1
|
Cook TD, Prothero J, Brudy M, Magraw JA. Complex enameloid microstructure of †Ischyrhiza mira rostral denticles. J Anat 2022; 241:616-627. [PMID: 35445396 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Serving in a foraging or self-defense capacity, pristiophorids, pristids, and the extinct sclerorhynchoids independently evolved an elongated rostrum lined with modified dermal denticles called rostral denticles. Isolated rostral denticles of the sclerorhynchoid Ischyrhiza mira are commonly recovered from Late Cretaceous North American marine deposits. Although the external morphology has been thoroughly presented in the literature, very little is known about the histological composition and organization of these curious structures. Using acid-etching techniques and scanning electron microscopy, we show that the microstructure of I. mira rostral denticles are considerably more complex than that of previously described dermal denticles situated elsewhere on the body. The apical cap consists of outer single crystallite enameloid (SCE) and inner bundled crystallite enameloid (BCE) overlying a region of orthodentine. The BCE has distinct parallel bundled enameloid (PBE), tangled bundled enameloid (TBE), and radial bundled enameloid (RBE) components. Additionally, the cutting edge of the rostral denticle is produced by a superficial layer of SCE and a deeper ridges/cutting edge layer (RCEL) of the BCE. The highly organized enameloid observed in the rostral denticles of this batomorph resembles that of the multifaceted tissue architecture observed in the oral teeth of selachimorphs and demonstrates that dermal scales have the capacity to evolve histologically similar complex tooth-like structures both inside and outside the oropharyngeal cavity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Todd D Cook
- Penn State Behrend, School of Science, Erie, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jack Prothero
- Penn State Behrend, School of Science, Erie, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michael Brudy
- Penn State Behrend, School of Science, Erie, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jerome A Magraw
- Penn State Behrend, School of Science, Erie, Pennsylvania, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wilmers J, Waldron M, Bargmann S. Hierarchical Microstructure of Tooth Enameloid in Two Lamniform Shark Species, Carcharias taurus and Isurus oxyrinchus. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11040969. [PMID: 33918809 PMCID: PMC8070439 DOI: 10.3390/nano11040969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Shark tooth enameloid is a hard tissue made up of nanoscale fluorapatite crystallites arranged in a unique hierarchical pattern. This microstructural design results in a macroscopic material that is stiff, strong, and tough, despite consisting almost completely of brittle mineral. In this contribution, we characterize and compare the enameloid microstructure of two modern lamniform sharks, Isurus oxyrinchus (shortfin mako shark) and Carcharias taurus (spotted ragged-tooth shark), based on scanning electron microscopy images. The hierarchical microstructure of shark enameloid is discussed in comparison with amniote enamel. Striking similarities in the microstructures of the two hard tissues are found. Identical structural motifs have developed on different levels of the hierarchy in response to similar biomechanical requirements in enameloid and enamel. Analyzing these structural patterns allows the identification of general microstructural design principles and their biomechanical function, thus paving the way for the design of bioinspired composite materials with superior properties such as high strength combined with high fracture resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jana Wilmers
- Chair of Solid Mechanics, University of Wuppertal, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-202-439-2086
| | - Miranda Waldron
- Electron Microscope Unit, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7701, South Africa;
| | - Swantje Bargmann
- Chair of Solid Mechanics, University of Wuppertal, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany;
- Wuppertal Center for Smart Materials, University of Wuppertal, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Fellah C, Douillard T, Maire E, Meille S, Reynard B, Cuny G. 3D microstructural study of selachimorph enameloid evolution. J Struct Biol 2020; 213:107664. [PMID: 33221390 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2020.107664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Enameloid, the hyper-mineralized tissue covering shark teeth is a complex structure resulting from both ameloblast and odontoblast activity. The way these two types of cells interact to set up this tissue is not fully understood and results in the formation of subunits in the enameloid: the Single Crystallite Enameloid (SCE) and the Bundled Crystallite Enameloid (BCE). Using the Focused Ion Beam Nanotomography (FIB-nt), 3D images were produced to assess the relationship between the SCE and BCE of one fossil and one recent neoselachian shark teeth. 3D analysis of crystallite bundles reveals a strong connection between the crystallites forming the SCE and those forming the bundles of the Radial Bundle Enameloid (RBE), a component of the BCE, although it has been suggested that SCE and BCE have a different origin: epithelial for the SCE and mesenchymal for the BCE. Another significant result of the use of FIB-nt is the visualization of frequent branching among the radial bundles forming the RBE, including horizontal link between adjacent bundles. FIB-nt demonstrates therefore a strong potential to decipher the complex evolution of hyper-mineralised tissue in shark teeth, and, therefore, to better understand the evolution of tooth structure among basal Gnathostomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Fellah
- Université de Lyon, ENS Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, LGL-TPE, F-69007 Lyon, France.
