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Hayes TB, Menendez KP. The effect of sex steroids on primary and secondary sex differentiation in the sexually dichromatic reedfrog (Hyperolius argus: Hyperolidae) from the Arabuko Sokoke Forest of Kenya. Gen Comp Endocrinol 1999; 115:188-99. [PMID: 10417232 DOI: 10.1006/gcen.1999.7321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The current study examined the role of steroids in primary and secondary sex differentiation in the African reedfrog (Hyperolius argus: Hyperolidae). This species is sexually dimorphic: males have a solid green dorsum and females are reddish-brown with large white spots. This study is the first to report the effects of sex steroids on the development of a sexually dichromatic species and the first to examine the role of sex steroids on development of the vocal sac. Both males and females metamorphosed solid green without spots. Approximately 2 months after metamorphosis, control females transformed to the female-typical color pattern. Control males never developed this color pattern (remained green), but developed vocal sacs. To examine the role of sex steroid hormones on primary (gonadal differentiation) and secondary (vocal sac development and dorsal coloration) sex differentiation, testosterone (T) or estradiol-17beta (E(2)) were administered throughout larval development. At metamorphosis, 53% of the controls were males, based on gross gonadal morphology and histology of a subsample. Both doses of T produced 100% males. All E(2)-treated animals had ovarian cavities and/or follicles when examined histologically (at both doses) but 50% had testicular tissue in addition to these ovarian characteristics. Both doses of T induced vocal sac development and both doses of E(2) induced female coloration. Thus, both T and E(2) induced secondary sex characteristics (vocal sac development and dorsal color change, respectively) but E(2) produced hermaphroditic gonads, whereas T induced complete sex reversal.
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Affiliation(s)
- T B Hayes
- Group in Endocrinology, Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, Berkeley, California 94720-3140, USA
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Abstract
This is a semi-autobiographical coverage of my research career in pigment cell biology presented in the context of the emergence and growth of the discipline. This anecdotal presentation tells about some historical personages in the field. My undergraduate studies at the University of Rochester are related to my graduate work at the University of Iowa. I tell how my dissertation research was derived from a marriage between my interests in experimental embryology and the new field of comparative endocrinology. My early years of research at Iowa and as a young faculty member in Zoology at the University of Arizona were much concerned with the evolution of our knowledge of the chemistry and biology of melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH), especially concerning the pigment cells of lower vertebrates. Our developmental, structural, functional, and biochemical characterization of vertebrate chromatophores is described, as is our elucidation of the dermal chromatophore unit. The direct effects of light on changes in pigmentation are considered in descriptions of both the tail-darkening reaction and the role of the pineal gland in melanophore control. Emphasis is placed on the developmental biology of pigmentation, especially on the concept that all pigment cells are derived in common from a stem cell of neural-crest origin, whose expression is influenced by factors, such as melanization-inhibiting factor (MIF), localized in specific areas of the skin to thus produce specific pigmentation patterns. This research is considered in light of what is known about the agouti locus and MSH in the expression of mammalian pigmentation patterns. Part of my work has included ecological considerations, and some of this is touched upon. My role as founder of the journal 'Pigment Cell Research', is presented briefly, as is my involvement in the XIIIth International Pigment Cell Conference and in the establishment of both the International Pigment Cell Society and the International Federation of Pigment Cell Societies. Finally, I comment on the future of research in pigmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Bagnara
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson 85724-5044, USA.
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Fernandez PJ, Bagnara JT. Observations on the development of unusual melanization of leopard frog ventral skin. J Morphol 1993; 216:9-15. [PMID: 8496971 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.1052160103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The ontogeny of ventral pigmentation of two species of leopard frog, Rana pipiens and R. chiricahuensis, was examined by light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy to reveal how the unusual melanistic ventral pigmentation of R. chiricahuensis is achieved at the cellular level. Ventral skin of R. pipiens is always white. Ventral skin of adult R. chiricahuensis is white when frogs are background-adapted to a white substrate, but ventral skin becomes nearly as dark colored as the dorsal skin when frogs darken in response to a black background. Skin samples from tadpoles of both species, newly metamorphosed frogs, and adult frogs were analyzed for chromatophore composition and distribution. Ventral skin of R. pipiens larvae, newly metamorphosed frogs, and adults and of R. chiricahuensis larvae was white due to abundant iridophores and no melanophores. Melanophore density in the ventral integument of R. chiricahuensis was 9.1 +/- 2.8/mm2 in newly metamorphosed frogs and 87.0 +/- 4.8/mm2 in adult frogs. Pigment within ventral melanophores migrated during physiological color change during background adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Fernandez
- Department of Natural Sciences, Grand Canyon University, Phoenix, Arizona 85017
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Bagnara JT, Fukuzawa T. Stimulation of cultured iridophores by amphibian ventral conditioned medium. PIGMENT CELL RESEARCH 1990; 3:243-50. [PMID: 2095576 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0749.1990.tb00296.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
