue, detection of major salivary gland lesions, temporomandibular joint imaging, assessment of fractures and vascular lesions, lymph node examination, measurement of the thickness of muscles and visualization of vessels of the neck. It has the potential to be used in the evaluation of periapical lesions and follow up of periapical bone healing. Also, it may be used for the evaluation of periodontal pocket depth and for the determination of gingival thickness before dental implantology.

Sensitivity, Specificity, and Posttest Probability of Parotid Fine-Needle Aspiration: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

OBJECTIVES

(1) To analyze the sensitivity and specificity of fine-needle aspiration (FNA) in distinguishing benign from malignant parotid disease. (2) To determine the anticipated posttest probability of malignancy and probability of nondiagnostic and indeterminate cytology with parotid FNA.

DATA SOURCES

Independently corroborated computerized searches of PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Central Register were performed. These were supplemented with manual searches and input from content experts.

REVIEW METHODS

Inclusion/exclusion criteria specified diagnosis of parotid mass, intervention with both FNA and surgical excision, and enumeration of both cytologic and surgical histopathologic results. The primary outcomes were sensitivity, specificity, and posttest probability of malignancy. Heterogeneity was evaluated with the I(2) statistic. Meta-analysis was performed via a 2-level mixed logistic regression model. Bayesian nomograms were plotted via pooled likelihood ratios.

RESULTS

The systematic review yielded 70 criterion-meeting studies, 63 of which contained data that allowed for computation of numerical outcomes (n = 5647 patients; level 2a) and consideration of meta-analysis. Subgroup analyses were performed in studies that were prospective, involved consecutive patients, described the FNA technique utilized, and used ultrasound guidance. The I(2) point estimate was >70% for all analyses, except within prospectively obtained and ultrasound-guided results. Among the prospective subgroup, the pooled analysis demonstrated a sensitivity of 0.882 (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 0.509-0.982) and a specificity of 0.995 (95% CI, 0.960-0.999). The probabilities of nondiagnostic and indeterminate cytology were 0.053 (95% CI, 0.030-0.075) and 0.147 (95% CI, 0.106-0.188), respectively.

CONCLUSION

FNA has moderate sensitivity and high specificity in differentiating malignant from benign parotid lesions. Considerable heterogeneity is present among studies.

Parotid gland metastases of distant primary tumours: A diagnostic challenge

OBJECTIVE

Metastatic disease is common among parotid malignancies. The majority of primary tumours are located in the head and neck, but primary tumours below the clavicle must also be considered, especially in histological types not usually found in primary parotid or skin tumours.

METHODS

We performed 644 consecutive parotidectomies between 1980 and 2012. Benign tumours were found in 555 patients (86%) and malignant tumours in 89 patients (14%).

RESULTS

Of 89 malignant tumours, 39 were metastases (44%). In 5 cases, the primary tumour was located below the clavicle (6% of malignant tumours). A carcinoma of the bronchus was subsequently diagnosed in three patients: one patient had breast carcinoma and one renal cell carcinoma.

CONCLUSION

The majority of metastases in the parotid gland arise from primary tumours of the head and neck. In 10-20% of metastases, the primary tumour arises below the clavicle. Parotid metastases can be the first clinical manifestation of a malignant tumour, and can also occur years after curative intent treatment. Histopathology and immunohistochemistry will offer clues to a possible metastatic process and to primary tumour location. Parotidectomy with complete excision of the tumour can be a curative measure or form an essential part of symptom control and should be considered in all but the most moribund patients.

Occult Temporal Bone Facial Nerve Involvement by Parotid Malignancies with Perineural Spread

Objective

To characterize disease presentation and outcomes following surgical treatment of parotid malignancies with occult temporal bone facial nerve (FN) involvement.

Study Design

Case series with chart review.

Setting

Tertiary academic referral center.

Subjects and Methods

Thirty consecutive patients (mean age 58 years; 77% men) who underwent surgery for parotid malignancies with occult perineural involvement of the intratemporal FN were included. Primary outcome measures included margin status and recurrence.

Results

The mean duration of clinical follow-up was 49 months, and the most common presenting symptom was FN paresis (n = 23; 77%) followed by pain (n = 15; 50%). To obtain a proximal FN margin, 27 patients (90%) underwent mastoidectomy, and 3 patients (10%) had lateral temporal bone resection. The intratemporal FN margin was cleared in 26 patients (87%), most commonly in the mastoid segment (60%). Adjuvant therapy was given in 25 patients (83%). Ten patients (33%) experienced locoregional (4; 13%) and/or distant (8; 27%) recurrence at a median of 19 months (mean 26, 2–54 months) following surgery. Locoregional failure was significantly more common in cases with a positive intratemporal FN margin (66% vs 8%; P = .045). Overall 1-, 3-, and 5-year disease-specific survival rates were 83%, 79%, and 72%, respectively.

Conclusions

Perineural invasion of the intratemporal FN by parotid malignancy is uncommon. Normal preoperative FN function does not preclude histopathologic involvement. Temporal bone FN exploration should be considered when a positive margin is encountered at the stylomastoid foramen, as failure to do so is associated with an increased rate of locoregional recurrence.

