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The Cilioprotist Cytoskeleton , a Model for Understanding How Cell Architecture and Pattern Are Specified: Recent Discoveries from Ciliates and Comparable Model Systems. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2364:251-295. [PMID: 34542858 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1661-1_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
The cytoskeletons of eukaryotic, cilioprotist microorganisms are complex, highly patterned, and diverse, reflecting the varied and elaborate swimming, feeding, reproductive, and sensory behaviors of the multitude of cilioprotist species that inhabit the aquatic environment. In the past 10-20 years, many new discoveries and technologies have helped to advance our understanding of how cytoskeletal organelles are assembled in many different eukaryotic model systems, in relation to the construction and modification of overall cellular architecture and function. Microtubule organizing centers, particularly basal bodies and centrioles, have continued to reveal their central roles in architectural engineering of the eukaryotic cell, including in the cilioprotists. This review calls attention to (1) published resources that illuminate what is known of the cilioprotist cytoskeleton; (2) recent studies on cilioprotists and other model organisms that raise specific questions regarding whether basal body- and centriole-associated nucleic acids, both DNA and RNA, should continue to be considered when seeking to employ cilioprotists as model systems for cytoskeletal research; and (3) new, mainly imaging, technologies that have already proven useful for, but also promise to enhance, future cytoskeletal research on cilioprotists.
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Frankel J. Klaus Heckmann (1934-2012). J Eukaryot Microbiol 2013; 60:322-5. [DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Frankel
- Department of Biology; University of Iowa; 129 East Jefferson Street Iowa City Iowa 52242
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Transmission of a genetic trait through total conjugation in a hypotrich ciliateParaurostyla weissei. Genetic basis of the multi-left-marginal mutant. Genet Res (Camb) 2009. [DOI: 10.1017/s001667230002276x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYThe genetic basis of slow growth rate and aberrations in the ciliary pattern was studied in the multi-left-marginal variant ofParaurostyla weissei. The 3:1 segregation in F2 sibling crosses and 1:1 segregation in test crosses indicate that the aberrant phenotype is controlled by a recessive allele at a single gene locus termedmlm. The phenotypic change from wild type tomlmtakes place about 5–8 cell cycles after conjugation. The study established that total conjugation inP. weisseiis a true sexual process in which meiosis, fertilization and Mendelian segregation occur.
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Abstract
SUMMARYCross-fertilizing stocks ofEuplotes crassus, differing as to the ability to undergo autogamy, were subjected to breeding analysis. The resulting data are consistent with the interpretation that a single locus (a) with a pair of alleles (a+;a−) controls the ability to undergo autogamy. The two alleles express a simple dominance relationship in which the dominant allele (a+) permits expression of the autogamy trait. Cross-breeding experiments also suggest that thealocus is not linked to themtlocus which determines the mating-type trait.
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What do genic mutations tell us about the structural patterning of a complex single-celled organism? EUKARYOTIC CELL 2008; 7:1617-39. [PMID: 18658256 DOI: 10.1128/ec.00161-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Frankel J. Pattern formation in ciliary organelle systems of ciliated protozoa. CIBA FOUNDATION SYMPOSIUM 2008; 0:25-49. [PMID: 805691 DOI: 10.1002/9780470720110.ch3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Genetic, morphometric, and microsurgical investigations of the pattern of ciliary organells in ciliate protozoa support the view that ther are two types of developmental process responsible for the positioning of these organelles. The first is exemplified by the propagation of ciliary rows through localized addition of new ciliary units along the axis of the row, a process which is responsible for the maintenance of the pre-existing number of rows in clonal lineages over a large number of fissions. The second is illustrated by two examples: (1) Ciliary units are distributed among ciliary rows of Euplotes minuta according to an invariant geometrical pattern that is independent both of the total number of units and of the number of rows. (2) Microsurgical alteration of the topographical contours of a related ciliate, Paraurostyla weissei, brings about a shift in the sites of formation of certain specific ciliary rudiments to new positions that are determined in relation to the newly constructed form. The two modes of pattern formation in ciliates are discussed from both genetic and developmental viewpoints. The localized positional mechanisms within the ciliary rows allow for a 'configurational heredity' shich is, however, subject to constraints of nuclear genic control both of the stable range of number of rows and of the positioning mechanism itself. The large-scale systems of pattern determination are probably more closely related to the field properties of developing multicellular organisms. In ciliates such systems are almost certainly located in the cell membrane or in the relatively fixed cytoplasmic layer just beneath the membrane.
