1
|
Takahashi C, Umemura Y, Naka A, Yamamoto H. SEM imaging of the stimulatory response of RAW264.7 cells against Porphyromonas gingivalis using a simple technique employing new conductive materials. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2017. [PMID: 28636123 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.33940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
In the medical biology, it is essential to understand not only biological morphology but also the interaction between biological materials and agents. To study these, electron microscopy (EM) is often utilized. However, sample preparation techniques for EM require a high level of skill and a considerable time. Here, we conducted EM using a simple technique employing a conductive liquid, BEL-1, and compared the results with another simple technique employing an ionic liquid, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([BMIM][BF4 ]). BEL-1 was used for sample pretreatment, and the morphologies of the mouse RAW 264.7 cell line, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and the RAW 264.7 cell line were stimulated via co-incubation with P. gingivalis and observed using field emission scanning EM (FE-SEM). In the present study, the inflammation-induced system of P. gingivalis was successfully established. FE-SEM results revealed the fine morphology of the RAW 264.7 cell line and P. gingivalis and confirmed a morphological change in the RAW 264.7 cell line caused by P. gingivalis stimulation. Using the developed sample preparation technique employing BEL-1, high-contrast and high-resolution observations of deformable biological materials were conducted without any difficulty or the necessity for complicated technique. This morphological information and the developed techniques can contribute to reveal the interaction between biological materials and agents and thereby accelerate drug formulation and disease treatment. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 106B: 1280-1285, 2018.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chisato Takahashi
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Engineering, Aichi Gakuin University, 1-100, Kusumoto-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8650, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Umemura
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Engineering, Aichi Gakuin University, 1-100, Kusumoto-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8650, Japan
| | - Ayako Naka
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Engineering, Aichi Gakuin University, 1-100, Kusumoto-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8650, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Yamamoto
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Engineering, Aichi Gakuin University, 1-100, Kusumoto-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8650, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Takahashi C, Ueno K, Aoyama J, Adachi M, Yamamoto H. Imaging of intracellular behavior of polymeric nanoparticles in Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilms by slit-scanning confocal Raman microscopy and scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2017; 76:1066-1074. [PMID: 28482470 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2017.03.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In drug delivery systems employing polymeric nanoparticles, accurate delivery of drugs to target sites such as bacterial cells, cell tissues, and organelles is essential. In particular, when designing drug delivery systems for the treatment of the biofilm infections, evaluation of the interaction between polymeric nanoparticles and biofilm or bacterial cells using a simple technique is of significant importance. Here we develop two types of novel techniques for the biological imaging of the intracellular behavior of two types of polymeric nanoparticles, biodegradable chitosan-modified poly (dl-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) nanoparticles and chitosan-modified polyvinyl caprolactam - polyvinyl acetate -polyethylene glycol graft copolymer (Soluplus®, Sol) nanoparticles, within a Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilm. As the first technique, Raman imaging of unstained biological materials using slit-scanning confocal Raman microscopy (unstained Raman imaging) was performed, and as the second, field-emission scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis of biological materials labeled with quantum dots (SEM-QD imaging) was demonstrated. These analyses revealed differing localization of the respective nanoparticles within the biofilm in accordance with the specific interactions of PLGA nanoparticles and Sol nanoparticles with the biofilm. These novel techniques open the door to biological imaging and analyses with high spatial resolution, which will help to understand the efficacy of drug delivery to target materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chisato Takahashi
- Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Pharmacy, Aichi Gakuin University, 1-100, Kusumoto-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8650, Japan.
| | - Kusuo Ueno
- HORIBA, Ltd., Miyanohigashi, Kisshoin, Minami-Ku, Kyoto, Kyoto 601-8510, Japan
| | - Junichi Aoyama
- HORIBA, Ltd., Miyanohigashi, Kisshoin, Minami-Ku, Kyoto, Kyoto 601-8510, Japan
| | - Mariko Adachi
- Nanophoton Corporation, 321 Photonics Center, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Yamamoto
- Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Pharmacy, Aichi Gakuin University, 1-100, Kusumoto-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8650, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Golding CG, Lamboo LL, Beniac DR, Booth TF. The scanning electron microscope in microbiology and diagnosis of infectious disease. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26516. [PMID: 27212232 PMCID: PMC4876401 DOI: 10.1038/srep26516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite being an excellent tool for investigating ultrastructure, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is less frequently used than transmission electron microscopy for microbes such as viruses or bacteria. Here we describe rapid methods that allow SEM imaging of fully hydrated, unfixed microbes without using conventional sample preparation methods. We demonstrate improved ultrastructural preservation, with greatly reduced dehydration and shrinkage, for specimens including bacteria and viruses such as Ebola virus using infiltration with ionic liquid on conducting filter substrates for SEM.
