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Alonso-Vega J, Harte C, Barnes-Holmes D. Analyses of relational coherence and rule following: Consistent liars are preferred over occasional truth tellers. J Exp Anal Behav 2024; 121:281-293. [PMID: 38426655 DOI: 10.1002/jeab.907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
The current study explored the influence of different levels of speaker coherence on rule following and speaker preference. In Experiment 1, rules provided by three different speakers were either 100% accurate, 0% accurate, or 50% accurate/inaccurate. Experiment 2 was similar to Experiment 1 except that the speaker's coherence was adjusted to 80% accurate, 20% accurate, and 50% accurate/inaccurate, respectively. Overall, participants tended to follow coherent speaker rules and avoid following incoherent speaker rules during training and testing phases. The results also indicated that following and not following rules provided by speakers may be generalizable to novel stimuli and maintained in the absence of differential reinforcement (i.e., in experimental test phases). Additionally, in a preference test, participants tended to prefer coherent over incoherent and partially coherent speakers. Furthermore, participants tended to prefer the relatively more incoherent speaker (i.e., 0% or 20% accurate) over the 50% accurate coherent speaker in both experiments. Finally, a comparison of the results of both experiments indicated that different levels of relational coherence affected the variability of rule-following and speaker preference behaviors. These findings are discussed in the context of the complexities that appear to be involved in rule-following behaviors and speaker preference.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Colin Harte
- Department of Psychology, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Brazil
- Instituto Par-Centro do Ciências e Tecnologia de Comportamento, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia sobre Comportamento, Cognição e Ensino, Brazil
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2
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Gomes CT, Perez WF, Barnes-Holmes D, Harte C. Relating relational networks: An initial experimental analysis. J Exp Anal Behav 2023; 120:228-240. [PMID: 37171164 DOI: 10.1002/jeab.854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Studying relating of relational networks is a complex and challenging task. The main objective of the present study was to demonstrate relating within and across relational networks based on same/opposite and bigger/smaller contextual cues and establish antecedent control. After nonarbitrary pretraining of the contextual cues, two nonsense stimulus classes were established based on comparative relations. Participants were trained to select stimuli from an array of options based on a symbolic rule that established a relation between two stimuli: one of Network 1 and one of Network 2. Training involved relating Network 1 to Network 2, and testing assessed relating Network 2 to Network 1. Seven of eight participants reached the mastery criterion in training and responded accordingly in test. In a final stage, reinforcing and punishing consequences were varied systematically in the presence of two novel stimuli and antecedent control was observed for all 7 participants. Experiment 2 replicated the results of Experiment 1 but using contextual cues taken from natural language, and Experiment 3 sought to understand the effects of pretraining relational responding using natural language. The mastery criteria were reached by four of seven participants in Experiment 2 and by all eight participants in Experiment 3. Future studies could develop and refine the methods employed here in analyzing the relating of relational networks, thus allowing for an increasingly sophisticated behavior-analytic account of human language and cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cainã T Gomes
- Instituto Par - Ciências Comportamento, São Paulo, Brazil
- Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - William F Perez
- Instituto Par - Ciências Comportamento, São Paulo, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional sobre Comportamento, Cognição e Ensino (INCT-ECCE), Brazil
| | | | - Colin Harte
- Instituto Par - Ciências Comportamento, São Paulo, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional sobre Comportamento, Cognição e Ensino (INCT-ECCE), Brazil
- Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Brazil
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3