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GÖRTZ HANSDIETER. The Behavior and Fine Structure of the Dorsal Bristles ofEuplotes minuta, E. aediculatus, andStylonychia mytilus(Ciliata, Hypotrichida)1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.1982.tb05414.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Dini F, Luporini P. Mating-Type Polymorphic Variation inEuplotes minuta(Ciliophora: Hypotrichida)1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.1985.tb03024.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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KLOETZEL JOHNA. Scanning Electron Microscopy of Stomatogenesis Accompanying Conjugation inEuplotes aediculatus*. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.1975.tb05188.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Gołembiewska-Skoczylas M, Radzikowski S. Regulation of corticotype in Trithigmostoma steini (Kinetofragminifora) through the insertion of kineties during conjugation. Eur J Protistol 2001. [DOI: 10.1078/0932-4739-00800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Radzikowski S, Gołembiewska-Skoczylas M. Kinety shifts and kinety number regulation in Trithigmostoma steini. Eur J Protistol 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0932-4739(99)80031-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Natural and cultured variability of Engelmanniella mobilis (Ciliophora, Hypotrichida); with notes on the ultrastructure of its resting cyst. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-9365(11)80208-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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FOISSNER WILHELM, ADAM HANS. Morphologie und Morphogenese des Bodenciliaten Oxytricha granulifera sp.n. (CiIiophora, Oxytrichidae). ZOOL SCR 1983. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-6409.1983.tb00543.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Görtz HD. Discharge of Cortical Ampules in Euplotes aediculatusPierson, 1943 (Ciliophora, Hypotrichida). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-9365(82)80003-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Aufderheide KJ, Frankel J, Williams NE. Formation and positioning of surface-related structures in protozoa. Microbiol Rev 1980; 44:252-302. [PMID: 6770243 PMCID: PMC373179 DOI: 10.1128/mr.44.2.252-302.1980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Lynn DH. Size increase and form allometry during evolution of ciliate species in the genera Colpoda and Tillina (Ciliophora: Colpodida). Biosystems 1978; 10:201-11. [PMID: 102376 DOI: 10.1016/0303-2647(78)90001-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
With the absence of a fossil record to provide direct evidence of evolutionary relationships, many researchers have inferred by circular reasoning that body size increase and form allometry have occurred during the evolution of ciliated protozoa. This study establishes ancestor-descendant relationships among five species of the related genera Colpoda and Tillina using ultrastructural characteristics which are not apparently dependent on size and form. This independent test suggests that phylogenetic size increase and phylogenetic form allometry have occurred during the evolution of these ciliates. Interrelationships of body size increase, increase in number of cortical organelles, and form allometry are discussed in reference to the divergence of these ciliate species.
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Nanney DL. Molecules and morphologies: the perpetuation of pattern in the ciliated protozoa. THE JOURNAL OF PROTOZOOLOGY 1977; 24:27-35. [PMID: 405482 DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.1977.tb05277.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Three apparently conflicting generalizations concerning the relationships between molecules and cell structure may be derived from studies on cellular patterning in the ciliates. (A) Cells with identical genes and molecular composition may have different hereditary patterns. (B) Genes, through their prescribed molecular derivatives, constrain the modes of pattern permutation and define the states of greatest stability. (C) Cells with identical hereditary patterns may have entirely different genes and molecular compostitons. These priniciples may be reconciled through the recognition that they are characteristically applicable over different time intervals. Hereditary differences within a clone and without related molecular differences (principle A) may persist for hundreds of cell generations, but they are resolved eventually within a constant environment (principle B) as the configuration of minimal free energy is approached. On an even longer time scale, molecular substitutions have occurred for many or most components of the cell, but these have been constrained by selective pressures on an ancient design (principle C) that disallow substitutions affecting certain form-function relations which have been elevated to an adaptive peak.