Establishing an accurate diagnosis of a parotid lump: evaluation of the current biopsy methods - fine needle aspiration cytology, ultrasound-guided core biopsy, and intraoperative frozen section

The optimum technique for histological confirmation of the nature of a parotid mass remains controversial. Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC), which has traditionally been used, is associated with high non-diagnostic and false negative rates, and ultrasound (US)-guided core biopsy and frozen section have been explored as alternatives. US-guided core biopsy is more invasive than FNAC, but is safe, well-tolerated, and associated with improved diagnostic performance. Although frozen section offers better specificity than FNAC, it has a number of important drawbacks and cannot be considered as a primary diagnostic tool. US-guided core biopsy should be considered as the initial diagnostic technique of choice, and in units where the accuracy of FNAC is good it can be used when FNAC is equivocal or non-diagnostic.

Accuracy of Core Needle Biopsy Versus Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology for Diagnosing Salivary Gland Tumors

BACKGROUND

Core needle biopsy is a relatively new technique used to diagnose salivary gland lesions, and its role in comparison with fine needle aspiration cytology needs to be refined.

METHODS

We compared the results of 228 ultrasound-guided core needle biopsy and 371 fine needle aspiration procedures performed on major salivary gland tumors with their postoperative histological diagnoses.

RESULTS

Core needle biopsy resulted in significantly higher sensitivity and more accurate tumor subtyping, especially for malignant tumors, than fine needle aspiration. No patient developed major complications after core needle biopsy.

CONCLUSIONS

We recommend ultrasoundguided core needle biopsy as the primary diagnostic tool for the preoperative evaluation of patients with salivary gland lesions, especially when malignancy is suspected.

Comparison of fine-needle aspiration and core needle biopsy under ultrasonographic guidance for detecting malignancy and for the tissue-specific diagnosis of salivary gland tumors

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Diagnostic test accuracy studies for ultrasonography-guided fine-needle aspiration and ultrasonography-guided core needle biopsy have shown inconclusive results due to their heterogenous study designs. Our aim was to compare the diagnostic accuracy of ultrasonography-guided fine-needle aspiration versus ultrasonography-guided core needle biopsy for detecting malignant tumors of the salivary gland and for the tissue-specific diagnosis of salivary gland tumors in a single tertiary hospital.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This retrospective study was approved by our institutional review board and informed consent was waived. Four hundred twelve patients who underwent ultrasonography-guided fine-needle aspiration (n = 155) or ultrasonography-guided core needle biopsy (n = 257) with subsequent surgical confirmation or clinical follow-up were enrolled. We compared the diagnostic accuracy of ultrasonography-guided fine-needle aspiration and ultrasonography-guided core needle biopsy regarding malignant salivary gland tumors and the correct tissue-specific diagnosis of benign and malignant tumors. We also tested the difference between these procedures according to the operator's experience and lesion characteristics.

RESULTS

The inconclusive rates of ultrasonography-guided fine-needle aspiration and ultrasonography-guided core needle biopsy were 19% and 4%, respectively (P < .001). The overall accuracy of ultrasonography-guided core needle biopsy for diagnosing malignant tumors was significantly higher than that of ultrasonography-guided fine-needle aspiration (P = .024). The correct tissue-specific diagnosis rates of ultrasonography-guided fine-needle aspiration and ultrasonography-guided core needle biopsy were 95% versus 97% for benign tumors (P = .648) and 67% versus 80% for malignant tumors (P = .310). Trainees showed significantly lower accuracy with ultrasonography-guided fine-needle aspiration than with ultrasonography-guided core needle biopsy for diagnosing malignant tumors (P = .021). There was no difference between the diagnostic accuracy of ultrasonography-guided fine-needle aspiration and ultrasonography-guided core needle biopsy according to the internal composition of the lesions. There were no complications requiring intervention or hospitalization in our patients.

CONCLUSIONS

Ultrasonography-guided core needle biopsy is superior to ultrasonography-guided fine-needle aspiration in detecting and characterizing malignant tumors of the salivary gland and could emerge as the diagnostic method of choice for patients presenting with a salivary gland mass.

Diagnostic challenge of a deep minor salivary gland neoplasm

Core needle biopsy represents a safe and cheap alternative diagnostic method to open biopsy and fine-needle aspiration cytology in head and neck tumors. There is little evidence in the literature about the use of core needle biopsy in minor salivary gland lesions. This single case report presents a 60-year-old woman with a painless swelling in the soft palate, breathing and swallowing difficulties, and a feeling of suffocation. Two open biopsies had inconclusive diagnosis and the lesion could only be assessed and diagnosed as pleomorphic adenoma through core needle biopsy. Recognizing the correct indication of core needle biopsy can benefit both health professionals and patients; thus, it is important to consider the possibility of performing this method to diagnose minor salivary gland tumors.

Verification bias in diagnostic accuracy studies for fine- and core needle biopsy of salivary gland lesions in otolaryngology journals: a systematic review and analysis

BACKGROUND

Diagnostic test accuracy (DTA) studies for needle biopsy are frequently published in otolaryngology journals, but this body of literature has not been assessed for verification bias.

