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Liu X, Sigwart JD, Sun J. Phylogenomic analyses shed light on the relationships of chiton superfamilies and shell-eye evolution. MARINE LIFE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 5:525-537. [PMID: 38045544 PMCID: PMC10689665 DOI: 10.1007/s42995-023-00207-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Mollusca is the second-largest animal phylum with over 100,000 extant species representing eight classes. Across 1000 extant species in the class Polyplacophora, chitons have a relatively constrained morphology but with some notable deviations. Several genera possess "shell eyes", i.e., true eyes with a lens and retina that are embedded within the dorsal shells. The phylogeny of the major chiton clades is mostly well established, in a set of superfamily-level and higher level taxa supported by various approaches, including morphological studies, multiple gene markers, mitogenome-phylogeny, and phylotranscriptomic approaches. However, one critical lineage has remained unclear, namely Schizochiton which was controversially suggested as being the potential independent origin of chiton shell eyes. Here, with the draft genome sequencing of Schizochiton incisus (superfamily Schizochitonoidea) plus assemblies of transcriptome data from other polyplacophorans, we present phylogenetic reconstructions using both mitochondrial genomes and phylogenomic approaches with multiple methods. We found that phylogenetic trees from mitogenomic data are inconsistent, reflecting larger scale confounding factors in molluscan mitogenomes. However, a consistent and robust topology was generated with protein-coding genes using different models and methods. Our results support Schizochitonoidea as the sister group to other Chitonoidea in Chitonina, in agreement with the established classification. Combined with evidence from fossils, our phylogenetic results suggest that the earliest origin of shell eyes is in Schizochitonoidea, and that these structures were also gained secondarily in other genera in Chitonoidea. Our results have generated a holistic review of the internal relationship within Polyplacophora, and a better understanding of the evolution of Polyplacophora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity (Ministry of Education) and Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
- Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao, 266237 China
| | - Julia D. Sigwart
- Department of Marine Zoology, Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum Frankfurt, 60325 Frankfurt Am Main, Germany
| | - Jin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity (Ministry of Education) and Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
- Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao, 266237 China
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2
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Transport of Acrosomal Enzymes by KIFC1 via the Acroframosomal Cytoskeleton during Spermatogenesis in Macrobrachium rosenbergii (Crustacea, Decapoda, Malacostracea). Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12080991. [PMID: 35454238 PMCID: PMC9027553 DOI: 10.3390/ani12080991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In crustaceans, the sperm have no tail, and spermatogenesis consists only of acrosomal formation and nuclear deformation. The mechanism of acrosome formation during spermatogenesis of Macrobrachium rosenbergii is one of the hot topics in reproductive biology. Many motor proteins are involved in spermatogenesis. KIFC1, as a member of the kinesin family, is one of the motor proteins that our lab has been focusing on. The acrosome contains a large number of acrosomal enzymes for the hydrolysis of the egg envelope. In order to understand how these acrosomal enzymes are transported to the acrosome cap after synthesis, we cloned the KIFC1 and the Acrosin of M. rosenbergii. By detecting the localization of KIFC1 and Acrosin, we found that Mr-KIFC1 may be involved in acrosomal enzyme transport during spermiogenesis of M. rosenbergii. This study is to propose the function of KIFC1 to transport acrosomal enzymes along the acroframosome structure during crustacean spermatogenesis. Abstract The spermatogenesis of crustaceans includes nuclear deformation and acrosome formation. The mechanism of acrosome formation is one focus of reproductive biology. In this study, Macrobrachium rosenbergii was selected as the research object to explore the mechanism of acrosome formation. The acrosome contains a large number of acrosomal enzymes for the hydrolysis of the egg envelope. How these acrosomal enzymes are transported to the acrosomal site after synthesis is the key scientific question of this study. The acroframosome (AFS) structure of caridean sperm has been reported. We hypothesized that acrosomal enzymes may be transported along the AFS framework to the acrosome by motor proteins. To study this hypothesis, we obtained the full-length cDNA sequences of Mr-kifc1 and Mr-Acrosin from the testis of M. rosenbergii. The Mr-kifc1 and Mr-Acrosin mRNA expression levels were highest in testis. We detected the distribution of Mr-KIFC1 and its colocalization with Mr-Acrosin during spermatogenesis by immunofluorescence. The colocalization of Mr-KIFC1 and microtubule indicated that Mr-KIFC1 may participate in sperm acrosome formation and nucleus maturation. The colocalization of Mr-KIFC1 and Mr-Acrosin indicated that Mr-KIFC1 may be involved in Acrosin transport during spermiogenesis of M. rosenbergii. These results suggest that Mr-KIFC1 may be involved in acrosomal enzymes transport during spermiogenesis of M. rosenbergii.
