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Peng Z, Kellenberger S. Hydrogen Sulfide Upregulates Acid-sensing Ion Channels via the MAPK-Erk1/2 Signaling Pathway. FUNCTION (OXFORD, ENGLAND) 2021; 2:zqab007. [PMID: 35330812 PMCID: PMC8833866 DOI: 10.1093/function/zqab007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) emerged recently as a new gasotransmitter and was shown to exert cellular effects by interacting with proteins, among them many ion channels. Acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs) are neuronal voltage-insensitive Na+ channels activated by extracellular protons. ASICs are involved in many physiological and pathological processes, such as fear conditioning, pain sensation, and seizures. We characterize here the regulation of ASICs by H2S. In transfected mammalian cells, the H2S donor NaHS increased the acid-induced ASIC1a peak currents in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. Similarly, NaHS potentiated also the acid-induced currents of ASIC1b, ASIC2a, and ASIC3. An upregulation induced by the H2S donors NaHS and GYY4137 was also observed with the endogenous ASIC currents of cultured hypothalamus neurons. In parallel with the effect on function, the total and plasma membrane expression of ASIC1a was increased by GYY4137, as determined in cultured cortical neurons. H2S also enhanced the phosphorylation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (pErk1/2), which belongs to the family of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). Pharmacological blockade of the MAPK signaling pathway prevented the GYY4137-induced increase of ASIC function and expression, indicating that this pathway is required for ASIC regulation by H2S. Our study demonstrates that H2S regulates ASIC expression and function, and identifies the involved signaling mechanism. Since H2S shares several roles with ASICs, as for example facilitation of learning and memory, protection during seizure activity, and modulation of nociception, it may be possible that H2S exerts some of these effects via a regulation of ASIC function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Peng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 27, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Kellenberger
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 27, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland,Address correspondence to S.K. (e-mail: )
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Malá J, Hrich K, Schrimpelová K, Bílková Z. Production of sulphides in denitrifying woodchip bioreactors. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:40769-40776. [PMID: 32671714 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10089-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Denitrifying woodchip bioreactors, natural treatment systems used for the reduction of nitrates in agricultural runoff or groundwater, may cause adverse side effects within receiving waters. One of the least studied but nonetheless still serious issues is the production of hydrogen sulphide, which occurs in bioreactors under operating conditions favourable to its creation. The aim of this paper is to elucidate the effect of process parameters on the production of sulphides and the proportion of hydrogen sulphide in a 1-year-long experimental study with four laboratory-scale denitrifying bioreactors. During the study, the strong dependence of sulphate reduction and the production of sulphides on the effluent oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) and nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N) concentrations of bioreactors became evident. Sulphide formation occurred at concurrent effluent NO3-N concentrations below 3 mg/L and ORPs lower than - 100 mV. The tested hydraulic retention time of 1.7 days was sufficiently long to achieve these conditions. At an effluent pH of 7 or lower, the majority of the total sulphides present were in the form of hydrogen sulphide. It is suggested that in order to avoid the production of hydrogen sulphide, the production of total sulphides has to be minimised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitka Malá
- Brno University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Institute of Chemistry, Žižkova 17, 602 00, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Karel Hrich
- Brno University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Institute of Chemistry, Žižkova 17, 602 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Schrimpelová
- Brno University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Institute of Chemistry, Žižkova 17, 602 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Bílková
- Brno University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Institute of Chemistry, Žižkova 17, 602 00, Brno, Czech Republic