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Sivaraman M, Barnes-Holmes D, Greer RD, Fienup DM, Roeyers H. Verbal behavior development theory and relational frame theory: Reflecting on similarities and differences. J Exp Anal Behav 2023; 119:539-553. [PMID: 36808741 DOI: 10.1002/jeab.836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Relational frame theory and verbal behavior development theory are two behavior-analytic perspectives on human language and cognition. Despite sharing reliance on Skinner's analysis of verbal behavior, relational frame theory and verbal behavior development theory have largely been developed independently, with initial applications in clinical psychology and education/development, respectively. The overarching goal of the current paper is to provide an overview of both theories and explore points of contact that have been highlighted by conceptual developments in both fields. Verbal behavior development theory research has identified how behavioral developmental cusps make it possible for children to learn language incidentally. Recent developments in relational frame theory have outlined the dynamic variables involved across the levels and dimensions of arbitrarily applicable relational responding, and we argue for the concept of mutually entailed orienting as an act of human cooperation that drives arbitrarily applicable relational responding. Together these theories address early language development and children's incidental learning of names. We present broad similarities between the two approaches in the types of functional analyses they generate and discuss areas for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maithri Sivaraman
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
| | | | - R Douglas Greer
- Department of Health and Behavior Studies, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, USA
| | - Daniel M Fienup
- Department of Health and Behavior Studies, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, USA
| | - Herbert Roeyers
- Department of Experimental, Clinical, and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Pietras CJ. Rule-Governed Behavior and Climate Change: Why Climate Warnings Fail to Motivate Sufficient Action. BEHAVIOR AND SOCIAL ISSUES 2022; 31:373-417. [PMID: 38013765 PMCID: PMC9707142 DOI: 10.1007/s42822-022-00109-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Climate scientists warn of dire consequences for ecological systems and human well-being if significant steps to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions are not taken immediately. Despite these warnings, greenhouse gas concentrations continue to rise, indicating that current responses are inadequate. Climate warnings and reactions to them may be analyzed in terms of rules and rule-governed behavior. The literature on rule-governed behavior in behavior analysis has identified a variety of factors that can reduce rule following, including insufficient rule exposure, insufficient learning history and rule complexity, incomplete rules, instructed behavior not sufficiently learned, rules having weak function-altering effects, conflicting rules, lack of speaker credibility, rule plausibility and inconsistency with prior learning, and insufficient reinforcement for rule following. The present paper aims to analyze how these factors might impact responses to climate change, and possible solutions and strategies are discussed. Much of the theory and research on climate-change communication has come from outside of behavior analysis. Thus, the paper also aims to integrate findings from this literature with a behavior-analytic approach to rule control. Interpreting climate warnings and climate solutions in terms of rule-governed behavior may improve our understanding of why such rules are not more effective, and aid in the development of verbal and nonverbal strategies for changing behavior and reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia J. Pietras
- Western Michigan University, 1903 W. Michigan Ave, Kalamazoo, MI 49008-5439 USA
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5
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A Behavioral Approach to the Human Understanding of Time: Relational Frame Theory and Temporal Relational Framing. PSYCHOLOGICAL RECORD 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40732-022-00529-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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6
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Instructional Control with Preschoolers and Stimulus Equivalence. PSYCHOLOGICAL RECORD 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40732-022-00514-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Barnes-Holmes D, Harte C. Relational frame theory 20 years on: The Odysseus voyage and beyond. J Exp Anal Behav 2022; 117:240-266. [PMID: 35014700 DOI: 10.1002/jeab.733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The seminal text on relational frame theory (RFT) was published 20 years ago and purported to offer a single overarching behavior-analytic account of human language and cognition. In the years thereafter, an increasing number of empirical and conceptual articles, book chapters in edited volumes, and whole volumes devoted to the account emerged. In recent years, RFT has experienced a period of intense empirical and conceptual development, facilitated in part by a research grant awarded by the Flanders Science Foundation, under its Odysseus program. This research program aimed to advance and extend the RFT account beyond the rendition presented in the seminal Hayes et al. (2001) volume. The current article aims to provide an overview of this research program, the empirical work and concepts it gave rise to, and their implications for an RFT account of human symbolic language and cognition. Overall, therefore, the article provides an account of relatively recent developments in RFT that extend beyond the 2001 volume and thus will, we hope, inform future research and critiques of the theory going forward.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Colin Harte