METHODS

We conducted a systematic review of DTA studies on needle biopsy of salivary gland lesions appearing in otolaryngology journals. Studies were assessed by 2 reviewers for verification bias.

RESULTS

We identified 95 DTA studies for needle biopsy of salivary gland lesions. Eighty-one studies (84%) had verification bias. Five of the biased studies provided sufficient data to estimate the extent of bias. Verification bias was associated with an overestimate of sensitivity and an underestimate of specificity. Studies on core needle biopsy (CNB) had a lower rate of verification bias than fine-needle aspiration (FNA) studies.

CONCLUSION

Verification bias is common in DTA studies of needle biopsy for salivary gland lesions published in ear, nose, and throat (ENT) journals. Such studies overestimated sensitivity and underestimated specificity.

Evaluation of biopsy methods in the diagnosis of submandibular space pathology

The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC), ultrasound-guided core needle biopsy (USCNB), punch biopsy, and surgical excision biopsy in neoplasms presenting within the submandibular space. A retrospective analysis of all patients with a pathological diagnosis of a submandibular space neoplasm within a 12-year period (February 1999 to June 2011) was performed. Biopsy results were compared to histopathological diagnosis obtained from surgical excision biopsy. Eighty-one specimens from 44 patients met the search criteria (15 FNAC, 24 USCNB, 7 punch biopsy, and 35 surgical excision biopsy). The final diagnosis was established by USCNB, punch biopsy, or surgical excision biopsy and not by FNAC alone. Surgical excision biopsy was performed as a primary diagnostic (n = 8), secondary diagnostic (n = 15), or as a post-diagnostic therapeutic procedure (n = 12). Non-diagnostic results were: FNAC 11/15, USCNB 2/24, and punch biopsy 1/7. Diagnostic results were: FNAC 2/15, USCNB 20/24, and punch biopsy 5/7. No complications were reported. Although punch biopsy demonstrated good yield and accuracy, its use is restricted to a small cohort of patients. USCNB is a safe and accurate technique in the submandibular space, with a low non-diagnostic rate.

Ultrasound-guided core needle biopsy of salivary gland lesions: a systematic review and meta-analysis

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS

To obtain summary estimates of the sensitivity and specificity of core needle biopsy for assessment of salivary gland lesions and to investigate sources of variation in accuracy between study locations.

STUDY DESIGN

Data sources were PubMed, Embase, CAB Abstracts, CINAHL, BIOSIS, LILACS, PakMediNet, Trip Database, and the National Guideline Clearinghouse. Scopus was used to perform forward (citation) and backward (reference) searches of all potentially relevant studies.

METHODS

Screening, data extraction, and quality assessment were independently performed by two different assessors. Meta-analysis was performed using bivariate mixed-effects binary regression as implemented in Stata 12. Quality assessment was performed using the QUADAS-2.

RESULTS

The summary estimates of sensitivity and specificity of core needle biopsy for diagnosis of malignancy were 96% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 87-99) and 100% (95% CI = 84-100), respectively. There was no significant heterogeneity in accuracy between studies. The quality of included studies was high, with low risk of verification bias. The risk of hematoma was 1.6% per procedure.

CONCLUSIONS

Core needle biopsy has high sensitivity and specificity, and has low risk of complications. There is no significant variation in accuracy between study locations.

CORE needle biopsy of orbital tumors

BACKGROUND

In some orbital mass lesions, histology may be the only way to establish an accurate diagnosis. Core needle biopsy (CNB) is widely performed in oncology, and unlike fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB), it can provide sufficient tissue sample for histology and immunohistochemistry. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the usefulness and possible complications of CNB of orbital tumors.

METHODS

Fifty orbital lesions from 46 patients (age: 2-84 years) were biopsied using 20-gauge and 18-gauge semi-automated needles; 11 procedures were performed under ultrasound guidance. All 50 samples received routine histopathological examination and immunohistochemical analysis.

RESULTS

Specimens diagnostically sufficient for histological analysis were obtained in all biopsies. The histopathological diagnosis was established in 94% of specimens: 30 tumors were malignant: lymphoma (20); rhabdomyosarcoma (six); lacrimal gland carcinoma (one); breast carcinoma metastasis (two); melanoma (one); three were benign; ten inflammatory; and four were orbital fibrosis. Three biopsies were nondiagnostic: two (lymphoma, angiofibroma) showed undetermined identification and one was a false-negative (lacrimal gland adenocarcinoma was misdiagnosed as fibrous tissue). The diagnoses were confirmed by excisional or incisional biopsy in 26 patients. The concordance rate in patients with a surgically confirmed diagnosis was 88%. The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy for differentiating malignant from benign lesions were 94%, 100%, and 96%, respectively. Two patients suffered complications: mild retrobulbar hematoma with no decreased visual acuity. There was no damage to the globe or optic nerve, motility disorder, or infection.

CONCLUSIONS

CNB of orbital mass lesions is a safe procedure that provides a sufficient amount of tissue for histology and immunohistochemistry, and may be useful for improving the quality of the pathological diagnosis of orbital tumors.