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Gong A, Rode S, Gompper G, Kaupp UB, Elgeti J, Friedrich BM, Alvarez L. Reconstruction of the three-dimensional beat pattern underlying swimming behaviors of sperm. THE EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL. E, SOFT MATTER 2021; 44:87. [PMID: 34196906 PMCID: PMC8249298 DOI: 10.1140/epje/s10189-021-00076-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The eukaryotic flagellum propels sperm cells and simultaneously detects physical and chemical cues that modulate the waveform of the flagellar beat. Most previous studies have characterized the flagellar beat and swimming trajectories in two space dimensions (2D) at a water/glass interface. Here, using refined holographic imaging methods, we report high-quality recordings of three-dimensional (3D) flagellar bending waves. As predicted by theory, we observed that an asymmetric and planar flagellar beat results in a circular swimming path, whereas a symmetric and non-planar flagellar beat results in a twisted-ribbon swimming path. During swimming in 3D, human sperm flagella exhibit torsion waves characterized by maxima at the low curvature regions of the flagellar wave. We suggest that these torsion waves are common in nature and that they are an intrinsic property of beating axonemes. We discuss how 3D beat patterns result in twisted-ribbon swimming paths. This study provides new insight into the axoneme dynamics, the 3D flagellar beat, and the resulting swimming behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gong
- Center of Advanced European Studies and Research (caesar), Molecular Sensory Systems, Ludwig-Erhard-Allee 2, 53175, Bonn, Germany
| | - S Rode
- Theoretical Physics of Living Matter, Institute of Biological Information Processing and Institute for Advanced Simulation, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - G Gompper
- Theoretical Physics of Living Matter, Institute of Biological Information Processing and Institute for Advanced Simulation, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - U B Kaupp
- Center of Advanced European Studies and Research (caesar), Molecular Sensory Systems, Ludwig-Erhard-Allee 2, 53175, Bonn, Germany.
| | - J Elgeti
- Theoretical Physics of Living Matter, Institute of Biological Information Processing and Institute for Advanced Simulation, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - B M Friedrich
- Biological Algorithms Group, TU Dresden, Cluster of Excellence 'Physics of Life' and Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed), Helmholtzstr. 18, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - L Alvarez
- Center of Advanced European Studies and Research (caesar), Molecular Sensory Systems, Ludwig-Erhard-Allee 2, 53175, Bonn, Germany.
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Amaral S, Da Costa R, Wübbeling F, Redmann K, Schlatt S. Raman micro-spectroscopy analysis of different sperm regions: a species comparison. Mol Hum Reprod 2019. [PMID: 29528451 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gax071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION Is Raman micro-spectroscopy a valid approach to assess the biochemical hallmarks of sperm regions (head, midpiece and tail) in four different species? SUMMARY ANSWER Non-invasive Raman micro-spectroscopy provides spectral patterns enabling the biochemical characterization of the three sperm regions in the four species, revealing however high similarities for each region among species. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Raman micro-spectroscopy has been described as an innovative method to assess sperm features having the potential to be used as a non-invasive selection tool. However, except for nuclear DNA, the identification and assignment of spectral bands in Raman-profiles to the different sperm regions is scarce and controversial. STUDY DESIGN SIZE, DURATION Raman spectra from head, midpiece and tail of four different species were obtained. Sperm samples were collected and smeared on microscope slides. Air dried samples were subjected to Raman analysis using previously standardized procedures. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS Sperm samples from (i) two donors attending the infertility clinic at the Centre of Reproductive Medicine and Andrology; (ii) two C57BL/6 -TgN (ACTbEGFP) 1Osb adult mice; (iii) two adult Cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) and (iv) two sea urchins (Arbacia punctulata) were used to characterize and compare their spectral profiles. Differences and similarities were confirmed by principal component analysis (PCA). MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE Several novel region-specific peaks were identified. The three regions could be differentiated by distinctive Raman patterns irrespective of the species. However, regardless of the specie, their main spectral pattern remains mostly unchanged. These results were corroborated by the PCA analysis and suggest that the basic constituents of spermatozoa are biochemically similar among species. LIMITATIONS REASONS FOR CAUTION Further research should be performed in live sperm to validate the detected spectral bands and their use as markers of distinctive regions. