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Wang Y, Yuan C, Zhao J, Liu Y, Tian C, Qian J, Nan T, Kang L, Liu Y, Zhan Z, Huang L. An evaluation of Astragali Radix with different growth patterns and years, based on a new multidimensional comparison method. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1368135. [PMID: 38486854 PMCID: PMC10937430 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1368135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Introduction With the depletion of wild Astragali Radix (WA) resources, imitated-wild Astragali Radix (IWA) and cultivated Astragali Radix (CA) have become the main products of Astragali Radix. However, the quality differences of three growth patterns (WA, IWA, CA) and different growth years of Astragali Radix have not been fully characterized, leading to a lack of necessary scientific evidence for their use as substitutes for WA. Methods We innovatively proposed a multidimensional evaluation method that encompassed traits, microstructure, cell wall components, saccharides, and pharmacodynamic compounds, to comprehensively explain the quality variances among different growth patterns and years of Astragali Radix. Results and discussion Our study showed that the quality of IWA and WA was comparatively similar, including evaluation indicators such as apparent color, sectional structure and odor, thickness of phellem, diameter and number of vessels, morphology of phloem and xylem, and the levels and ratios of cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, sucrose, starch, water-soluble polysaccharides, total-saponins. However, the content of sucrose, starch and sorbose in CA was significantly higher than WA, and the diameter and number of vessels, total-flavonoids content were lower than WA, indicating significant quality differences between CA and WA. Hence, we suggest that IWA should be used as a substitute for WA instead of CA. As for the planting years of IWA, our results indicated that IWA aged 1-32 years could be divided into three stages according to their quality change: rapid growth period (1-5 years), stable growth period (6-20 years), and elderly growth period (25-32 years). Among these, 6-20 years old IWA exhibited consistent multidimensional comparative results, showcasing elevated levels of key active components such as water-soluble polysaccharides, flavonoids, and saponins. Considering both the quality and cultivation expenses of IWA, we recommend a cultivation duration of 6-8 years for growers. In conclusion, we established a novel multidimensional evaluation method to systematically characterize the quality of Astragali Radix, and provided a new scientific perspective for the artificial cultivation and quality assurance of Astragali Radix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yapeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medica Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Changsheng Yuan
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medica Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiachen Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medica Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yunxiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medica Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chunfang Tian
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medica Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jinxiu Qian
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medica Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tiegui Nan
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medica Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Liping Kang
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medica Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yanmeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medica Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhilai Zhan
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medica Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Luqi Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medica Sciences, Beijing, China
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Zhou Y, Li G, Han G, Xun L, Mao S, Yang L, Wang Y. Developmental Programmed Cell Death Involved in Ontogenesis of Dictamnus dasycarpus Capitate Glandular Hairs. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:395. [PMID: 36679107 PMCID: PMC9863949 DOI: 10.3390/plants12020395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Plant glandular trichomes have received much attention due to their commercial and biological value. Recent studies have focused on the development of various glands in plants, suggesting that programmed cell death (PCD) may play an important role during the development of plant secretory structures. However, the development processes and cytological characteristics in different types of plant secretory structures differed significantly. This study aims to provide new data on the developmental PCD of the capitate glandular hairs in Dictamnus dasycarpus. Light, scanning, immunofluorescence labeling, and transmission electron microscopy were used to determine the different developmental processes of the capitate glandular hairs from a cytological perspective. Morphologically, the capitate glandular hair originates from one initial epidermal cell and differentiates into a multicellular trichome characterized by two basal cells, two lines of stalk cells, and a multicellular head. It is also histochemically detected by essential oils. TUNEL-positive reactions identified nuclei with diffused fluorescence or an irregular figure by DAPI, and Evans blue staining showed that the head and stalk cells lost their viability. Ultrastructural evidence revealed the developmental process by two possible modes of PCD. Non-autolytic PCD was characterized by buckling cell walls and degenerated nuclei, mitochondria, plastids, multivesicular body (MVB), and end-expanded endoplasmic reticulum in the condensed cytoplasm, which were mainly observed in the head cells. The MVB was detected in the degraded vacuole, a degraded nucleus with condensed chromatin and diffused membrane, and eventual loss of the vacuole membrane integrity exhibited typical evidence of vacuole-mediated autolytic PCD in the stalk cells. Furthermore, protoplasm degeneration coupled with dark oil droplets and numerous micro-dark osmiophilic substances was observed during late stages. The secretion mode of essential oils is also described in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafu Zhou
