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Petrović TG, Vukov T, Tomašević Kolarov N. Patterns of correlations and locomotor specialization in anuran limbs: association with phylogeny and ecology. ZOOLOGY 2020; 144:125864. [PMID: 33220626 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2020.125864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
As anuran saltatory locomotion has specific functional requirements achieved through certain intra- and inter-limb proportions, we analyzed pattern and degree of morphological integration in limbs of ten anuran species to reveal the relationship of shared developmental programs of serially homologous structures and locomotor specialization. Our main objectives were (1) to examine if morphological and functional differences in forelimb and hindlimb were associated with reduced covariation between limbs, (2) and to reveal patterns of correlation between species and the roles played by evolutionary history (phylogeny) and ecology (lifestyle and habitat use). Species with different locomotor behaviours (walking, jumping, hopping, running, climbing, swimming and burrowing) were used. Partial correlations showed that species shared similar patterns of functionally based morphological integration, with increased correlations in elements within limbs and reduced correlations between limbs. This was mainly based on strong correlations between proximal elements, humerus-radioulna and femur-tibiofibula. To test the influence of phylogenetic relationships and ecological demands we used different matrices (correlation similarity matrix, ecological similarity matrix, matrices of phylogenetic distance and morphological distance). The changes in correlation patterns are shown to be dissociated from phylogeny. On the other hand, they are to some extent shaped by habitat use and locomotion, as the species with similar locomotor behaviour also tend to have stronger similarity in integration patterns. The results from this study provide insight into the processes underlying the evolutionary change of anuran limbs, highlighting function as the main factor that shaped morphological integration of the examined species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara G Petrović
- Department of Physiology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, 11060, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Tanja Vukov
- Department of Evolutionary biology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, 11060, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nataša Tomašević Kolarov
- Department of Evolutionary biology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, 11060, Belgrade, Serbia
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Debat V, Chazot N, Jarosson S, Blandin P, Llaurens V. What Drives the Diversification of Eyespots in Morpho Butterflies? Disentangling Developmental and Selective Constraints From Neutral Evolution. Front Ecol Evol 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2020.00112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Abbasi R, Marcus JM. A new A-P compartment boundary and organizer in holometabolous insect wings. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16337. [PMID: 29180689 PMCID: PMC5704014 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16553-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Decades of research on the highly modified wings of Drosophila melanogaster has suggested that insect wings are divided into two Anterior-Posterior (A-P) compartments separated by an axis of symmetry. This axis of symmetry is created by a developmental organizer that establishes symmetrical patterns of gene expression that in turn pattern the A-P axis of the wing. Butterflies possess more typical insect wings and butterfly wing colour patterns provide many landmarks for studies of wing structure and development. Using eyespot colour pattern variation in Vanessa butterflies, here we show an additional A-P axis of symmetry running between wing sectors 3 and 4. Boundaries of Drosophila mitotic clones suggest the existence of a previously undetected Far-Posterior (F-P) compartment boundary that coincides with this additional A-P axis. A similar compartment boundary is evident in butterfly mosaic gynandromorphs. We suggest that this additional compartment boundary and its associated developmental organizer create an axis of wing colour pattern symmetry and a gene expression-based combinatorial code, permitting each insect wing compartment to acquire a unique identity and allowing for the individuation of butterfly eyespots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roohollah Abbasi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Jeffrey M Marcus
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
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Connahs H, Rhen T, Simmons RB. Physiological Perturbation Reveals Modularity of Eyespot Development in the Painted Lady Butterfly, Vanessa cardui. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161745. [PMID: 27560365 PMCID: PMC4999082 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Butterfly eyespots are complex morphological traits that can vary in size, shape and color composition even on the same wing surface. Homology among eyespots suggests they share a common developmental basis and function as an integrated unit in response to selection. Despite strong evidence of genetic integration, eyespots can also exhibit modularity or plasticity, indicating an underlying flexibility in pattern development. The extent to which particular eyespots or eyespot color elements exhibit modularity or integration is poorly understood, particularly following exposure to novel conditions. We used perturbation experiments to explore phenotypic correlations among different eyespots and their color elements on the ventral hindwing of V. cardui. Specifically, we identified which eyespots and eyespot features are most sensitive to perturbation by heat shock and injection of heparin-a cold shock mimic. For both treatments, the two central eyespots (3 + 4) were most affected by the experimental perturbations, whereas the outer eyespot border was more resistant to modification than the interior color elements. Overall, the individual color elements displayed a similar response to heat shock across all eyespots, but varied in their response to each other. Graphical modeling also revealed that although eyespots differ morphologically, regulation of eyespot size and colored elements appear to be largely integrated across the wing. Patterns of integration, however, were disrupted following heat shock, revealing that the strength of integration varies across the wing and is strongest between the two central eyespots. These findings support previous observations that document coupling between eyespots 3 + 4 in other nymphalid butterflies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Connahs
- Biology Department, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, United States of America