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Decker C, Zorn N, Potier N, Leize-Wagner E, Lallier FH, Olu K, Andersen AC. Globin's structure and function in vesicomyid bivalves from the Gulf of Guinea cold seeps as an adaptation to life in reduced sediments. Physiol Biochem Zool 2014; 87:855-69. [PMID: 25461649 DOI: 10.1086/678131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Vesicomyid bivalves form dense clam beds in both deep-sea cold seeps and hydrothermal vents. The species diversity within this family raises questions about niche separation and specific adaptations. To compare their abilities to withstand hypoxia, we have studied the structure and function of erythrocyte hemoglobin (Hb) and foot myoglobin (Mb) from two vesicomyid species, Christineconcha regab and Laubiericoncha chuni, collected from the Regab pockmark in the Gulf of Guinea at a depth of 3,000 m. Laubiericoncha chuni possesses three monomeric globins, G1 (15,361 Da), G2 (15,668 Da), and G3 (15,682 Da) in circulating erythrocytes (Hb), and also three globins, G1, G3, and G4 (14,786 Da) in foot muscle (Mb). Therefore, globins G2 and G4 appear to be specific for erythrocytes and muscle, respectively, but globins G1 and G3 are common. In contrast, C. regab lacks erythrocyte Hb completely and possesses only globin monomers G1' (14,941 Da), G2' (15,169 Da), and G3' (15,683 Da) in foot muscle. Thus, these two vesicomyid species, C. regab and L. chuni, show a remarkable diversity in globin expression when examined by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Oxygen-binding affinities reveal extremely high oxygen affinities (P50 < 1 Torr, from 5° to 15°C at pH 7.5), in particular L. chuni globins, which might be an advantage allowing L. chuni to dig deeply for sulfides and remain buried for long periods in reduced sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Decker
- IFREMER, Laboratoire Environnement Profond, Unité de Recherche Etude des Ecosystèmes Profonds, F-29280 Plouzané, France; 2Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Université Paris 06, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7144, Équipe Adaptation et Biologie des Invertébrés en Conditions Extrêmes, Station Biologique, F-29680 Roscoff, France; 3Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 7144, Adaptation et Diversité en Milieu Marin, Station Biologique, F-29680 Roscoff, France; 4Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse des Interactions et des Systèmes, UMR 7140, CNRS-Université Louis Pasteur Chimie de la Matière Complexe, F-67008 Strasbourg, France
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Ma YB, Zhang ZF, Shao MY, Kang KH, Shi XL, Dong YP, Li JL. Response of sulfide:quinone oxidoreductase to sulfide exposure in the echiuran worm Urechis unicinctus. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2012; 14:245-251. [PMID: 21997848 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-011-9408-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2011] [Accepted: 09/22/2011] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Sulfide is a natural, widely distributed, poisonous substance, and sulfide:quinone oxidoreductase (SQR) is responsible for the initial oxidation of sulfide in mitochondria. In this study, we examined the response of SQR to sulfide exposure (25, 50, and 150 μM) at mRNA, protein, and enzyme activity levels in the body wall and hindgut of the echiuran worm Urechis unicinctus, a benthic organism living in marine sediments. The results revealed SQR mRNA expression during sulfide exposure in the body wall and hindgut increased in a time- and concentration-dependent manner that increased significantly at 12 h and continuously increased with time. At the protein level, SQR expression in the two tissues showed a time-dependent relationship that increased significantly at 12 h in 50 μM sulfide and 6 h in 150 μM, and then continued to increase with time while no significant increase appeared after 25 μM sulfide exposure. SQR enzyme activity in both tissues increased significantly in a time-dependent manner after 50 μM sulfide exposure. We concluded that SQR expression could be induced by sulfide exposure and that the two tissues studied have dissimilar sulfide metabolic patterns. A U. unicinctus sulfide-induced detoxification mechanism was also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Bin Ma
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
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Affiliation(s)
- Bent Vismann
- a Marine Biological Laboratory , University of Copenhagen , Strandpromenaden 5, DK-3000 , Helsingar , Denmark
