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High stress twinning in a compositionally complex steel of very high stacking fault energy. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3598. [PMID: 35739123 PMCID: PMC9226120 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31315-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Deformation twinning is rarely found in bulk face-centered cubic (FCC) alloys with very high stacking fault energy (SFE) under standard loading conditions. Here, based on results from bulk quasi-static tensile experiments, we report deformation twinning in a micrometer grain-sized compositionally complex steel (CCS) with a very high SFE of ~79 mJ/m2, far above the SFE regime for twinning (<~50 mJ/m2) reported for FCC steels. The dual-nanoprecipitation, enabled by the compositional degrees of freedom, contributes to an ultrahigh true tensile stress up to 1.9 GPa in our CCS. The strengthening effect enhances the flow stress to reach the high critical value for the onset of mechanical twinning. The formation of nanotwins in turn enables further strain hardening and toughening mechanisms that enhance the mechanical performance. The high stress twinning effect introduces a so far untapped strengthening and toughening mechanism, for enabling the design of high SFEs alloys with improved mechanical properties. Mechanical twinning is difficult to trigger in face centered cubic alloys with high stacking fault energies (SFEs) under standard tensile loading. Here, the authors report high stress twinning in a bulk compositionally complex steel of very high SFE, enhancing the material’s mechanical performance.
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Wang Z, Tang Y, Zhang L, Li M, Shan Z, Huang J. In Situ TEM Observations of Discharging/Charging of Solid-State Lithium-Sulfur Batteries at High Temperatures. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e2001899. [PMID: 32519445 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202001899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the structural evolution of Li2 S upon operation of lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries is inadequate and a complete decomposition of Li2 S during charge is difficult. Whether it is the low electronic conductivity or the low ionic conductivity of Li2 S that inhibits its decomposition is under debate. Furthermore, the decomposition pathway of Li2 S is also unclear. Herein, an in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) technique implemented with a microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) heating device is used to study the precipitation and decomposition of Li2 S at high temperatures. It is revealed that Li2 S transformed from an amorphous/nanocrystalline to polycrystalline state with proceeding of the electrochemical lithiation at room temperature (RT), and the precipitation of Li2 S is more complete at elevated temperatures than at RT. Moreover, the decomposition of Li2 S that is difficult to achieve at RT becomes facile with increased Li+ ion conduction at high temperatures. These results indicate that Li+ ion diffusion in Li2 S dominates its reversibility in the solid-state Li-S batteries. This work not only demonstrates the powerful capabilities of combining in situ TEM with a MEMS heating device to explore the basic science in energy storage materials at high temperatures but also introduces the factor of temperature to boost battery performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaifa Wang
- Clean Nano Energy Center, State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, 066004, China
| | - Yongfu Tang
- Clean Nano Energy Center, State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, 066004, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, 066004, China
| | - Liqiang Zhang
- Clean Nano Energy Center, State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, 066004, China
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, Beijing Key Laboratory of Failure, Corrosion, and Protection of Oil/Gas Facilities, China University of Petroleum Beijing, Beijing, 102249, China
| | - Meng Li
- Center for Advancing Materials Performance from the Nanoscale (CAMP-Nano), State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Zhiwei Shan
- Center for Advancing Materials Performance from the Nanoscale (CAMP-Nano), State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Jianyu Huang
- Clean Nano Energy Center, State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, 066004, China
- Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Materials and Application Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan, 411105, China
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SUNDE JONASKRISTOFFER, WENNER SIGURD, HOLMESTAD RANDI. In situ
heating TEM observations of evolving nanoscale Al–Mg–Si–Cu precipitates. J Microsc 2019; 279:143-147. [DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- JONAS KRISTOFFER SUNDE
- Department of PhysicsNorwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU)Trondheim Norway
| | - SIGURD WENNER
- Materials and NanotechnologySINTEF IndustryTrondheim Norway
| | - RANDI HOLMESTAD
- Department of PhysicsNorwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU)Trondheim Norway
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Kang W, Merrill M, Wheeler JM. In situ thermomechanical testing methods for micro/nano-scale materials. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:2666-2688. [PMID: 28009876 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr07330a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The advance of micro/nanotechnology in energy-harvesting, micropower, electronic devices, and transducers for automobile and aerospace applications has led to the need for accurate thermomechanical characterization of micro/nano-scale materials to ensure their reliability and performance. This persistent need has driven various efforts to develop innovative experimental techniques that overcome the critical challenges associated with precise mechanical and thermal control of micro/nano-scale specimens during material characterization. Here we review recent progress in the development of thermomechanical testing methods from miniaturized versions of conventional macroscopic test systems to the current state of the art of in situ uniaxial testing capabilities in electron microscopes utilizing either indentation-based microcompression or integrated microsystems. We discuss the major advantages/disadvantages of these methods with respect to specimen size, range of temperature control, ease of experimentation and resolution of the measurements. We also identify key challenges in each method. Finally, we summarize some of the important discoveries that have been made using in situ thermomechanical testing and the exciting research opportunities still to come in micro/nano-scale materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonmo Kang
- US Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA.
