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Horeth E, Bard J, Che M, Wrynn T, Song E, Marzullo B, Burke M, Popat S, Loree T, Zemer J, Tapia J, Frustino J, Kramer J, Sinha S, Romano R. High-Resolution Transcriptomic Landscape of the Human Submandibular Gland. J Dent Res 2023; 102:525-535. [PMID: 36726292 PMCID: PMC10249006 DOI: 10.1177/00220345221147908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Saliva-secreting and transporting cells are part of the complex cellular milieu of the human salivary gland, where they play important roles in normal glandular physiology and diseased states. However, comprehensive molecular characterization, particularly at single-cell resolution, is still incomplete, in part due to difficulty in procuring normal human tissues. Here, we perform an in-depth analysis of male and female adult human submandibular gland (SMG) samples by bulk RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and examine the molecular underpinnings of the heterogeneous cell populations by single-cell (sc) RNA-seq. Our results from scRNA-seq highlight the remarkable diversity of clusters of epithelial and nonepithelial cells that reside in the SMG that is also faithfully recapitulated by deconvolution of the bulk-RNA data sets. Our analyses reveal complex transcriptomic heterogeneity within both the ductal and acinar subpopulations and identify atypical SMG cell types, such as mucoacinar cells that are unique to humans and ionocytes that have been recently described in the mouse. We use CellChat to explore ligand-receptor interactome predictions that likely mediate crucial cell-cell communications between the various cell clusters. Finally, we apply a trajectory inference method to investigate specific cellular branching points and topology that offers insights into the dynamic and complex differentiation process of the adult SMG. The data sets and the analyses herein comprise an extensive wealth of high-resolution information and a valuable resource for a deeper mechanistic understanding of human SMG biology and pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Horeth
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - J. Bard
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Core, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - M. Che
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - T. Wrynn
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - E.A.C. Song
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - B. Marzullo
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Core, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - M.S. Burke
- Erie County Medical Center, Department of Head & Neck/Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - S. Popat
- Erie County Medical Center, Department of Head & Neck/Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - T. Loree
- Erie County Medical Center, Department of Head & Neck/Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - J. Zemer
- Erie County Medical Center Division of Oral Oncology & Maxillofacial Prosthetics, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - J.L. Tapia
- Department of Oral Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - J. Frustino
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
- Erie County Medical Center Division of Oral Oncology & Maxillofacial Prosthetics, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - J.M. Kramer
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - S. Sinha
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - R.A. Romano
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
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Tunnah L, Turko AJ, Wright PA. Skin ionocyte density of amphibious killifishes is shaped by phenotypic plasticity and constitutive interspecific differences. J Comp Physiol B 2022; 192:701-711. [PMID: 36056931 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-022-01457-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
When amphibious fishes are on land, gill function is reduced or eliminated and the skin is hypothesized to act as a surrogate site of ionoregulation. Skin ionocytes are present in many fishes, particularly those with amphibious life histories. We used nine closely related killifishes spanning a range of amphibiousness to first test the hypothesis that amphibious killifishes have evolved constitutively increased skin ionocyte density to promote ionoregulation on land. We found that skin ionocyte densities were constitutively higher in five of seven amphibious species examined relative to exclusively water-breathing species when fish were prevented from leaving water, strongly supporting our hypothesis. Next, to examine the scope for plasticity, we tested the hypothesis that skin ionocyte density in amphibious fishes would respond plastically to air-exposure to promote ionoregulation in terrestrial environments. We found that air-exposure induced plasticity in skin ionocyte density only in the two species classified as highly amphibious, but not in moderately amphibious species. Specifically, skin ionocyte density significantly increased in Anablepsoides hartii (168%) and Kryptolebias marmoratus (37%) following a continuous air-exposure, and only in K. marmoratus (43%) following fluctuating air-exposure. Collectively, our data suggest that highly amphibious killifishes have evolved both increased skin ionocyte density as well as skin that is more responsive to air-exposure compared to exclusively water-breathing and less amphibious species. Our findings are consistent with the idea that gaining the capacity for cutaneous ionoregulation is a key evolutionary step that enables amphibious fishes to survive on land.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Tunnah
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Andy J Turko
- Department of Biology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3C5, Canada
| | - Patricia A Wright
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.