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Ma YB, Zhang ZF, Shao MY, Kang KH, Tan Z, Li JL. Sulfide:quinone oxidoreductase from echiuran worm Urechis unicinctus. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2011; 13:93-107. [PMID: 20419499 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-010-9273-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2009] [Accepted: 01/03/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Sulfide is a natural, widely distributed, poisonous substance, and sulfide:quinone oxidoreductase (SQR) has been identified to be responsible for the initial oxidation of sulfide in mitochondria. In this study, full-length SQR cDNA was cloned from the echiuran worm Urechis unicinctus, a benthic organism living in marine sediments. The protein consisted of 451 amino acids with a theoretical pI of 8.98 and molecular weight of 50.5 kDa. Subsequently, the SQR mRNA expression in different tissues was assessed by real-time reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction and showed that the highest expression was in midgut, followed by anal sacs and coelomic fluid cells, and then body wall and hindgut. Furthermore, activated SQR was obtained by dilution refolding of recombinant SQR expression in E. coli, and the refolded product showed optimal activity at 37 °C and pH 8.5 and K (m) for ubiquinone and sulfide at 15.6 µM and 40.3 µM, respectively. EDTA and GSH had an activating effect on refolded SQR, while Zn(2+) caused decreased activity. Western blot showed that SQR in vivo was located in mitochondria and was ∼ 10 kDa heavier than the recombinant protein. In addition, SQR, detected by immunohistochemistry, was mainly located in the epithelium of all tissues examined. Ultrastructural observations of these tissues' epithelium by transmission electron microscopy provided indirect cytological evidence for its mitochondrial location. Interesting aspects of the U. unicinctus SQR amino acid sequence, its catalytic mechanism, and the different roles of these tissues in sulfide metabolic adaptation are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Bin Ma
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
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Tangerman A. Measurement and biological significance of the volatile sulfur compounds hydrogen sulfide, methanethiol and dimethyl sulfide in various biological matrices. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2009; 877:3366-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2009.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2009] [Revised: 05/10/2009] [Accepted: 05/17/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Julian D, April KL, Patel S, Stein JR, Wohlgemuth SE. Mitochondrial depolarization following hydrogen sulfide exposure in erythrocytes from a sulfide-tolerant marine invertebrate. J Exp Biol 2005; 208:4109-22. [PMID: 16244170 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.01867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY
Sulfide-tolerant marine invertebrates employ a variety of mechanisms to detoxify sulfide once it has entered their bodies, but their integumentary,respiratory epithelium and circulatory cells may still be exposed to toxic sulfide concentrations. To investigate whether sulfide exposure is toxic to mitochondria of a sulfide-tolerant invertebrate, we used the fluorescent dyes JC-1 and TMRM to determine the effect of sulfide exposure on mitochondrial depolarization in erythrocytes from the annelid Glycera dibranchiata. In erythrocytes exposed to 0.11-1.9 mmol l-1 sulfide for 1 h, the dyes showed fluorescence changes consistent with sulfide-induced mitochondrial depolarization. At the highest sulfide concentration, the extent of depolarization was equivalent to that caused by the mitochondrial uncoupler carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP). Even when induced by as little as 0.3 mmol l-1 sulfide, the depolarization was not reversible over a subsequent 5 h recovery period. The mechanism of toxicity was likely not via inhibition of cytochrome c oxidase (COX),since other COX inhibitors and other mitochondrial electron transport chain inhibitors did not produce similar effects. Furthermore, pharmacological inhibition of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore failed to prevent sulfide-induced depolarization. Finally, increased oxidation of the free radical indicators H2DCFDA and MitoSOX™ in erythrocytes exposed to sulfide suggests that sulfide oxidation increased oxidative stress and superoxide production, respectively. Together, these results indicate that sulfide exposure causes mitochondrial depolarization in cells of a sulfide-tolerant annelid, and that this effect, which differs from the actions of other COX inhibitors, may be via increased free radical damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Julian
- Department of Zoology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-8525, USA.