| | | | - Jeffrey M Wheeler
- ETH Zurich, Laboratory for Nanometallurgy, Zurich CH-8093, Switzerland
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Mele L, Konings S, Dona P, Evertz F, Mitterbauer C, Faber P, Schampers R, Jinschek JR. A MEMS-based heating holder for the direct imaging of simultaneousin-situheating and biasing experiments in scanning/transmission electron microscopes. Microsc Res Tech 2016; 79:239-50. [DOI: 10.1002/jemt.22623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Mele
- FEI Company; Achtseweg Noord 5 Eindhoven 5651GG The Netherlands
| | - Stan Konings
- FEI Company; Achtseweg Noord 5 Eindhoven 5651GG The Netherlands
| | - Pleun Dona
- FEI Company; Achtseweg Noord 5 Eindhoven 5651GG The Netherlands
| | - Francis Evertz
- FEI Company; Achtseweg Noord 5 Eindhoven 5651GG The Netherlands
| | | | - Pybe Faber
- FEI Company; Achtseweg Noord 5 Eindhoven 5651GG The Netherlands
| | - Ruud Schampers
- FEI Company; Achtseweg Noord 5 Eindhoven 5651GG The Netherlands
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Zhuang Y, Gu Y. Novel Poly(benzoxazole-etherimide) Copolymer for Two-Layer Flexible Copper-Clad Laminate. J MACROMOL SCI B 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/00222348.2012.665779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yongbing Zhuang
- a State Key Laboratory of Polymeric Materials Engineering, College of Polymer Science and Engineering , Sichuan University , Chengdu , Sichuan , P.R. China
| | - Yi Gu
- a State Key Laboratory of Polymeric Materials Engineering, College of Polymer Science and Engineering , Sichuan University , Chengdu , Sichuan , P.R. China
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Gianola DS, Sedlmayr A, Mönig R, Volkert CA, Major RC, Cyrankowski E, Asif SAS, Warren OL, Kraft O. In situ nanomechanical testing in focused ion beam and scanning electron microscopes. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2011; 82:063901. [PMID: 21721703 DOI: 10.1063/1.3595423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The recent interest in size-dependent deformation of micro- and nanoscale materials has paralleled both technological miniaturization and advancements in imaging and small-scale mechanical testing methods. Here we describe a quantitative in situ nanomechanical testing approach adapted to a dual-beam focused ion beam and scanning electron microscope. A transducer based on a three-plate capacitor system is used for high-fidelity force and displacement measurements. Specimen manipulation, transfer, and alignment are performed using a manipulator, independently controlled positioners, and the focused ion beam. Gripping of specimens is achieved using electron-beam assisted Pt-organic deposition. Local strain measurements are obtained using digital image correlation of electron images taken during testing. Examples showing results for tensile testing of single-crystalline metallic nanowires and compression of nanoporous Au pillars will be presented in the context of size effects on mechanical behavior and highlight some of the challenges of conducting nanomechanical testing in vacuum environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Gianola
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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