- Departmento de Psicologia, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Brazil.,Paradigma - Centro de Ciências e Technologia do Comportamento, Brazil
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Harte C, Barnes-Holmes D. The Status of Rule-Governed Behavior as Pliance, Tracking and Augmenting within Relational Frame Theory: Middle-Level Rather than Technical Terms. PSYCHOLOGICAL RECORD 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s40732-021-00458-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Harte C, Barnes-Holmes D, Moreira M, de Almeida JH, Passarelli D, de Rose JC. Exploring a Training IRAP as a single participant context for analyzing reversed derived relations and persistent rule-following. J Exp Anal Behav 2021; 115:460-480. [PMID: 33472274 DOI: 10.1002/jeab.671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Rule-governed behavior and derived stimulus relations have always shared strong conceptual links within behavior analysis. However, experimental analysis linking the two domains remains limited. The current study consisted of three experiments that aimed to continue to bridge this experimental gap. The first experiment sought to establish the extent to which a training version of the implicit relational assessment procedure (IRAP) could be used to establish and successfully reverse experimentally established derived relations. The results suggested that the Training IRAP could successfully produce derived reversals. Experiments 2 and 3 explored the extent to which reversed derived relations would control rule-governed behavior when the contingencies for rule-following competed with the rule. In Experiment 2, the task contingencies were immediately in opposition to the (reversed) derived rule, and participants generally responded in accordance with the task contingencies, rather than the rule. In Experiment 3, the task contingencies were initially rule-consistent before a contingency reversal that later made them rule-inconsistent. Here evidence of rule-persistence emerged. The results of the research are considered within the context of a recent framework that has emerged out of RFT for analyzing the dynamics involved in derived relational responding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Harte
- Department of Psychology, National College of Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Murilo Moreira
- Department of Psychology, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Joao H de Almeida
- Department of Psychology, Londrina State University, Londrina, Parana, Brazil
| | - Denise Passarelli
- Department of Psychology, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Julio C de Rose
- Department of Psychology, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
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Exploring the impact of coherence (through the presence versus absence of feedback) and levels of derivation on persistent rule-following. Learn Behav 2020; 49:222-239. [PMID: 32671663 DOI: 10.3758/s13420-020-00438-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Recent developments in relational frame theory (RFT) have outlined a number of key variables of potential importance when analyzing the dynamics involved in derived relational responding. Recent research has begun to explore the impact of a number of these variables on persistent rule-following, namely, levels of derivation and coherence. However, no research to date has systematically examined the impact of coherence on persistent rule-following at varying levels of derivation. Across two experiments, the impact of coherence (manipulated through the systematic use of performance feedback) was explored on persistent rule-following when derivation was relatively low (Exp. 1) and high (Exp. 2). A training protocol based on the implicit relational assessment procedure (IRAP) was used to establish novel combinatorially entailed relations that manipulated the feedback provided on the untrained, derived relations (A-C) for five blocks of trials in Experiment 1 and one block of trials in Experiment 2. One of these relations was then inserted into the rule for responding on a subsequent contingency-switching match-to-sample task to assess rule persistence. While no significant differences were found in Experiment 1, the provision or non-provision of feedback had a significant differential impact on rule persistence in Experiment 2. These differences, and the subtle complexities that appear to be involved in persistent rule-following in the face of reversed reinforcement contingencies, are discussed.