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Joyner JL, Peyer SM, Lee RW. Possible roles of sulfur-containing amino acids in a chemoautotrophic bacterium-mollusc symbiosis. THE BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2003; 205:331-338. [PMID: 14672987 DOI: 10.2307/1543296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Invertebrate hosts of chemoautotrophic symbionts face the unique challenge of supplying their symbionts with hydrogen sulfide while avoiding its toxic effects. The sulfur-containing free amino acids taurine and thiotaurine may function in sulfide detoxification by serving as sulfur storage compounds or as transport compounds between symbiont and host. After sulfide exposure, both taurine and thiotaurine levels increased in the gill tissues of the symbiotic coastal bivalve Solemya velum. Inhibition of prokaryotic metabolism with chloramphenicol, inhibition of eukaryotic metabolism with cycloheximide, and inhibition of ammonia assimilation with methionine sulfoximine reduced levels of sulfur-containing amino acids. Chloramphenicol treatment inhibited the removal of sulfide from the medium. In the absence of metabolic inhibitors, estimated rates of sulfide incorporation into taurine and thiotaurine accounted for nearly half of the sulfide removed from the medium. In contrast, amino acid levels in the nonsymbiotic, sulfide-tolerant molluscs Geukensia demissa and Yoldia limatula did not change after sulfide exposure. These findings suggest that sulfur-containing amino acids function in sulfide detoxification in symbiotic invertebrates, and that this process depends upon ammonia assimilation and symbiont metabolic capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna L Joyner
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, P.O. Box 644236, Pullman, Washington 99164-4236, USA.
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Doeller JE, Grieshaber MK, Kraus DW. Chemolithoheterotrophy in a metazoan tissue: thiosulfate production matches ATP demand in ciliated mussel gills. J Exp Biol 2001; 204:3755-64. [PMID: 11719539 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.204.21.3755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY
The ribbed mussel Geukensia demissa inhabits sulfide-rich coastal sediments with a distribution that suggests a preference for exposure to sulfide. Although sulfide is a respiratory poison, it is also a potent reductant. Geukensia demissa gill mitochondria can use sulfide as a respiratory substrate for ATP production, and the gills of this species exhibit sulfide-supported oxygen consumption that matches the energy demand of ciliary beating. Here, we demonstrate (i) that the major product of G. demissa gill sulfide oxidation is thiosulfate and (ii) that the rate of sulfide oxidation also matches the cellular energy demand, resulting in a ratio near unity of oxygen consumed to sulfide oxidized at both low and high ciliary beat frequencies. A value for this ratio of unity is consistent with electrons from sulfide oxidation entering the mitochondrial electron transport chain. In the gills of the blue mussel Mytilus edulis from sulfide-free conditions, this ratio is 3–5 times higher, indicating an uncoupling of oxygen consumption from sulfide oxidation. Whereas M. edulis gills exhibit anaerobic metabolism during sulfide exposure, G. demissa gills do not, indicating a difference in sulfide tolerance between the two mussel species.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Doeller
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1300 University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL 35294-1170, USA.
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Sell AF. Life in the extreme environment at a hydrothermal vent: haemoglobin in a deep-sea copepod. Proc Biol Sci 2000; 267:2323-6. [PMID: 11413650 PMCID: PMC1690812 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2000.1286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This is the first study, to my knowledge, quantifying the respiratory pigment haemoglobin discovered in a deep-sea copepod. Haemoglobin in copepods has previously been documented in only one other species from the deep water of an Italian lake. Specimens of the siphonostomatoid Scotoecetes introrsus Humes were collected during submersible dives at 2500 m depth near a hydrothermal vent at the East Pacific Rise (9 degrees N). The haemoglobin content in the copepods' haemolymph was 4.3 +/- 0.6 micrograms per individual female (n = 6) and 1.8 +/- 0.1 micrograms per individual male (n = 6). Weight-specific concentrations of haemoglobin were identical for females and males (0.25 +/- 0.04 and 0.26 +/- 0.02 microgram per microgram dry weight, respectively). These haemoglobin concentrations are higher than those found in other small crustaceans. Activity of the electron transport system indicated that the respiration rates in S. introrsus (13.7 +/- 7.7 microliters O2 per milligram dry weight per hour) were similar to those in the shallow-water copepod Acartia tonsa (9.1 +/- 1.3 microliters O2 per milligram dry weight per hour). It was concluded that the possession of highly concentrated haemoglobin allows S. introrsus to colonize a geologically young, thermally active site such as the vicinity of a hydrothermal vent, despite the prevailing oxygen depletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- A F Sell
- Department of Biology, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA.