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Sawyer HR, Jenkins RA. Stomatogenic events accompanying binary fission in Blepharisma. THE JOURNAL OF PROTOZOOLOGY 1977; 24:140-9. [PMID: 405478 DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.1977.tb05291.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Stomatogenesis was studied in the heterotrich ciliate Blepharisma japonicum stained with protargol. During binary fission not only is a new oral apparatus made for the posterior daughter, but the already existing oral apparatus of the parent cell is reorganized, i.e., partially disassembled and then subsequently reassembled to provide a functional feeding apparatus for the anterior daughter cell. These morphogenetic events, requiring 2 1/2 to 3 hr, are complete by the time the anterior and posterior daughters separate. In preparation for division, an oral anlage is formed by the rapid proliferation of kinetosomes along 4-5 stomatogenic kinetics directly subtending the cytostome. This field of randomly oriented kinetosomes ultimately gives rise to the feeding apparatus of the posterior daughter cell. Early in division, the oral anlage separates into 2 longitudinal fields of kinetosomes: one is destined to give rise to the undulating membrane and the other forms the adoral zone of membranelles. Shorly after the anlage is established posterior to the cytostome, reorganization of the existing functional mouth is initiated. The morphologic changes associated with this dedifferentiation-redifferentiation sequence lead to the formation of an oral apparatus for the anterior daughter and cannot be distinguished from those characteristically seen during physiologic reorganization.
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Abstract
SUMMARYThe basis of inheritance of the extra cytoproct (XP) character inParamecium tetraurelia, stock d4-154, is shown to be nuclear and probably a single dominant gene,Ec, with reduced penetrance in heterozygotes. When the mutant gene is replaced by its wild-type allele, loss of the XP phenotype in some lines of descent occurs before 15 cell generations, but in more than half of the lines this occurs after 15–120 or more cell generations. The possibility is considered that these extremely long and variable ‘lags’ may be due to extranuclear (cortical) inheritance of cortical changes initially produced by gene action.
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Doerder FP, Frankel J, Jenkins LM, DeBault LE. Form and pattern in ciliated protozoa: analysis of a genic mutant with altered cell shape in Tetrahymena pyriformis, Syngen 1. THE JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY 1975; 192:237-58. [PMID: 805822 DOI: 10.1002/jez.1401920214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A single cell isolated from the sexual progeny of mutagenized parents gave rise to a clone of cells with an abnormal, conical shape. Breeding analysis revealed that this shape results from the action of a single recessive gene, co (conical). Homozygous mutant cells are shorter and wider than wild type cells, and have their widest point at a more posterior position. Nonetheless, cortical parameters such as number of ciliary rows, number of ciliary units within these rows, and positions of contractile vacuole pores remain essentially unchanged in conical cells, suggesting a considerable degree of mutual independence of pattern and form. Shape changes prior to cell division bring about some convergence in form of dividing conical and wild type cells. However, in conical cells the new oral apparatus and fission line form well posterior to the cell equator, so the opisthes are invariably smaller than proters. Macronuclei nonetheless undergo constriction at the normal central location, and the characteristic inequality in the DNA content of the two macronuclear division products is not increased by the conical condition. Generation times are, on the average, nearly the same in the two wild type daughter cells and in conical proters, while the small conical opisthes have generation times averaging one-third longer. This prolongation explains why population doubling times are always somewhat longer in cultures of conical cells than in parallel cultures of wild type cells. The unusually long generation times of conical opisthes allows for the compensation of initial size differences. Observations on shape changes in conjugating cells of various genotypic combinations suggest that the wild type gene product is not freely exchangeable across the conjugation bridge. The implications of the conical phenotype for problems of cellular patterning and positioning of organelle systems are considered in the discussion.
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Frankel J. A genically determined abnormality in the number and arrangement of basal bodies in a ciliate. Dev Biol 1973; 30:336-65. [PMID: 4350019 DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(73)90093-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Frankel J. Dimensions of control of cortical patterns inEuplotes: The role of pre-existing structure, the clonal life cycle, and the genotype. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1973. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.1401830109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Frankel J. The stability of cortical phenotypes in continuously growing cultures of Tetrahymena pyriformis. THE JOURNAL OF PROTOZOOLOGY 1972; 19:648-54. [PMID: 4345112 DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.1972.tb03550.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Jerka-Dziadosz M. An analysis of the formation of ciliary primordia in the hypotrichous ciliate Urostyla weissei. II. Results from ultraviolet microbeam irradiation. THE JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY 1972; 179:81-95. [PMID: 5057776 DOI: 10.1002/jez.1401790107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Jerka-Dziadosz M, Frankel J. An analysis of the formation of ciliary primordia in the hypotrich ciliate Urostyla weissei. THE JOURNAL OF PROTOZOOLOGY 1969; 16:612-37. [PMID: 4983019 DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.1969.tb02321.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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