- Xi’an Botanical Garden of Shaanxi Province, Institute of Botany of Shaanxi Province, 17 Cui Hua Nan Road, Xi’an 710061, China
- Shaanxi Engineering Research Centre for Conservation and Utilization of Botanical Resources, 17 Cui Hua Nan Road, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Gen Li
- Xi’an Botanical Garden of Shaanxi Province, Institute of Botany of Shaanxi Province, 17 Cui Hua Nan Road, Xi’an 710061, China
- Shaanxi Engineering Research Centre for Conservation and Utilization of Botanical Resources, 17 Cui Hua Nan Road, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Guijun Han
- Xi’an Botanical Garden of Shaanxi Province, Institute of Botany of Shaanxi Province, 17 Cui Hua Nan Road, Xi’an 710061, China
- Shaanxi Engineering Research Centre for Conservation and Utilization of Botanical Resources, 17 Cui Hua Nan Road, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Lulu Xun
- Xi’an Botanical Garden of Shaanxi Province, Institute of Botany of Shaanxi Province, 17 Cui Hua Nan Road, Xi’an 710061, China
- Shaanxi Engineering Research Centre for Conservation and Utilization of Botanical Resources, 17 Cui Hua Nan Road, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Shaoli Mao
- Xi’an Botanical Garden of Shaanxi Province, Institute of Botany of Shaanxi Province, 17 Cui Hua Nan Road, Xi’an 710061, China
- Shaanxi Engineering Research Centre for Conservation and Utilization of Botanical Resources, 17 Cui Hua Nan Road, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Luyao Yang
- Xi’an Botanical Garden of Shaanxi Province, Institute of Botany of Shaanxi Province, 17 Cui Hua Nan Road, Xi’an 710061, China
- Shaanxi Engineering Research Centre for Conservation and Utilization of Botanical Resources, 17 Cui Hua Nan Road, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Yanwen Wang
- Xi’an Botanical Garden of Shaanxi Province, Institute of Botany of Shaanxi Province, 17 Cui Hua Nan Road, Xi’an 710061, China
- Shaanxi Engineering Research Centre for Conservation and Utilization of Botanical Resources, 17 Cui Hua Nan Road, Xi’an 710061, China
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Serra O, Mähönen AP, Hetherington AJ, Ragni L. The Making of Plant Armor: The Periderm. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 73:405-432. [PMID: 34985930 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-102720-031405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The periderm acts as armor protecting the plant's inner tissues from biotic and abiotic stress. It forms during the radial thickening of plant organs such as stems and roots and replaces the function of primary protective tissues such as the epidermis and the endodermis. A wound periderm also forms to heal and protect injured tissues. The periderm comprises a meristematic tissue called the phellogen, or cork cambium, and its derivatives: the lignosuberized phellem and the phelloderm. Research on the periderm has mainly focused on the chemical composition of the phellem due to its relevance as a raw material for industrial processes. Today, there is increasing interest in the regulatory network underlying periderm development as a novel breeding trait to improve plant resilience and to sequester CO2. Here, we discuss our current understanding of periderm formation, focusing on aspects of periderm evolution, mechanisms of periderm ontogenesis, regulatory networks underlying phellogen initiation and cork differentiation, and future challenges of periderm research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Serra
- University of Girona, Department of Biology, Girona, Spain;
| | - Ari Pekka Mähönen
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland;
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Program, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, and Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Laura Ragni
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany;
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Kayabaş A. Micromorphological considerations on Alyssum nezaketiae Aytaç & H. Duman (Brassicaceae), endemic to gypsum habitats from Turkey: An electron microscopic study. Microsc Res Tech 2021; 84:2462-2471. [PMID: 34313381 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.23874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Alyssum nezaketiae is a local endemic species in gypsum habitats of Çankırı province in Turkey. In this study, I used field collected specimens of A. nezaketiae in a scanning electron microscopy examination of vegetative and reproductive structures of A. nezaketiae. The objective of the study was to investigate the micromorphological properties that define the species and that represent its adaptation(s) to the extreme environmental conditions posed by gypsum habitats. The epidermis had one to two rows at transverse sections of leaf and stem. Cortex was composed six to eight rows parenchyma cells at stem. A number of adaptations to xeric habitats were observed, including: dense silvery lepidote hairs on leaves and stems, small leaves, stomata on the lower surfaces of the leaves occurring in stomatal crypts, intense lignification in the central cylinder of the stems, and bundles of sclerenchyma in the pith region of stems. These can be interpreted as gypsophytic characteristics associated with physiological drought. Micromorphological properties of plant parts are discussed in relation to environmental conditions and possible constraint factors occurring in these gypsum habitats. Furthermore, these micromorphological studies contribute important taxonomic characters that are needed to help identify a species whose habitat is under threat from a variety of human activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayşenur Kayabaş
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Çankırı Karatekin University, Çankırı, Turkey
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