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Christensen AB, Colacino JM. Respiration in the burrowing brittlestar, Hemipholis elongata say (Echinodermata, Ophiuroidea): a study of the effects of environmental variables on oxygen uptake. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2000; 127:201-13. [PMID: 11064287 DOI: 10.1016/s1095-6433(00)00254-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The burrowing brittlestar Hemipholis elongata (Say) maintains a constant M(O2)of 3.79+/-1.47 micromol O(2) g(-1) h(-1) (for 0.2-0.3 g animals, mean+/-S.D., n=7), measured in the burrow, over a broad range of PO(2). Below the critical PO(2) of 37 mm Hg, M(O(2)) becomes dependent on the oxygen tension. M(O2) is a function of the size of H. elongata; the scaling exponent is 0. 83 and is similar to those reported for other echinoderms. The M(O2) of H. elongata is unaffected by removal from the burrow, by hypercapnia, by exposure to hydrogen sulfide, or by temperature change in the range from 20 to 32 degrees C. The relative insensitivity of H. elongata to these factors may be an adaptation to life in the highly variable estuarine and tidal creek environments where the animals are frequently found.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Christensen
- Department of Biology, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA.
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Julian D, Wieting SL, Seto SL, Bogan MR, Arp AJ. Thiosulfate elimination and permeability in a sulfide-adapted marine invertebrate. Physiol Biochem Zool 1999; 72:416-25. [PMID: 10438679 DOI: 10.1086/316681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Oxidation of hydrogen sulfide to thiosulfate is one of the best-characterized mechanisms by which animals adapted to sulfide minimize its toxicity, but the mechanism of thiosulfate elimination in these animals has remained unclear. In this study, we examined the accumulation and elimination of thiosulfate in the sulfide-adapted marine worm Urechis caupo. The coelomic fluid of U. caupo exposed to 50-100 micromol L-1 sulfide in hypoxic seawater (Po2 ca. 10 kPa) accumulated (mean+/-SD) 132+/-41 micromol L-1 thiosulfate after 2 h, reaching 227+/-113 micromol L-1 after an additional 4 h in aerated, sulfide-free seawater. In whole-animal thiosulfate clearance studies, the rate of thiosulfate elimination from the coelomic fluid followed a single exponential time course with a half-life of 6 h. The thiosulfate permeability coefficient of isolated preparations mounted in diffusion chambers was 7.6x10-5+/-7. 7x10-5 cm s-1 for the hindgut and 5.5x10-7+/-2.7x10-7 cm s-1 for the body wall. These rates were independent of the direction of net efflux (mucosal-to-serosal or serosal-to-mucosal). Using a simple mathematical model of U. caupo that incorporates the thiosulfate permeability coefficients, the thiosulfate half-life was calculated to be 23 h without hindgut ventilation but less than 1 h with normal hindgut ventilation. Based on this information, we propose that passive thiosulfate diffusion across the hindgut is adequate to explain the observed rates of thiosulfate elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Julian
- Romberg Tiburon Center for Environmental Studies, San Francisco State University, 3152 Paradise Drive, Tiburon, CA 94920, USA.
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Maina JN, Maloiy GMO. Adaptations of a tropical swamp worm, alma emini, for subsistence in a H2S-rich habitat: evolution of endosymbiotic bacteria, sulfide metabolizing bodies, and novel processes of elimination of neutralized sulfide complexes. J Struct Biol 1998; 122:257-66. [PMID: 9774530 DOI: 10.1006/jsbi.1998.4000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The epithelial cell lining of the respiratory groove of Alma emini, an oligochaete glossoscolecid worm that lives in a hydrogen sulfide (H2S)-rich tropical swamp, was investigated by transmission electron microscopy to determine the underlying structural adaptations which enable the worm to subsist in a highly inimical habitat. The epithelium of the respiratory groove is made up of squamous cells with a highly amplified free epithelial surface. The cells are tightly packed with electron dense sulfur metabolizing bodies (SMBs) and contain endosymbiotic bacteria. Presence of sulfur in the electron dense SMBs was confirmed by X-ray microanalysis. Certain eukaryotic cells with prominent filopodia-like cytoplasmic extensions were observed under the epithelial cells and in the muscle tissue. The cells contained numerous heteromorphic endosymbiotic bacteria and scattered SMBs. Both the SMBs and the bacteria are reckoned to be involved in scavenging and detoxifying H2S. The removal of sulfide complexes was observed to occur through excision of blebs formed by epithelial cell membrane elaborations and by exocytosis of crystalline-like particles. These adaptive stratagems generally correspond with those that have been adopted by many marine and hydrothermal vent organisms that occupy sulfide-rich biomes. The congruent adaptive stratagems and ultrastructural morphologies in such a diverse community of organisms have been imposed by a common need to neutralize the insidious effects of H2S in their environments. Copyright 1998 Academic Press.