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Turk Rhen
- Biology Department, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, United States of America
| | - Rebecca B. Simmons
- Biology Department, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, United States of America
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Abbasi R, Marcus JM. Colour pattern homology and evolution inVanessabutterflies (Nymphalidae: Nymphalini): eyespot characters. J Evol Biol 2015; 28:2009-26. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Abbasi
- Department of Biological Sciences; University of Manitoba; Winnipeg MB Canada
| | - J. M. Marcus
- Department of Biological Sciences; University of Manitoba; Winnipeg MB Canada
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Abbasi R, Marcus JM. Color pattern evolution in Vanessa butterflies (Nymphalidae: Nymphalini): non-eyespot characters. Evol Dev 2015; 17:63-81. [PMID: 25627714 DOI: 10.1111/ede.12109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A phylogenetic approach was used to study color pattern evolution in Vanessa butterflies. Twenty-four color pattern elements from the Nymphalid ground plan were identified on the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the fore- and hind wings. Eyespot characters were excluded and will be examined elsewhere. The evolution of each character was traced over a Bayesian phylogeny of Vanessa reconstructed from 7750 DNA base pairs from 10 genes. Generally, the correspondence between character states on the same surface of the two wings is stronger on the ventral side compared to the dorsal side. The evolution of character states on both sides of a wing correspond with each other in most extant species, but the correspondence between dorsal and ventral character states is much stronger in the forewing than in the hindwing. The dorsal hindwing of many species of Vanessa is covered with an extended Basal Symmetry System and the Discalis I pattern element is highly variable between species, making this wing surface dissimilar to the other wing surfaces. The Basal Symmetry System and Discalis I may contribute to behavioral thermoregulation in Vanessa. Overall, interspecific directional character state evolution of non-eyespot color patterns is relatively rare in Vanessa, with a majority of color pattern elements showing non-variable, non-directional, or ambiguous character state evolution. The ease with which the development of color patterns can be modified, including character state reversals, has likely made important contributions to the production of color pattern diversity in Vanessa and other butterfly groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roohollah Abbasi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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What makes eyespots intimidating-the importance of pairedness. BMC Evol Biol 2015; 15:34. [PMID: 25880640 PMCID: PMC4374370 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-015-0307-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Many butterflies possess striking structures called eyespots on their wings, and several studies have sought to understand the selective forces that have shaped their evolution. Work over the last decade has shown that a major function of eyespots is their ability to reduce predation by being intimidating to attacking predators. Two competing hypotheses seek to explain the cause of intimidation, one suggesting ‘eye-mimicry’ and the other their ‘conspicuousness’ as the reason. There is an on-going debate about which of these better explains the effectiveness of eyespots against predation. We undertook a series of indoor experiments to understand the relative importance of conspicuousness and eye-mimicry, and therefore how predator perception may have influenced the evolution of eyespots. We conducted choice tests where artificial paper models mimicking Junonia almana butterflies were presented to chickens and their preference of attack recorded. Results We first established that birds avoided models with a pair of eyespots. However, contrary to previous, outdoor experiments, we found that the total area of eyespots did not affect their effectiveness. Non-eye-like, fan shaped patterns derived from eyespots were found to be just as effective as eye-like circular patterns. Furthermore, we did not find a significant effect of symmetry of patterns, again in discordance with previous work. However, across all experiments, models with a pair of patterns, symmetric or asymmetric, eyelike or non-eye-like, suffered from fewer attacks compared with other models. Conclusions The study highlights the importance of pairedness of eyespots, and supports the hypothesis that two is a biologically significant number that is important in prey–predator signalling. We discuss the implications of our results for the understanding of eyespot evolution. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12862-015-0307-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Claverie T, Patek SN. MODULARITY AND RATES OF EVOLUTIONARY CHANGE IN A POWER-AMPLIFIED PREY CAPTURE SYSTEM. Evolution 2013; 67:3191-207. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.12185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2011] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Claverie
- Department of Biology; Organismic and Evolutionary Biology Graduate Program; University of Massachusetts; Amherst Massachusetts
| | - S. N. Patek
- Department of Biology; Organismic and Evolutionary Biology Graduate Program; University of Massachusetts; Amherst Massachusetts
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Webster M, Zelditch ML. Evolutionary Lability of Integration in Cambrian Ptychoparioid Trilobites. Evol Biol 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s11692-011-9110-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Ploeger A, Galis F. Evo Devo and cognitive science. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. COGNITIVE SCIENCE 2011; 2:429-440. [PMID: 26302202 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Evo Devo (evolutionary developmental) biology forges a synthesis of evolutionary and developmental processes. Evo Devo is the result of collaborative work of evolutionary and developmental biologists after the discovery of regulatory genes that human beings share with many other animals, including fruit flies, frogs, and rats. Compared to traditional evolutionary biologists, Evo Devo biologists focus on processes underlying the generation of evolutionary novelties, rather than on how natural selection changes gene frequencies in populations and how organisms are adapted to their environment. Evo Devo biologists try to answer questions such as: How do novel structures arise? Which mechanisms facilitate or constrain evolutionary change? In this article we argue that insights from Evo Devo research can contribute to the understanding of the evolution and development of cognition, and of the origin of neurocognitive disorders. We discuss three major Evo Devo topics: modularity, evolvability, and developmental constraints. We argue that each of these topics are relevant for research in cognitive science, and we argue that interdisciplinary research is necessary in order to unravel the evolutionary and developmental mechanisms of cognitive traits and disorders. WIREs Cogni Sci 2011 2 429-440 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.137 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annemie Ploeger