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Mauduit O, Aure MH, Delcroix V, Basova L, Srivastava A, Umazume T, Mays JW, Bellusci S, Tucker AS, Hajihosseini MK, Hoffman MP, Makarenkova HP. A mesenchymal to epithelial switch in Fgf10 expression specifies an evolutionary-conserved population of ionocytes in salivary glands. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110663. [PMID: 35417692 PMCID: PMC9113928 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 10 (FGF10) is well established as a mesenchyme-derived growth factor and a critical regulator of fetal organ development in mice and humans. Using a single-cell RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) atlas of salivary gland (SG) and a tamoxifen inducible Fgf10CreERT2:R26-tdTomato mouse, we show that FGF10pos cells are exclusively mesenchymal until postnatal day 5 (P5) but, after P7, there is a switch in expression and only epithelial FGF10pos cells are observed after P15. Further RNA-seq analysis of sorted mesenchymal and epithelial FGF10pos cells shows that the epithelial FGF10pos population express the hallmarks of ancient ionocyte signature Forkhead box i1 and 2 (Foxi1, Foxi2), Achaete-scute homolog 3 (Ascl3), and the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (Cftr). We propose that epithelial FGF10pos cells are specialized SG ionocytes located in ducts and important for the ionic modification of saliva. In addition, they maintain FGF10-dependent gland homeostasis via communication with FGFR2bpos ductal and myoepithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Mauduit
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Marit H Aure
- Matrix and Morphogenesis Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Vanessa Delcroix
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Liana Basova
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Amrita Srivastava
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Takeshi Umazume
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jacqueline W Mays
- Oral Immunobiology Unit, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Saverio Bellusci
- Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI) and Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), The German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus-Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Abigail S Tucker
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK
| | | | - Matthew P Hoffman
- Matrix and Morphogenesis Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Helen P Makarenkova
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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Ridgway MR, Tunnah L, Bernier NJ, Wilson JM, Wright PA. Novel spikey ionocytes are regulated by cortisol in the skin of an amphibious fish. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20212324. [PMID: 34933603 PMCID: PMC8692953 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.2324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortisol is a major osmoregulatory hormone in fishes. Cortisol acts upon the gills, the primary site of ionoregulation, through modifications to specialized ion-transporting cells called ionocytes. We tested the hypothesis that cortisol also acts as a major regulator of skin ionocyte remodelling in the amphibious mangrove rivulus (Kryptolebias marmoratus) when gill function ceases during the water-to-land transition. When out of water, K. marmoratus demonstrated a robust cortisol response, which was linked with the remodelling of skin ionocytes to increase cell cross-sectional area and Na+-K+-ATPase (NKA) content, but not when cortisol synthesis was chemically inhibited by metyrapone. Additionally, we discovered a novel morphology of skin-specific ionocyte that are spikey with multiple cell processes. Spikey ionocytes increased in density, cell cross-sectional area and NKA content during air exposure, but not in metyrapone-treated fish. Our findings demonstrate that skin ionocyte remodelling during the water-to-land transition in amphibious fish is regulated by cortisol, the same hormone that regulates gill ionocyte remodelling in salinity-challenged teleosts, suggesting conserved hormonal function across diverse environmental disturbances and organs in fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan R. Ridgway
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Louise Tunnah
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Nicholas J. Bernier
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Jonathan M. Wilson
- Department of Biology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3C5, Canada
| | - Patricia A. Wright
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
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Turko AJ, Rossi GS, Wright PA. More than Breathing Air: Evolutionary Drivers and Physiological Implications of an Amphibious Lifestyle in Fishes. Physiology (Bethesda) 2021; 36:307-314. [PMID: 34431416 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00012.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Amphibious and aquatic air-breathing fishes both exchange respiratory gasses with the atmosphere, but these fishes differ in physiology, ecology, and possibly evolutionary origins. We introduce a scoring system to characterize interspecific variation in amphibiousness and use this system to highlight important unanswered questions about the evolutionary physiology of amphibious fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy J Turko