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Affiliation(s)
- JN Maina
- The Medical School, The University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, 2193, South Africa
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Abstract
Many aquatic animal species can survive sulfide exposure to some extent through oxidation of the sulfide, which results mainly in thiosulfate. In several species, sulfide oxidation is localized in the mitochondria and is accompanied by ATP synthesis. In addition, blood-based and intracellular compounds can augment sulfide oxidation. The formation of thiosulfate requires oxygen, which results in an increase in oxygen consumption of some species. If not all sulfide is detoxified, cytochrome C oxidase is inhibited. Under these conditions, a sulfide-dependent anaerobic energy metabolism commences.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Grieshaber
- Institut für Zoophysiologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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Martineu P, Juniper SK. Comparison of the benzyl viologen and bimane HPLC assays for the determination of sulfide-oxidizing capability in the tissues of hydrothermal vent and non-vent polychaetes. CAN J ZOOL 1997. [DOI: 10.1139/z97-788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Two commonly used methods for in vitro measurement of tissue-level sulfide oxidation in animals were compared using homogenates of hydrothermal vent (Paralvinella sulfincola and P. palmiformis) and non-vent (Nereis virens and Nephtys caeca) polychaetes. All examined worms showed heat-labile sulfide-oxidizing ability and rates were slightly higher in the two vent species. A previously observed discrepancy between the results of the spectrophotometric benzyl viologen (BV) and bimane high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) assays was confirmed. We explain this discrepancy firstly by the fact that H2S removal measured by the bimane HPLC assay is only the first step in a cascade of several possible sulfur-oxidation steps recorded by BV. Secondly, we show that the low H2S/protein ratio used in the bimane HPLC assay can result in undersaturation of the catalyst responsible for H2S oxidation. The latter can lead to underestimation of potential oxidation rates and may be as important as the nonspecificity of BV in explaining differences between assay results. Tissue-level sulfide oxidation is clearly widespread in marine invertebrates, but the catalyst(s) responsible remain(s) unidentified. The fact that sulfide-oxidation rates in vent polychaete tissues are similar to rates in non-vent species and appear to reflect a common basal level of sulfide-oxidizing activity in many animal tissues suggests that other defense mechanisms may be more important in the adaptation of these worms to the hydrothermal milieu.
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18
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Dubilier N, Giere O, Grieshaber MK. Concomitant effects of sulfide and hypoxia on the aerobic metabolism of the marine oligochaeteTubificoides benedii. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.1402690402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Hagerman L, Vismann B. Anaerobic metabolism, hypoxia and hydrogen sulphide in the brackish water isopodSaduria entomon(L.). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1080/00785326.1993.10429920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Menon JG, Arp AJ. Morphological adaptations of the respiratory hindgut of a marine echiuran worm. J Morphol 1992; 214:131-138. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.1052140203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Childress JJ, Fisher CR, Favuzzi JA, Sanders NK. Sulfide and Carbon Dioxide Uptake by the Hydrothermal Vent Clam,Calyptogena magnifica,and Its Chemoautotrophic Symbionts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1086/physzool.64.6.30158224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Levitt JM, Arp AJ. The effects of sulfide on the anaerobic metabolism of two congeneric species of mudflat clams. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(91)90188-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Anderson AE, Felbeck H, Childress JJ. Aerobic metabolism is maintained in animal tissue during rapid sulfide oxidation in the symbiont-containing clamSolemya reidi. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.1402560203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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