Collapse
|
4
|
Takahashi C, Akachi Y, Ogawa N, Moriguchi K, Asaka T, Tanemura M, Kawashima Y, Yamamoto H. Morphological study of efficacy of clarithromycin-loaded nanocarriers for treatment of biofilm infection disease. Med Mol Morphol 2016; 50:9-16. [PMID: 27119723 DOI: 10.1007/s00795-016-0141-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we developed a drug delivery system (DDS) using polymeric nanocarriers for the treatment of biofilm infection disease. Clarithromycin (CAM)-encapsulated and chitosan (CS) modified polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared using a polyvinyl caprolactam-polyvinyl acetate-polyethylene glycol graft copolymer (Soluplus®) (Sol) and poly-(DL-lactide-co-glycolide), respectively. To understand the availability of the prepared NPs, we made morphological observations of the antibacterial activity derived from the NPs toward the bacterial cells within the biofilm using scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy measurements. These results revealed different antibacterial activities for the two types of drug carriers. In the case of CAM-encapsulated + CS-modified Sol micelles treatment, NPs can exert their antibacterial activity not only by the surfactant, CAM and CS effects but also by intrusion into the bacterial cells. Thereby, CAM-encapsulated + CS-modified Sol micelles had a higher antibacterial activity. The morphological information is useful to design suitable NPs for the treatment against biofilm infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chisato Takahashi
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Engineering, Aichi-Gakuin University, 1-100 Kusumoto-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8650, Japan.
| | - Yuki Akachi
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Engineering, Aichi-Gakuin University, 1-100 Kusumoto-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8650, Japan
| | - Noriko Ogawa
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Engineering, Aichi-Gakuin University, 1-100 Kusumoto-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8650, Japan
| | - Keiichi Moriguchi
- Department of Oral Anatomy, School of Dentistry, Aichi-Gakuin University, 1-100 Kusumoto-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8650, Japan
| | - Toru Asaka
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 466-8555, Japan
| | - Masaki Tanemura
- Department of Frontier Materials, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 466-8555, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Kawashima
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Engineering, Aichi-Gakuin University, 1-100 Kusumoto-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8650, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Yamamoto
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Engineering, Aichi-Gakuin University, 1-100 Kusumoto-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8650, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Takahashi C, Muto S, Yamamoto H. A microscopy method for scanning transmission electron microscopy imaging of the antibacterial activity of polymeric nanoparticles on a biofilm with an ionic liquid. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2016; 105:1432-1437. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.33680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chisato Takahashi
- Pharmaceutical Engineering; School of Pharmacy; Aichi Gakuin University; Nagoya Aichi Japan
| | - Shunsuke Muto
- Institute of Materials and Systems for Sustainability; Nagoya University; Nagoya Aichi Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Yamamoto
- Pharmaceutical Engineering; School of Pharmacy; Aichi Gakuin University; Nagoya Aichi Japan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Takahashi C, Saito S, Suda A, Ogawa N, Kawashima Y, Yamamoto H. Antibacterial activities of polymeric poly(dl-lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticles and Soluplus® micelles against Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilm and their characterization. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra13885j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
We have successfully prepared polymeric micelles based on polyvinyl caprolactam–polyvinyl acetate–polyethylene glycol graft copolymer (Soluplus®) for a drug delivery system on a biofilm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chisato Takahashi
- Pharmaceutical Engineering
- School of Pharmacy
- Aichi Gakuin University
- Nagoya
- Japan
| | - Shoko Saito
- Pharmaceutical Engineering
- School of Pharmacy
- Aichi Gakuin University
- Nagoya
- Japan
| | - Asami Suda
- Pharmaceutical Engineering
- School of Pharmacy
- Aichi Gakuin University
- Nagoya
- Japan
| | - Noriko Ogawa
- Pharmaceutical Engineering
- School of Pharmacy
- Aichi Gakuin University
- Nagoya
- Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Kawashima
- Pharmaceutical Engineering
- School of Pharmacy
- Aichi Gakuin University
- Nagoya
- Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Yamamoto
- Pharmaceutical Engineering
- School of Pharmacy
- Aichi Gakuin University
- Nagoya