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Bern R, Persdotter T, Harte C, Barnes-Holmes D. Relational Coherence and Persistent Rule-Following: The Impact of Targeting Coherence in a ‘Non-Critical’ Component of a Relational Network. PSYCHOLOGICAL RECORD 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s40732-020-00414-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Harte C, Barnes-Holmes D, Barnes-Holmes Y, Kissi A. The Study of Rule-Governed Behavior and Derived Stimulus Relations: Bridging the Gap. Perspect Behav Sci 2020; 43:361-385. [PMID: 32647787 PMCID: PMC7316874 DOI: 10.1007/s40614-020-00256-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The concept of rule-governed behavior or instructional control has been widely recognized for many decades within the behavior-analytic literature. It has also been argued that the human capacity to formulate and follow increasingly complex rules may undermine sensitivity to direct contingencies of reinforcement, and that excessive reliance upon rules may be an important variable in human psychological suffering. Although the concept of rules would appear to have been relatively useful within behavior analysis, it seems wise from time to time to reflect upon the utility of even well-established concepts within a scientific discipline. Doing so may be particularly important if it begins to emerge that the existing concept does not readily orient researchers toward potentially important variables associated with that very concept. The primary purpose of this article is to engage in this reflection. In particular, we will focus on the link that has been made between rule-governed behavior and derived relational responding, and consider the extent to which it might be useful to supplement talk of rules or instructions with terms that refer to the dynamics of derived relational responding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Harte
- Department of Experimental, Clinical, and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Henri Dunantlaan, 2, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dermot Barnes-Holmes
- Department of Experimental, Clinical, and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Henri Dunantlaan, 2, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- School of Psychology, University of Ulster, Coleraine, UK
| | - Yvonne Barnes-Holmes
- Department of Experimental, Clinical, and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Henri Dunantlaan, 2, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ama Kissi
- Department of Experimental, Clinical, and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Henri Dunantlaan, 2, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Barnes-Holmes D, Barnes-Holmes Y, McEnteggart C. Updating RFT (More Field than Frame) and its Implications for Process-based Therapy. PSYCHOLOGICAL RECORD 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s40732-019-00372-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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14
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Exploring the potential impact of relational coherence on persistent rule-following: The first study. Learn Behav 2020; 48:373-391. [DOI: 10.3758/s13420-019-00399-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Stewart I, Dymond S, Roche B. Analysis of apparent demonstrations of responding in accordance with relational frames of sameness and opposition by Alonso‐Alvarez and Perez‐Gonzalez (2018): A rejoinder. J Exp Anal Behav 2019; 112:349-353. [DOI: 10.1002/jeab.555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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16
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Waldeck D, Pancani L, Tyndall I. An examination of the construct validity of the Generalized Pliance Questionnaire. JOURNAL OF CONTEXTUAL BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcbs.2018.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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17
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Harte C, Barnes-Holmes D, Barnes-Holmes Y, McEnteggart C. The impact of high versus low levels of derivation for mutually and combinatorially entailed relations on persistent rule-following. Behav Processes 2018; 157:36-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2018.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/19/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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18
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Kissi A, Hughes S, De Schryver M, De Houwer J, Crombez G. Examining the Moderating Impact of Plys and Tracks on the Insensitivity Effect: a Preliminary Investigation. PSYCHOLOGICAL RECORD 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s40732-018-0286-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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19
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Sundberg CT, Sundberg ML, Michael J. Covert verbal mediation in arbitrary matching to sample. J Exp Anal Behav 2018; 109:600-623. [DOI: 10.1002/jeab.434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Barnes-Holmes D, Barnes-Holmes Y, Luciano C, McEnteggart C. From the IRAP and REC model to a multi-dimensional multi-level framework for analyzing the dynamics of arbitrarily applicable relational responding. JOURNAL OF CONTEXTUAL BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcbs.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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McLoughlin S, Stewart I. Empirical advances in studying relational networks. JOURNAL OF CONTEXTUAL BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcbs.2016.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Vahey NA, Bennett M, Whelan R. Conceptual advances in the cognitive neuroscience of learning: Implications for relational frame theory. JOURNAL OF CONTEXTUAL BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcbs.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Harte C, Barnes-Holmes Y, Barnes-Holmes D, McEnteggart C. Persistent Rule-Following in the Face of Reversed Reinforcement Contingencies: The Differential Impact of Direct Versus Derived Rules. Behav Modif 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/0145445517715871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Rule-governed behavior and its role in generating insensitivity to direct contingencies of reinforcement have been implicated in human psychological suffering. In addition, the human capacity to engage in derived relational responding has also been used to explain specific human maladaptive behaviors, such as irrational fears. To date, however, very little research has attempted to integrate research on contingency insensitivity and derived relations. The current work sought to fill this gap. Across two experiments, participants received either a direct rule (Direct Rule Condition) or a rule that involved a novel derived relational response (Derived Rule Condition). Provision of a direct rule resulted in more persistent rule-following in the face of competing contingencies, but only when the opportunity to follow the reinforced rule beforehand was relatively protracted. Furthermore, only in the Direct Rule Condition were there significant correlations between rule-compliance and stress. A post hoc interpretation of the findings is provided.