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS Raman peaks that have never been described in the sperm cell were detected. Particularly important are those that are unique to the midpiece as they might be a reference to the identification of sperm mitochondria, whose function is highly correlated with that of sperm. In the future, Raman micro-spectroscopy has the potential to be applied in assessment of male fertility. LARGE SCALE DATA N/A. STUDY FUNDING AND COMPETING INTEREST(S) This work was supported by BMBF project 'Sperm Ident' (FKZ:13N13024) and the DAAD-CRUP bilateral exchange program (AI A06/16-57213087). S.A. is a recipient of a fellowship from the Portuguese foundation for science and technology (FCT-SFRH/BPD/110160/2015) and R.DC. is a recipient of a DAAD PhD stipend (91590556). There is no competing interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Amaral
- Centre for Reproductive Medicine and Andrology, University of Münster, Domagkstrasse 11, 48149 Münster, Germany.,Biology of Reproduction and Stem Cell Group, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, Faculty of Medicine, Pólo I, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal.,Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Casa Costa Alemão, Pólo II, Rua Dom Francisco Lemos, 3030-789 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - R Da Costa
- Centre for Reproductive Medicine and Andrology, University of Münster, Domagkstrasse 11, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - F Wübbeling
- Institute for Applied Math: Analysis and Numerics Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Münster, Einsteinstraße 62, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - K Redmann
- Centre for Reproductive Medicine and Andrology, University of Münster, Domagkstrasse 11, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - S Schlatt
- Centre for Reproductive Medicine and Andrology, University of Münster, Domagkstrasse 11, 48149 Münster, Germany
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Kalachev AV, Yurchenko OV, Kiselev KV. Macroautophagy is involved in residual bodies formation during spermatogenesis in sea urchins, Strongylocentrotus intermedius. Tissue Cell 2019; 56:79-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2018.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Rheubert J, Messak JA, Siegel DS, Gribbins KM, Trauth SE, Sever DM. Inter- and intraspecific variation in sperm morphology of Sceloporus consobrinus and Sceloporus undulatus (Squamata: Phrynosomatidae). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blw043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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7
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Vogt G. Structural specialties, curiosities, and record-breaking features of crustacean reproduction. J Morphol 2016; 277:1399-1422. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 06/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Günter Vogt
- Faculty of Biosciences; University of Heidelberg; Im Neuenheimer Feld 230 69120 Heidelberg Germany
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8
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Alavi SMH, Postlerová-Maňásková P, Hatef A, Pšenička M, Pěknicová J, Inaba K, Ciereszko A, Linhart O. Protease in sturgeon sperm and the effects of protease inhibitors on sperm motility and velocity. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2014; 40:1393-1398. [PMID: 24677048 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-014-9933-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In mammals, proteases are present in sperm acrosome and play key role in fertilization. Sturgeon sperm has an acrosome, but its physiology, biochemistry, and potential role in fertilization are unknown. In the present study, we have observed high protease activity in acidic extract of intact sperm compared to that of seminal plasma in sterlet (Acipenser ruthenus). The protease activity was decreased and increased in acidic extract of motility-activated sperm and in the activation medium, respectively. Molecular analysis revealed total protease and serine (acrosin) protease activities in sperm acidic extract which was accumulated in a protein band with relative molecular mass of 35 kDa. Immunoelectron microscopy using an affinity-purified polyclonal antibody for boar acrosin localized the protease at the acrosome region. Moreover, initiation of sperm motility was inhibited after activation in the presence of inhibitors for both trypsin-like and chymotrypsin-like proteases, while the effects of protease inhibitors on sperm velocity were uncertain. Our results indicate similarities in physiology and biochemistry of acrosome between sturgeon and mammals and suggest potential role of protease in the initiation of sperm motility in sturgeon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayyed Mohammad Hadi Alavi
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology, University of South Bohemia, 389 25, Vodňany, Czech Republic,
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9
