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Grundmann J, Golde J, Steuer S, Tetschke F, Kirsten L, Walther J, Koch E, Hannig C. Visualization of carious lesions with polarized and depolarized light microscopy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 15:3018-3036. [PMID: 38855694 PMCID: PMC11161379 DOI: 10.1364/boe.514904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Polarized light microscopy (PLM) is an established method in dental histology for investigating the ultrastructure and carious process of teeth. This study introduces a novel approach for measuring the degree of polarization (DOP) in a modified PLM setup and uses the DOP to assess the changes of the optical properties of enamel and dentin due to caries. The validation is provided by a comparison with complementary imaging methods, i.e. standard PLM and µCT. The results show that demineralization is reliably displayed by the DOP in accordance with the common imaging methods, and that this quantitative analysis of depolarization allows the characterization of the different pathohistological zones of caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Grundmann
- TU Dresden, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Policlinic of Operative Dentistry, Periodontology and Pediatric Dentistry, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- TU Dresden, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Jonas Golde
- TU Dresden, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- TU Dresden, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Clinical Sensoring and Monitoring, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Material and Beam Technology IWS, Winterbergstrasse 28, 01277 Dresden, Germany
| | - Svea Steuer
- TU Dresden, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Clinical Sensoring and Monitoring, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Florian Tetschke
- TU Dresden, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Policlinic of Operative Dentistry, Periodontology and Pediatric Dentistry, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- TU Dresden, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Clinical Sensoring and Monitoring, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Current address: Sonovum GmbH, Deutscher Platz 4, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Lars Kirsten
- TU Dresden, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Julia Walther
- TU Dresden, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Edmund Koch
- TU Dresden, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Clinical Sensoring and Monitoring, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Christian Hannig
- TU Dresden, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Policlinic of Operative Dentistry, Periodontology and Pediatric Dentistry, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
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Besnard C, Marie A, Sasidharan S, Harper RA, Shelton RM, Landini G, Korsunsky AM. Synchrotron X-ray Studies of the Structural and Functional Hierarchies in Mineralised Human Dental Enamel: A State-of-the-Art Review. Dent J (Basel) 2023; 11:98. [PMID: 37185477 PMCID: PMC10137518 DOI: 10.3390/dj11040098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Hard dental tissues possess a complex hierarchical structure that is particularly evident in enamel, the most mineralised substance in the human body. Its complex and interlinked organisation at the Ångstrom (crystal lattice), nano-, micro-, and macro-scales is the result of evolutionary optimisation for mechanical and functional performance: hardness and stiffness, fracture toughness, thermal, and chemical resistance. Understanding the physical-chemical-structural relationships at each scale requires the application of appropriately sensitive and resolving probes. Synchrotron X-ray techniques offer the possibility to progress significantly beyond the capabilities of conventional laboratory instruments, i.e., X-ray diffractometers, and electron and atomic force microscopes. The last few decades have witnessed the accumulation of results obtained from X-ray scattering (diffraction), spectroscopy (including polarisation analysis), and imaging (including ptychography and tomography). The current article presents a multi-disciplinary review of nearly 40 years of discoveries and advancements, primarily pertaining to the study of enamel and its demineralisation (caries), but also linked to the investigations of other mineralised tissues such as dentine, bone, etc. The modelling approaches informed by these observations are also overviewed. The strategic aim of the present review was to identify and evaluate prospective avenues for analysing dental tissues and developing treatments and prophylaxis for improved dental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyril Besnard
- MBLEM, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PJ, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Ali Marie
- MBLEM, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PJ, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Sisini Sasidharan
- MBLEM, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PJ, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Robert A. Harper
- School of Dentistry, University of Birmingham, 5 Mill Pool Way, Edgbaston, Birmingham B5 7EG, West Midlands, UK
| | - Richard M. Shelton
- School of Dentistry, University of Birmingham, 5 Mill Pool Way, Edgbaston, Birmingham B5 7EG, West Midlands, UK
| | - Gabriel Landini
- School of Dentistry, University of Birmingham, 5 Mill Pool Way, Edgbaston, Birmingham B5 7EG, West Midlands, UK
| | - Alexander M. Korsunsky
- MBLEM, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PJ, Oxfordshire, UK
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Ferreira D, Aires C, De Figueiredo R, de Sousa F. High Amount of Organic Matter during Caries Formation Reduces Remineralization and Resin Infiltration of Enamel Caries. Caries Res 2018; 52:580-587. [DOI: 10.1159/000488211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The amount of organic material in the cariogenic environment correlates with the amount of organic material incorporated in carious enamel. The incorporated organic material may be expected to reduce the pore volumes available for remineralization and resin infiltration, but these expected outcomes have not yet been quantified. We tested the effect of the amount of organic content in the cariogenic agent on remineralization and the resin-occluded pore volume in artificial subsurface enamel caries. An acid gel (organic-rich; G1) and an aqueous solution (organic-poor; G2) were used to induce subsurface lesions in human enamel. Undemineralized histological sections were prepared, microradiographed, and then submitted to resin infiltration in vitro. The enamel component volumes (mineral, organic, remineralizable [total water volume], loosely and firmly bound water volumes, and resin-occluded volume) were measured (by microradiography and polarizing microscopy) at histological sites (n = 38, G1; n = 34, G2). The main outcomes were the differences between the experimental and the predicted volumes (Δremineralizable and Δresin-occluded volumes). Resin infiltration was confirmed by confocal scanning laser microscopy. Compared to G2, G1 presented more incorporated organic volume and lower Δremineralizable volume (p = 0.003; Hedges g = 0.66; power = 0.87), a lower increase in loosely bound water volume (p = 0.0013; Hedges g = 0.74; power = 0.93), a lower remineralization volume in the surface layer (p = 0.017; Hedges g = 0.68; power = 0.8), and a lower Δresin-occluded volume (p = 0.0015; Hedges g = 0.73; power = 0.92). In conclusion, the higher amount of organic matter in the cariogenic gel negatively affected remineralization and the resin-occluded volume in subsurface lesions.
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