Distribution and regulation of substance P-related peptide in the frog visual system

Broad characterization of endogenous peptides in the tree shrew visual system

Endogenous neuropeptides, acting as neurotransmitters or hormones in the brain, carry out important functions including neural plasticity, metabolism and angiogenesis. Previous neuropeptide studies have focused on peptide-rich brain regions such as the striatum or hypothalamus. Here we present an investigation of peptides in the visual system, composed of brain regions that are generally less rich in peptides, with the aim of providing the first broad overview of peptides involved in mammalian visual functions. We target three important parts of the visual system: the primary visual cortex (V1), lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) and superior colliculus (SC). Our study is performed in the tree shrew, a close relative of primates. Using a combination of data dependent acquisition and targeted LC-MS/MS based neuropeptidomics; we identified a total of 52 peptides from the tree shrew visual system. A total of 26 peptides, for example GAV and neuropeptide K were identified in the visual system for the first time. Out of the total 52 peptides, 27 peptides with high signal-to-noise-ratio (>10) in extracted ion chromatograms (EIC) were subjected to label-free quantitation. We observed generally lower abundance of peptides in the LGN compared to V1 and SC. Consistently, a number of individual peptides showed high abundance in V1 (such as neuropeptide Y or somatostatin 28) and in SC (such as somatostatin 28 AA1-12). This study provides the first in-depth characterization of peptides in the mammalian visual system. These findings now permit the investigation of neuropeptide-regulated mechanisms of visual perception.

Tachykinin peptides and receptors: putting amphibians into perspective

The tachykinins form one of the largest peptide families in nature. In this review, we describe the comparative features of the tachykinin peptides and their receptors, focusing particularly on amphibians. We also summarize our systematic studies of the localization, characteristics, and actions of bufokinin, a toad substance P-related peptide, in its species of origin. In addition, we discuss the establishment of multiple isoforms of the NK1-like receptor in the toad, and their structure, pharmacology and tissue distributions. We conclude that tachykinin peptides and receptors are well conserved in terms of their structures, physiological functions and coupling mechanisms during tetrapod evolution.