| | - T Douillard
- Université de Lyon, INSA-Lyon, UMR CNRS 5510 MATEIS, Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - E Maire
- Université de Lyon, INSA-Lyon, UMR CNRS 5510 MATEIS, Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - S Meille
- Université de Lyon, INSA-Lyon, UMR CNRS 5510 MATEIS, Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - B Reynard
- Université de Lyon, ENS Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, LGL-TPE, F-69007 Lyon, France
| | - G Cuny
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR5023 LEHNA, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Underwood C, Ward D, Guinot G. Development of understanding of the Mesozoic and Cenozoic chondrichthyan
fossil record. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1144/sp430.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Fossils of post-Palaeozoic sharks and rays are common and well known, and
have been extensively studied. Early studies, especially the monographic works of
Agassiz and Smith Woodward, described species based on macroscopic remains of
isolated teeth, fin spines and rostral ‘teeth’ as well as rare specimens of
articulated skeletons and skulls. This material was obtained from a range of
sources but especially from commercial collectors in Britain and mainland Europe.
Additional research over subsequent decades also concentrated on large specimens,
giving a very biased perception of the chondrichthyan record. The use of
large-scale bulk sampling in the latter part of the twentieth century revealed a
previously unknown wealth of small fossils, especially teeth, and vastly improved
knowledge of ancient sharks and rays. Widening use of these techniques to obtain
small specimens has led to a dramatic increase in the fossil taxa known. In
addition, reassessment of previously known taxa has allowed generic diversity of
some clades to be appreciated. Detailed work on skeletal anatomy, in part aided by
new non-destructive methods, continues to improve knowledge of shark and ray
diversity, phylogeny and radiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charlie Underwood
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, Birkbeck College, Malet Street, London WC1E 7HX, UK
| | - David Ward
- Crofton Court, 81 Crofton Lane, Orpington, Kent BR5 1HB, UK
| | - Guillaume Guinot
- Département de Géologie et Paléontologie, Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle, 1, Rte de Malagnou, CP 6434, CH-1211 Geneva 6, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Moyer JK, Riccio ML, Bemis WE. Development and microstructure of tooth histotypes in the blue shark, Prionace glauca (Carcharhiniformes: Carcharhinidae) and the great white shark, Carcharodon carcharias (Lamniformes: Lamnidae). J Morphol 2015; 276:797-817. [PMID: 25845614 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Elasmobranchs exhibit two distinct arrangements of mineralized tissues in the teeth that are known as orthodont and osteodont histotypes. Traditionally, it has been said that orthodont teeth maintain a pulp cavity throughout tooth development whereas osteodont teeth are filled with osteodentine and lack a pulp cavity when fully developed. We used light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and high-resolution micro-computed tomography to compare the structure and development of elasmobranch teeth representing the two histotypes. As an example of the orthodont histotype, we studied teeth of the blue shark, Prionace glauca (Carcharhiniformes: Carcharhinidae). For the osteodont histotype, we studied teeth of the great white shark, Carcharodon carcharias (Lamniformes: Lamnidae). We document similarities and differences in tooth development and the microstructure of tissues in these two species and review the history of definitions and interpretations of elasmobranch tooth histotypes. We discuss a possible correlation between tooth histotype and tooth replacement and review the history of histotype differentiation in sharks. We find that contrary to a long held misconception, there is no orthodentine in the osteodont teeth of C. carcharias.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua K Moyer
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853
| | - Mark L Riccio
- Institute of Biotechnology and Life Science Technologies, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853
| | - William E Bemis
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Enault S, Guinot G, Koot MB, Cuny G. Chondrichthyan tooth enameloid: past, present, and future. Zool J Linn Soc 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Enault
- Laboratoire de Paléontologie; Institut des Sciences de l'Évolution de Montpellier (ISE-M, UMR 5554, CNRS, UM2, IRD); c.c. 064 Université Montpellier 2 place Eugène Bataillon F-34095 Montpellier Cedex 05 France
| | - Guillaume Guinot
- Department of Geology and Palaeontology; Natural History Museum of Geneva; Route de Malagnou 1 CP 6434 CH-1211 Geneva 6 Switzerland
| | | | - Gilles Cuny
- UMR CNRS 5276 ENS LGLTPE; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 Campus de la Doua Bâtiment Géode 2, rue Raphaël Dubois F-69622 Villeurbanne Cedex France
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Enault S, Cappetta H, Adnet S. Simplification of the enameloid microstructure of large stingrays (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes): a functional approach. Zool J Linn Soc 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastien Enault
- ISEM; UMR CNRS 5554; Université Montpellier 2; CC064, Place Eugène Bataillon; 34095; Montpellier Cedex 5; France
| | - Henri Cappetta
- ISEM; UMR CNRS 5554; Université Montpellier 2; CC064, Place Eugène Bataillon; 34095; Montpellier Cedex 5; France
| | - Sylvain Adnet
- ISEM; UMR CNRS 5554; Université Montpellier 2; CC064, Place Eugène Bataillon; 34095; Montpellier Cedex 5; France
| |
Collapse
|