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Ultrastructure of late spermatids and spermatozoa during spermiogenesis in longtooth grouper Epinephelus bruneus from Jeju, Korea. Tissue Cell 2013; 45:261-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2013.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Revised: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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10
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Lewis C, Ford AT. Infertility in male aquatic invertebrates: a review. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2012; 120-121:79-89. [PMID: 22640873 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2012.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Revised: 04/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
As a result of endocrine disruptor studies, there are numerous examples of male related reproductive abnormalities observed in vertebrates. Contrastingly, within the invertebrates there have been considerably less examples both from laboratory and field investigations. This has in part been due to a focus of female related endpoints, inadequate biomarkers and the low number of studies. Whether contaminant induced male infertility is an issue within aquatic invertebrates and their wider communities therefore remains largely unknown and represents a key knowledge gap in our understanding of pollutant impacts in aquatic wildlife. This paper reviews the current knowledge regarding pollutants impacting male infertility across several aquatic invertebrate phyla; which biomarkers are currently being used and where the science needs to be expanded. The limited studies conducted so far have revealed reductions in sperm numbers, examples of poor fertilisation success, DNA damage to spermatozoa and inhibition of sperm motility that can be induced by a range of environmental contaminants. This limited data is mainly comprised from laboratory studies with only a few studies of sperm toxicity in natural populations. Clearly, there is a need for further studies in this area, to include both laboratory and field studies from clean and reference sites, with a focus on broadcast spawners and those with direct fertilisation. Biomarkers developed for measuring sperm quantity and quality in vertebrates are easily transferable to invertebrates but require optimisation for particular species. We discuss how sperm tracking and techniques for measuring DNA strand breaks and sperm viability have been successfully transferred from human infertility clinics to aquatic invertebrate ecotoxicology. Linking sperm toxicity and male infertility effects to higher level impacts on the reproductive biology and dynamics of populations requires a much greater understanding of fertilisation dynamics and sperm competition/limitation for invertebrate species and represents the next challenge in our understanding of male toxicity effects in natural populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ceri Lewis
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Geoffrey Pope Building, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK.
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11
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Kazama M, Hino A. Sea urchin spermatozoa generate at least two reactive oxygen species; the type of reactive oxygen species changes under different conditions. Mol Reprod Dev 2012; 79:283-95. [PMID: 22328344 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.22025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2011] [Accepted: 01/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) cause oxidative stress and act as signal transduction molecules in many cells. Spermatozoa from several mammals generate ROS, which are involved in male infertility and signaling during capacitation. In the present study, we investigated ROS generation by sea urchin spermatozoa at the initiation of motility, during dilution with seawater, and following egg jelly treatment. In seawater containing an ROS indicator, 5-(and 6-)chloromethyl-2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (CM-H(2)DCFDA), fluorescence increased after the addition of spermatozoa. The ROS generation rate was dependent upon the dilution ratio and respiratory rate of the spermatozoa. Spermatozoa in sodium-free seawater did not increase fluorescence, but fluorescence did increase with the addition of NaCl. Sodium chloride also led to the initiation of sperm motility and respiration. Using the indicator MitoSOX Red, ROS generation was detected from spermatozoa exposed to egg jelly dissolved in seawater, but not in normal seawater. Moreover, the respiratory inhibitor antimycin A prevented CM-H(2)DCFDA-detectable ROS and increased MitoSox-detectable ROS at a higher concentration. These findings revealed that the ROS generated were of different species, possibly hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) and superoxide anion (O(-)(2)), and their detected levels were altered by egg jelly. We concluded that sea urchin spermatozoa generate at least two species of ROS depending on the physiological conditions to which they are exposed. It is possible that the major ROS from sea urchin spermatozoa changes during the course of fertilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Kazama
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kanagawa University, Hiratsuka City, Kanagawa, Japan.