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Giulia S Rossi
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Patricia A Wright
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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6
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Wright PA. Cutaneous respiration and osmoregulation in amphibious fishes. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2021; 253:110866. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2020.110866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Martin KE, Currie S. Hydrogen sulphide sensitivity and tolerance in genetically distinct lineages of a selfing mangrove fish (Kryptolebias marmoratus). J Comp Physiol B 2020; 190:761-770. [PMID: 32789701 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-020-01302-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mangroves are critical marine habitats. High hydrogen sulphide (H2S) is a feature of these important ecosystems and its toxicity creates a challenge for mangrove inhabitants. The mangrove rivulus (Kryptolebias marmoratus) is a selfing, hermaphroditic, amphibious fish that can survive exposure to 1116 μM H2S in the wild. These fish rely on cutaneous respiration for gas and ion exchange when emerged. We hypothesized that the skin surface is fundamentally important in H2S tolerance in these mangrove fish by limiting H2S permeability. To test our hypothesis, we first disrupted the skin surface in one isogenic lineage and measured H2S tolerance and sensitivity. We increased water H2S concentration until emersion as a measure of the ability to sense and react to H2S, which we refer to as sensitivity. We then determined H2S tolerance by preventing emersion and increasing H2S until loss of equilibrium (LOE). The H2S concentration at emersion and LOE were significantly affected by disrupting the skin surface, providing support that the skin is involved in limiting H2S permeability. Capitalizing on their unique reproductive strategy, we used three distinct isogenic lineages to test the hypothesis that there would be genetic differences in H2S sensitivity and tolerance. We found significant differences in emersion concentration only among lineages, suggesting a genetic component to H2S sensitivity but not tolerance. Our study also demonstrated that external skin modifications and avoidance behaviours are two distinct strategies used to tolerate ecologically relevant H2S concentrations and likely facilitate survival in challenging mangrove habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keri E Martin
- Department of Biology, Mount Allison University, Sackville, NB, Canada
| | - Suzanne Currie
- Department of Biology, Acadia University, Wolfville, NS, Canada.
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Damsgaard C, Baliga VB, Bates E, Burggren W, McKenzie DJ, Taylor E, Wright PA. Evolutionary and cardio-respiratory physiology of air-breathing and amphibious fishes. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2020; 228:e13406. [PMID: 31630483 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Air-breathing and amphibious fishes are essential study organisms to shed insight into the required physiological shifts that supported the full transition from aquatic water-breathing fishes to terrestrial air-breathing tetrapods. While the origin of air-breathing in the evolutionary history of the tetrapods has received considerable focus, much less is known about the evolutionary physiology of air-breathing among fishes. This review summarizes recent advances within the field with specific emphasis on the cardiorespiratory regulation associated with air-breathing and terrestrial excursions, and how respiratory physiology of these living transitional forms are affected by development and personality. Finally, we provide a detailed and re-evaluated model of the evolution of air-breathing among fishes that serves as a framework for addressing new questions on the cardiorespiratory changes associated with it. This review highlights the importance of combining detailed studies on piscine air-breathing model species with comparative multi-species studies, to add an additional dimension to our understanding of the evolutionary physiology of air-breathing in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vikram B. Baliga
- Department of Zoology University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada
| | - Eric Bates
- Derailleur Interactive Vancouver BC Canada
| | - Warren Burggren
- Department of Biological Sciences University of North Texas Denton TX USA
| | - David J. McKenzie
- UMR Marbec, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer Université Montpellier Montpellier France
| | - Edwin Taylor
- School of Biosciences University of Birmingham Birmingham UK
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