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Zink L, Wood CM. The effects of microplastics on ionoregulatory processes in the gills of freshwater fish and invertebrates: A prospective review. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2024; 295:111669. [PMID: 38806110 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2024.111669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
From review of the very few topical studies to date, we conclude that while effects are variable, microplastics can induce direct ionoregulatory disturbances in freshwater fish and invertebrates. However, the intensity depends on microplastic type, size, concentration, and exposure regime. More numerous are studies where indirect inferences about possible ionoregulatory effects can be drawn; these indicate increased mucus production, altered breathing, histopathological effects on gill structure, oxidative stress, and alterations in molecular pathways. All of these could have negative effects on ionoregulatory homeostasis. However, previous research has suffered from a lack of standardized reporting of microplastic characteristics and exposure conditions. Often overlooked is the fact that microplastics are dynamic contaminants, changing over time through degradation and fragmentation and subsequently exhibiting altered surface chemistry, notably an increased presence and diversity of functional groups. The same functional groups characterized on microplastics are also present in dissolved organic matter, often termed dissolved organic carbon (DOC), a class of substances for which we have a far greater understanding of their ionoregulatory actions. We highlight instances in which the effects of microplastic exposure resemble those of DOC exposure. We propose that in future microplastic investigations, in vivo techniques that have proven useful in understanding the ionoregulatory effects of DOC should be used including measurements of transepithelial potential, net and unidirectional radio-isotopic ion flux rates, and concentration kinetic analyses of uptake transport. More sophisticated in vitro approaches using cultured gill epithelia, Ussing chamber experiments on gill surrogate membranes, and scanning ion selective electrode techniques (SIET) may also prove useful. Finally, in future studies we advocate for minimum reporting requirements of microplastic properties and experimental conditions to help advance this important emerging field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Zink
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, British Columbia, Canada.
| | - Chris M Wood
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, British Columbia, Canada
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Sadauskas-Henrique H, Braz-Mota S, Campos DF, Dos Santos Barroso H, Kochhann D, Luis Val A, Maria Fonseca de Almeida-Val V. Oil spill in an amazon blackwater environment: Biochemical and physiological responses of local fish species. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 250:118347. [PMID: 38309567 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
The accidental spill of petroleum asphalt cement (PAC) in São Raimundo (SR Harbor, located on the Rio Negro (Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil) was monitored through the analysis of polyciclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in water and a set of biomarkers in fishes (exposure biomarkes: PAHs-type metabolites concentrations in bile; the activities of ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in liver. Effect biomarkers: lipid peroxidation concentration (LPO) in liver, acetylcholinesterase activity in brain, and genotoxic DNA damage in erythrocytes). Two fish species, Acarichthys heckelii and Satanoperca jurupari, were collected 10, 45, and 90 days after the PAC spill in São Raimundo. At the same time, fish were collected from the Tupé Sustainable Development Reserve (Tupé) which served as a reference area. The sampling periods were related to the rising waters of the natural flood pulse of the Rio Negro. Higher concentrations of PAHs in water were observed at 10 and 45 days and returned to the values of TP 90 days after the PAC spill, a period in which harbor waters rose about 0.2 m. Unlike the PAHs in water, biomarker responses in both fish species significantly increased following the PAC spill in SR. Hepatic ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD), PAH-like metabolites in bile, and erythrocyte DNA damage increases, together with inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in the brain were the most evident responses for both fish species. The calculated pyrolytic index showed mixed sources of PAHs (petrogenic and pyrolytic). The applied PCA-FA indicated important relationships between dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and PAHs concentrations in water, where DOC and PAHs concentrations contributed to biomarkers responses for both fish species in all collection periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Sadauskas-Henrique
- Brazilian National Institute for Research in the Amazon, Laboratory of Ecophysiology and Molecular Evolution, Av. André Araújo 2936, 69083-000, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil; UNISANTA (Universidade Santa Cecília), Laboratório de Ecofisiologia e Bioquímica de Organismos Aquáticos, Rua Oswaldo Cruz 277 (Boqueirão), 11045-907, Santos, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Susana Braz-Mota
- Brazilian National Institute for Research in the Amazon, Laboratory of Ecophysiology and Molecular Evolution, Av. André Araújo 2936, 69083-000, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Derek Felipe Campos
- Brazilian National Institute for Research in the Amazon, Laboratory of Ecophysiology and Molecular Evolution, Av. André Araújo 2936, 69083-000, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Hiléia Dos Santos Barroso
- Escola Superior de Ciências da Saúde (ESA), Universidade Estadual do Amazonas (UEA), Av. Carvalho Leal 1777, 69065-001, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Daiani Kochhann
- Brazilian National Institute for Research in the Amazon, Laboratory of Ecophysiology and Molecular Evolution, Av. André Araújo 2936, 69083-000, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil; Acaraú Valley State University, Center of Agrarian and Biological Sciences, Av. da Universidade 850, 62010-295, Sobral, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Adalberto Luis Val
- Brazilian National Institute for Research in the Amazon, Laboratory of Ecophysiology and Molecular Evolution, Av. André Araújo 2936, 69083-000, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Vera Maria Fonseca de Almeida-Val
- Brazilian National Institute for Research in the Amazon, Laboratory of Ecophysiology and Molecular Evolution, Av. André Araújo 2936, 69083-000, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
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