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Stewart I. RFT as a Functional Analytic Approach to Understanding the Complexities of Human Behavior: A Reply to Killeen and Jacobs. THE BEHAVIOR ANALYST 2017; 40:65-74. [PMID: 31976973 PMCID: PMC6701242 DOI: 10.1007/s40614-017-0099-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ian Stewart
- National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
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De Houwer J, Hughes S, Brass M. Toward a unified framework for research on instructions and other messages: An introduction to the special issue on the power of instructions. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 81:1-3. [PMID: 28457808 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Instructions are known to have a profound impact on human behavior. Nevertheless, research on the effects of instructions is relatively scarce and scattered across different areas of research in psychology and neuroscience. The current issue of this journal contains six papers that review research on instructions in different research areas. In this introduction to the special issue, we provide the outline of a framework that focuses on five components that can be varied in research on this topic (sender, message, receiver, context, and outcome). The framework brings order to the boundless potential variability in research on the effects of messages (i.e., it has heuristic value) and highlights that past research explored only a tiny fraction of what is possible (i.e., it has predictive value). Moreover, it reveals that research in different areas tends to examine different instantiations of the five components. The latter observation implies that much can be gained from closer interactions between researchers from different areas.
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Kissi A, Hughes S, Mertens G, Barnes-Holmes D, De Houwer J, Crombez G. A Systematic Review of Pliance, Tracking, and Augmenting. Behav Modif 2017; 41:683-707. [DOI: 10.1177/0145445517693811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Within relational frame theory, a distinction has been made between three types of rule-governed behavior known as pliance, tracking, and augmenting. This review examined whether there is support for the concepts of pliance, tracking, and augmenting in the experimental analysis of behavior; whether these concepts refer to distinct functional classes of behavior; and how these concepts have been operationalized in experimental (behavioral-analytic) research. Given that the concepts of pliance, tracking, and augmenting were first defined by Zettle and Hayes, we confined our review to studies published in or after 1982. Our results indicate that (a) experimental research investigating pliance, tracking, and/or augmenting is extremely limited; (b) it is difficult to determine the extent to which the concepts of pliance, tracking, and augmenting allow for relatively precise experimental analyses of distinct functional classes of behavior; and (c) pliance and tracking have been operationalized by using a limited set of procedures.
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Hayes J, Stewart I, McElwee J. Assessing and Training Young Children in Same and Different Relations Using the Relational Evaluation Procedure (REP). PSYCHOLOGICAL RECORD 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s40732-016-0191-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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29
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Quiroga Baquero LA, Padilla Vargas MA, Ordoñez Riaño S, Fonseca León LC. Efectos de diferentes tipos de entrenamiento por modelado en tareas de igualación a la muestra. REVISTA LATINOAMERICANA DE PSICOLOGIA 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rlp.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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30
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A derived transformation of emotional functions using self-reports, implicit association tests, and frontal alpha asymmetries. Learn Behav 2015; 44:175-90. [DOI: 10.3758/s13420-015-0198-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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31
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Stewart I. The fruits of a functional approach for psychological science. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2015; 51:15-27. [DOI: 10.1002/ijop.12184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ian Stewart
- School of Psychology; National University of Ireland; Galway Ireland
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