- Japan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Electron microscopy of Staphylococcus epidermidis fibril and biofilm formation using image-enhancing ionic liquid. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 407:1607-13. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-8391-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Revised: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
8
|
Brodusch N, Waters K, Demers H, Gauvin R. Ionic liquid-based observation technique for nonconductive materials in the scanning electron microscope: Application to the characterization of a rare earth ore. Microsc Res Tech 2014; 77:225-35. [PMID: 24390705 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.22333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Revised: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A new approach for preparing geological materials is proposed to reduce charging during their characterization in a scanning electron microscope. This technique was applied to a sample of the Nechalacho rare earth deposit, which contains a significant amount of the minerals fergusonite and zircon. Instead of covering the specimen surface with a conductive coating, the sample was immersed in a dilute solution of ionic liquid and then air dried prior to SEM analysis. Imaging at a wide range of accelerating voltages was then possible without evidence of charging when using the in-chamber secondary and backscattered electrons detectors, even at 1 kV. High resolution x-ray and electron backscatter diffraction mapping were successfully obtained at 20 and 5 kV with negligible image drifting and permitted the characterization of the microstructure of the zircon/fergusonite-Y aggregates encased in the matrix minerals. Because of the absence of a conductive layer at the surface of the specimen, the Kikuchi band contrast was improved and the backscatter electron signal increased at both 5 and 20 kV as confirmed by Monte Carlo modeling. These major developments led to an improvement of the spatial resolution and efficiency of the above characterization techniques applied to the rare earth ore and it is expected that they can be applied to other types of ores and minerals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Brodusch
- Mining and Materials Engineering Department, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, H3A 0C5, Canada
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Takahashi C, Pattanayak DK, Shirai T, Fuji M. Solvent effect on observation of nanostructural hydrated porous ceramic green bodies using hydrophilic ionic liquid. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra02359e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A convenient characterization method of a nanostructural hydrated porous ceramic body using a hydrophilic ionic liquid is established.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chisato Takahashi
- Advanced Ceramics Research Center
- Nagoya Institute of Technology
- Tajimi, Japan
| | | | - Takashi Shirai
- Advanced Ceramics Research Center
- Nagoya Institute of Technology
- Tajimi, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Fuji
- Advanced Ceramics Research Center
- Nagoya Institute of Technology
- Tajimi, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Komai F, Okada K, Inoue Y, Yada M, Tanaka O, Kuwabata S. SEM Observation of Wet Lily Pollen Grains Pretreated with Ionic Liquid. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.2503/jjshs1.mi-008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
11
|
Krause M, Te Riet J, Wolf K. Probing the compressibility of tumor cell nuclei by combined atomic force-confocal microscopy. Phys Biol 2013; 10:065002. [PMID: 24304807 DOI: 10.1088/1478-3975/10/6/065002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The cell nucleus is the largest and stiffest organelle rendering it the limiting compartment during migration of invasive tumor cells through dense connective tissue. We here describe a combined atomic force microscopy (AFM)-confocal microscopy approach for measurement of bulk nuclear stiffness together with simultaneous visualization of the cantilever-nucleus contact and the fate of the cell. Using cantilevers functionalized with either tips or beads and spring constants ranging from 0.06-10 N m(-1), force-deformation curves were generated from nuclear positions of adherent HT1080 fibrosarcoma cell populations at unchallenged integrity, and a nuclear stiffness range of 0.2 to 2.5 kPa was identified depending on cantilever type and the use of extended fitting models. Chromatin-decondensating agent trichostatin A (TSA) induced nuclear softening of up to 50%, demonstrating the feasibility of our approach. Finally, using a stiff bead-functionalized cantilever pushing at maximal system-intrinsic force, the nucleus was deformed to 20% of its original height which after TSA treatment reduced further to 5% remaining height confirming chromatin organization as an important determinant of nuclear stiffness. Thus, combined AFM-confocal microscopy is a feasible approach to study nuclear compressibility to complement concepts of limiting nuclear deformation in cancer cell invasion and other biological processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Krause
- Department of Cell Biology, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | | |
Collapse
|