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12
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Kazama M, Asami K, Hino A. Fertilization induced changes in sea urchin sperm: mitochondrial deformation and phosphatidylserine exposure. Mol Reprod Dev 2006; 73:1303-11. [PMID: 16865719 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.20545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This study demonstrates that the single mitochondrion of the sea urchin sperm undergoes a shape change at fertilization that is linked to respiration. The mitochondrion swells and shifts to the lateral side of the sperm head on contact with the homologous egg jelly or egg surface; Mg(2+)- or Na(+)-free seawater or respiratory inhibitors also induce this change. During the mitochondrial deformation, the sperm decreases the rate of oxygen consumption and their redox-state of cytochromes is disrupted b-c(1)/c. Simultaneously, the adenine nucleotides content changes precipitously. This suggests that mitochondrial morphology is strongly associated with respiratory activities in the sea urchin sperm. These changes in mitochondrial morphology and function are similar to the mitochondrial changes in apoptotic cells such as swelling, decrease in its membrane potential, and release of cytochrome c. In apoptotic cells, the exposure of phosphatidylserine from the inner to outer leaflet of the plasma membrane is one of prominence phenomena. This change was visualized by staining the sea urchin sperm with Annexin V-Fluorescein. It is possible that mitochondrial deformation is an initial sign of sperm destruction, which like as apoptotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Kazama
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Kanagawa University, 2946 Tsuchiya, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa, Japan.
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13
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Sáez FJ, Madrid JF, Cardoso S, Gómez L, Hernández F. Glycoconjugates of the urodele amphibian testis shown by lectin cytochemical methods. Microsc Res Tech 2004; 64:63-76. [PMID: 15287019 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.20059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Lectin histochemistry is a useful method that allows the in situ identification of the terminal sugar moieties of the carbohydrates that form the glycoconjugates. Moreover, when it is combined with chemical or enzymatic deglycosylation pretreatments, lectin histochemistry can be employed to determine if carbohydrates are linked to the protein core by means of an N- or O-glycosidic linkage or, indeed, to partially sequence the sugar chains. One of the most interesting model organs for the study of spermatogenesis is the amphibian urodele testis. However, this organ has not been very widely investigated with lectin histochemical research. In the last few years, we have carried out a research project to identify and locate glycoconjugates in the testis of the urodele Pleurodeles waltl, the Spanish newt, as a first approach to identify possible carbohydrates with key roles in spermatogenesis. Our findings reveal some glycan chains located in a fusome-like structure in early (diploid) germ cells, oligosaccharides with terminal GalNAc in the acrosome, the occurrence of glycan modifications in the acrosomal contents during spermiogenesis, and changes in glycan composition of follicle and interstitial cells during the spermatogenetic cycle. Furthermore, the similar labeling pattern of follicle and duct cells supports the hypothesis for a common origin of both cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco José Sáez
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Spain.
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14
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Medina A, Megina C, Abascal FJ, Calzada A. The sperm ultrastructure of Merluccius merluccius (Teleostei, Gadiformes): phylogenetic considerations. ACTA ZOOL-STOCKHOLM 2003. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1463-6395.2003.00138.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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15
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Lambert CC, Someno T, Sawada H. Sperm surface proteases in ascidian fertilization. THE JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY 2002; 292:88-95. [PMID: 11754025 DOI: 10.1002/jez.1145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Ascidian eggs are surrounded by a noncellular layer and two cellular layers, which are penetrated by sperm. Three sperm surface proteases are essential for fertilization of eggs from the stolidobranch ascidian Halocynthia: spermosin, acrosin, and the proteasome. In the phlebobranch Ciona, a chymotrypsin-like protease and the proteasome are essential in fertilization. Sperm from the phlebobranch ascidians Phallusia mammillata, Ascidia (=Phallusia) nigra, and Ascidia columbiana, all express spermosin, acrosin, and the proteasomal chymotrypsin activities on their surfaces. Chymostatin blocks cleavage in phlebobranchs, but inhibitors of spermosin and acrosin only delay it by several minutes. Protease inhibitors have little effect upon sperm binding in Phallusia but strongly affect the rate of sperm passage through the vitelline coat. Peptide substrates and inhibitors to spermosin and acrosin cause a significant decline in the number of eggs undergoing pre-meiotic contractions at 3 min after fertilization. Thus while chymotrypsin activity is essential for penetration of the vitelline coat, spermosin and acrosin both function to increase the rate of fertilization. A crucial step in the divergence of the phlebobranchs and stolidobranchs may have been the conversion of spermosin and acrosin to essential proteases in the stolidobranchs, or, perhaps, their essential function was lost in the evolution of phlebobranchs. Aplousobranch ascidians are all colonial with very small zooids. Sperm from Aplidium californicum, Aplidium solidum (Polyclinidae), and Distaplia occidentalis (Holozoidae) have acrosin and chymotrypsin activities but lack spermosin activity. This enzyme is also missing from sperm of colonial phlebobranch and stolidobranch ascidians, suggesting that spermosin is not necessary for small zooids with internal fertilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles C Lambert
- Friday Harbor Laboratories, University of Washington, Friday Harbor, Washington 98250, USA.