That the ventral integument of adult frogs (Rana pipiens) contains factor(s) that stimulate iridophore expression (adhesion, morphologic appearance, proliferation) was demonstrated on iridophores derived from tadpoles of R. pipiens and Pachymedusa dacnicolor, and maintained in primary culture in a growth medium based upon Leibovitz's L-15. Experimental growth medium (VCM) conditioned by a one-hour exposure to pieces of ventral skin of adult R. pipiens induced iridophores to assume a broad and stellate appearance, to form confluent sheets, and to proliferate over a nine-day period. Iridophores in control medium assumed long thin profiles, detached easily, and exhibited no signs of proliferation. Unknown cells containing reflecting platelets and unusual other organelles appeared uniquely in chromatophore cultures of P. dacnicolor in VCM. The intense stimulation of iridophore expression in VCM is consistent with the known inhibitory effect of this medium on melanization and with its purported role in the determination of dorsal/ventral pigment patterns of amphibians. The results are discussed in terms of a prevailing theory about pigment cell origins and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Bagnara
- Department of Anatomy, University of Arizona, Tucson 85724
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Hanlon RT, Cooper KM, Budelmann BU, Pappas TC. Physiological color change in squid iridophores. I. Behavior, morphology and pharmacology in Lolliguncula brevis. Cell Tissue Res 1990; 259:3-14. [PMID: 2297784 DOI: 10.1007/bf00571424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cephalopods generally are thought to have only static iridophores, but this report provides qualitative and quantitative evidence for active control of certain iridescent cells in the dermis of the squid Lolliguncula brevis. In vivo observations indicate the expression of iridescence to be linked to agonistic or reproductive behavior. The neuromodulator acetylcholine (ACh) induced dramatic opitcla changes in active iridophores in vitro, whereas ACh had little effect on passive iridophores elsewhere in the mantle skin. Bath application of physiological concentrations of ACh (10(-7)M to 10(-6)M) to excised dermal skin layers transformed the active iridophores from a non-reflective diffuse blue to brightly iridescent colors, and this reaction was reversible and repeatable. The speed of change to iridescent in vitro corresponded well to the speed of changes in the living animal. Pharmacological results indicate the presence of muscarinic receptors in this system and that Ca++ is a mediator for the observed changes. Although ACh is present in physiological quantities in the dermal iridophore layer, it is possible that ACh release is not controlled directly by the nervous system because electrophysiological stimulation of major nerves in the periphery resulted in no iridescence in L. brevis; nor did silver staining or transmission electron microscopy reveal neuronal elements in the iridophore layer. Thus, active iridophores may be controlled by ACh acting as a hormone.
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Affiliation(s)
- R T Hanlon
- Marine Biomedical Institute, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston 77550-2772
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Cooper KM, Hanlon RT, Budelmann BU. Physiological color change in squid iridophores. II. Ultrastructural mechanisms in Lolliguncula brevis. Cell Tissue Res 1990; 259:15-24. [PMID: 2297782 DOI: 10.1007/bf00571425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Evidence is presented that changes in the optical properties of active iridophores in the dermis of the squid Lolliguncula brevis are the result of changes in the ultrastructure of these cells. At least two mechanisms may be involved when active cells change from non-iridescent to iridescent or change iridescent color. One is the reversible change of labile, detergent-resistant proteinaceous material within the iridophore platelets, from a contracted gel state (non-iridescent) to an expanded fluid or sol state when the cells become iridescent. The other is a change in the thickness of the platelets, with platelets becoming significantly thinner as the optical properties of the iridophores change from non-iridescent to iridescent red, and progressively thinner still as the observed iridescent colors become those of shorter wavelengths. Optical change from Rayleigh scattering (non-iridescent) to structural reflection (iridescent) may be due to the viscosity change in the platelet material, with the variations in observed iridescent colors due to changes in the dimensions of the iridophore platelets.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Cooper
- Marine Biomedical Institute, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston 77550-2772
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Iga T, Takabatake I, Watanabe S. Nervous regulation of motile iridophores of a freshwater goby, Odontobutis obscura. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/0742-8413(87)90128-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Richards CM. The alteration of chromatophore expression by sex hormones in the Kenyan reed frog, Hyperolius viridiflavus. Gen Comp Endocrinol 1982; 46:59-67. [PMID: 7060936 DOI: 10.1016/0016-6480(82)90163-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Butman BT, Obika M, Tchen TT, Taylor JD. Hormone-induced pigment translocations in amphibian dermal iridophores, in vitro: changes in cell shape. THE JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY 1979; 208:17-34. [PMID: 224136 DOI: 10.1002/jez.1402080104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hormone-induced pigment translocation studies were conducted at both the light and electron microscopic levels on cultured dermal iridophores from the Mexican leaf frog, Pachymedusa dacnicolor. Two distinct types of dermal iridophores were characterized which differed in (1) their in vivo locations, (2) their overall morphologies in vitro, (3) their responses to alpha-MSH, ACTH, c-AMP or theophylline, (4) their physical alterations of light, and (5) certain ultrastructural features. One iridophore (Type I) was found to be physiologically responsive to the above hormones or agents by a reversible retraction of cellular processes and a thickening of the cell body, an event which is inhibited by cytochalasin B. The other iridophore (Type II) appeared to be unresponsive. Type I iridophores contain cube-like pigmentary organelles, refractosomes, while Type II iridophores contain larger, bar-shaped refractosomes. In addition, both iridophore types contain 60 and 100 A microfilaments as well as microtubules. By in large, micorfilaments were found within microvilli, beneath and parallel to the plasma membrane and in the perinuclear region. Occasionally, bundles of 100 A microfilaments were found between layers of refractosomes in Type I iridophores. These results are discussed in relation to hormone-induced changes in cell shape.