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frietson Galis
- Department of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Claverie T, Chan E, Patek SN. MODULARITY AND SCALING IN FAST MOVEMENTS: POWER AMPLIFICATION IN MANTIS SHRIMP. Evolution 2010; 65:443-61. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2010.01133.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Kodandaramaiah U, Lees DC, Müller CJ, Torres E, Karanth KP, Wahlberg N. Phylogenetics and biogeography of a spectacular Old World radiation of butterflies: the subtribe Mycalesina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrini). BMC Evol Biol 2010; 10:172. [PMID: 20537168 PMCID: PMC2898688 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-10-172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2010] [Accepted: 06/10/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Butterflies of the subtribe Mycalesina (Nymphalidae: Satyrinae) are important model organisms in ecology and evolution. This group has radiated spectacularly in the Old World tropics and presents an exciting opportunity to better understand processes of invertebrate rapid radiations. However, the generic-level taxonomy of the subtribe has been in a constant state of flux, and relationships among genera are unknown. There are six currently recognized genera in the group. Mycalesis, Lohora and Nirvanopsis are found in the Oriental region, the first of which is the most speciose genus among mycalesines, and extends into the Australasian region. Hallelesis and Bicyclus are found in mainland Africa, while Heteropsis is primarily Madagascan, with a few species in Africa. We infer the phylogeny of the group with data from three genes (total of 3139 bp) and use these data to reconstruct events in the biogeographic history of the group. Results The results indicate that the group Mycalesina radiated rapidly around the Oligocene-Miocene boundary. Basal relationships are unresolved, but we recover six well-supported clades. Some species of Mycalesis are nested within a primarily Madagascan clade of Heteropsis, while Nirvanopsis is nested within Lohora. The phylogeny suggests that the group had its origin either in Asia or Africa, and diversified through dispersals between the two regions, during the late Oligocene and early Miocene. The current dataset tentatively suggests that the Madagascan fauna comprises two independent radiations. The Australasian radiation shares a common ancestor derived from Asia. We discuss factors that are likely to have played a key role in the diversification of the group. Conclusions We propose a significantly revised classification scheme for Mycalesina. We conclude that the group originated and radiated from an ancestor that was found either in Asia or Africa, with dispersals between the two regions and to Australasia. Our phylogeny paves the way for further comparative studies on this group that will help us understand the processes underlying diversification in rapid radiations of invertebrates.
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Zelditch ML, Wood AR, Swiderski DL. Building Developmental Integration into Functional Systems: Function-Induced Integration of Mandibular Shape. Evol Biol 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s11692-008-9034-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Allen CE, Beldade P, Zwaan BJ, Brakefield PM. Differences in the selection response of serially repeated color pattern characters: standing variation, development, and evolution. BMC Evol Biol 2008; 8:94. [PMID: 18366752 PMCID: PMC2322975 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-8-94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2007] [Accepted: 03/26/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There is spectacular morphological diversity in nature but lineages typically display a limited range of phenotypes. Because developmental processes generate the phenotypic variation that fuels natural selection, they are a likely source of evolutionary biases, facilitating some changes and limiting others. Although shifts in developmental regulation are associated with morphological differences between taxa, it is unclear how underlying mechanisms affect the rate and direction of evolutionary change within populations under selection. Here we focus on two ecologically relevant features of butterfly wing color patterns, eyespot size and color composition, which are similarly and strongly correlated across the serially repeated eyespots. Though these two characters show similar patterns of standing variation and covariation within a population, they differ in key features of their underlying development. We targeted pairs of eyespots with artificial selection for coordinated (concerted selection) versus independent (antagonistic selection) change in their color composition and size and compared evolutionary responses of the two color pattern characters. Results The two characters respond to selection in strikingly different ways despite initially similar patterns of variation in all directions present in the starting population. Size (determined by local properties of a diffusing inductive signal) evolves flexibly in all selected directions. However, color composition (determined by a tissue-level response to the signal concentration gradient) evolves only in the direction of coordinated change. There was no independent evolutionary change in the color composition of two eyespots in response to antagonistic selection. Moreover, these differences in the directions of short-term evolutionary change in eyespot size and color composition within a single species are consistent with the observed wing pattern diversity in the genus. Conclusion Both characters respond rapidly to selection for coordinated change, but there are striking differences in their response to selection for antagonistic, independent change across eyespots. While many additional factors may contribute to both short- and long-term evolutionary response, we argue that the compartmentalization of developmental processes can influence the diversification of serial repeats such as butterfly eyespots, even under strong selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cerisse E Allen
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, PO Box 9516 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands.
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