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16
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Matos E, Matos P, Corral L, Azevedo C. Estrutura fina do espermatozóide de Acestrorhynchus falcatus Bloch (Teleostei, Characidae) da região norte do Brasil. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1590/s0101-81752000000300019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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17
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Ultrastructure of spermiogenesis in Plagioscion squamosissimus (Teleostei, Perciformes, Sciaenidae). Tissue Cell 1999; 31:627-33. [DOI: 10.1054/tice.1999.0074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/1999] [Accepted: 08/24/1999] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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18
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Garrett FE, Goel S, Yasul J, Koch RA. Liposomes fuse with sperm cells and induce activation by delivery of impermeant agents. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1999; 1417:77-88. [PMID: 10076037 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2736(98)00258-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Sperm cell activation is a critical step in fertilization. To directly investigate the cell signaling events leading to sperm activation it is necessary to deliver membrane impermeant agents into the cytoplasm. In this study, the use of liposomes as possible agent-loading vectors was examined using (1) the octadecylrhodamine B (R18) and NBD phosphatidylethanolamine (NBD DHPE)/rhodamine phosphatidylethanolamine (rhod DHPE) fusion assays in bulk samples, (2) membrane transfer of fluorescence from liposome membranes labeled with R18 and rhodamine-tagged phosphatidylethanolamine (TRITC DHPE), and (3) lumenal transfer of impermeant calcium ions from liposomes to sperm cells, a process that stimulated sperm cell activation. Intermediate-sized unilamellar liposomes (98.17+/-15.34 nm) were prepared by the detergent-removal technique using sodium cholate as the detergent and a phosphatidylcholine/phosphatidylethanolamine/cholesterol (2:1:1 mole ratio) lipid composition. In the R18 fusion assays, self-quenching increased logarithmically with increasing concentrations of R18 in the liposome membranes; addition of unlabeled sperm to R18-labeled liposomes lead to a rapid release of self-quenching. In the NBD DHPE/rhod DHPE resonance energy transfer (RET) fusion assay, RET was rapidly reduced under similar conditions. In addition, individual sperm became fluorescent when TRITC DHPE-labeled liposomes were incubated with unlabeled sperm cells. Incubation of sperm cells with empty liposomes did not significantly affect sperm cell activation and did not alter cell morphology. However, incubation with Ca (10 mM)-loaded liposomes resulted in a time-dependent increase in sperm cell activation (7.5-fold over controls after 15 min). We conclude that liposomes can be used for direct loading of membrane-impermeant agents into sea squirt sperm cell cytoplasm, and that delivery occurs via fusion and content intermixing.
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Affiliation(s)
- F E Garrett
- Sperm Cell Biology and Gamete Ultrastructure Laboratory, Department of Biological Science, California State University, Fullerton, P.O. Box 6850, Fullerton, CA 92834-6850, USA
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Tudge CC, Scheltinga DM, Jamieson BG. Spermatozoal ultrastructure in the spiny lobsterJasus novaehollandiae Holthuis, 1963 (Palinuridae, Palinura, Decapoda). J Morphol 1998; 236:117-126. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4687(199805)236:2<117::aid-jmor3>3.0.co;2-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Pecio A, Rafiński J. Structure of the Testes, Spermatozoa and Spermatozeugmata ofMimagoniates barberiRegan, 1907 (Teleostei: Characidae), an Internally Fertilizing, Oviparous Fish. ACTA ZOOL-STOCKHOLM 1994. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-6395.1994.tb01204.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Chiva M, Lafargue F, Rosenberg E, Kasinsky HE. Protamines, not histones, are the predominant basic proteins in sperm nuclei of solitary ascidian tunicates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.1402630314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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