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Nielsen HI, Dyck J. Adaptation of the tree frog,Hyla cinerea, to colored backgrounds, and the rôle of the three chromatophore types. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1978. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.1402050111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Ide H. Transformation of amphibian xanthophores into melanophores in clonal culture. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1978. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.1402030211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Mechanisms controlling pigment movements within swordtail (Xiphophoprus helleri) erythrophores in primary cell culture. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1978. [DOI: 10.1016/0300-9629(78)90072-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Ide H. Further studies on the hormonal control of melanophores and iridophores isolated from bullfrog tadpoles. Gen Comp Endocrinol 1974; 24:341-5. [PMID: 4372128 DOI: 10.1016/0016-6480(74)90189-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Smith-Gill SJ. Morphogenesis of the dorsal pigmentary pattern in wild-type and mutant Rana pipiens. Dev Biol 1974; 37:153-70. [PMID: 4545072 DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(74)90176-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Smith-Gill SJ. Cytophysiological basis of disruptive pigmentary patterns in the leopard frog Rana pipiens. I. Chromatophore densities and cytophysiology. J Morphol 1973; 140:271-84. [PMID: 4541478 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.1051400303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Smith-Gill SJ, Richards CM, Nace GW. Genetic and metabolic bases of two "albino" phenotypes in the leopard frog, Rana pipiens. THE JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY 1972; 180:157-67. [PMID: 4623610 DOI: 10.1002/jez.1401800203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Bagnara JT, Taylor JD. Differences in pigment-containing organelles between color forms of the red-backed salamander, Plethodon cinereus. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ZELLFORSCHUNG UND MIKROSKOPISCHE ANATOMIE (VIENNA, AUSTRIA : 1948) 1970; 106:412-7. [PMID: 5423743 DOI: 10.1007/bf00335782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Alexander NJ, Fahrenback WH. The dermal chromatophores of Anolis carolinensis (Reptilia, Iguanidae). THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ANATOMY 1969; 126:41-55. [PMID: 5353009 DOI: 10.1002/aja.1001260105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Abstract
Rapid color changes of amphibians are mediated by three types of dermal chromatophores, xanthophores, iridophores, and melanophores, which comprise a morphologically and physiologically distinct structure, the dermal chromatophore unit. Xanthophores, the outermost element, are located immediately below the basal lamella. Iridophores, containing light-reflecting organelles, are found just beneath the xanthophores. Under each iridophore is found a melanophore from which processes extend upward around the iridophore. Finger-like structures project from these processes and occupy fixed spaces between the xanthophores and iridophores. When a frog darkens, melanosomes move upward from the body of the melanophore to fill the fingers which then obscure the overlying iridophore. Rapid blanching is accomplished by the evacuation of melanosomes from these fingers. Pale coloration ranging from tan to green is provided by the overlying xanthophores and iridophores. Details of chromatophore structure are presented, and the nature of the intimate contact between the chromatophore types is discussed.
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Bagnara JT. Cytology and cytophysiology of non-melanophore pigment cells. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1966; 20:173-205. [PMID: 5337298 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)60801-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Stackhouse HL. Some aspects of pteridine biosynthesis in amphibians. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 1966; 17:219-35. [PMID: 5940084 DOI: 10.1016/0010-406x(66)90022-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Pineal Regulation of Body Blanching in Amp hibian Larvaexs. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 1965. [DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(08)63467-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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HU F, CHAVIN W. Hormonal Stimulation of Melanogenesis in Tissue Culture**From the Department of Dermatology (Clarence S. Livingood, M.D., Director), Henry Ford Hospital; and the Department of Biology (Contribution Number 43), Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan.This investigation was supported in part by a research grant CY-3345(C1) from the National Institutes of Health, Public Health Service. J Invest Dermatol 1960; 34:377-91. [PMID: 14403629 DOI: 10.1038/jid.1960.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Fries EFB. Iridescent white reflecting chromatophores (antaugophores, iridoleucophores) in certain teleost fishes, particularly in Bathygobius. J Morphol 1958. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.1051030203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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