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Li H, Li X, Zhou P, Zhang X, Wei C, Yao J. A Flexible Escape Skin Bioinspired by the Defensive Behavior of Shedding Scales. Soft Robot 2024; 11:296-307. [PMID: 37855814 DOI: 10.1089/soro.2022.0211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Artificial skins with functions such as sensing, variable stiffness, actuation, self-healing, display, adhesion, and camouflage have been developed and widely used, but artificial skins with escape function are still a research gap. In nature, every species of animal can use its innate skills and functions to escape capture. Inspired by the behavior of fish-scale geckoes escaping predation by shedding scales when grasped or touched, we propose a flexible escape skin by attaching artificial scales to a flexible film. Experiments demonstrate that the escape skin has significant effects in reducing escape force, escaping from harmful force environments, and resisting mechanical damage. Furthermore, we enabled active control of escape force and skin hardness by changing temperature, increasing the adaptability of the escape skin to the surrounding. Our study helps lay the foundation for engineering systems that depend on escape skin to improve robustness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haili Li
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Part Rolling Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering & Mechanics, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Xingzhi Li
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Part Rolling Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering & Mechanics, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Pan Zhou
- Parallel Robot and Mechatronic System Laboratory of Hebei Province, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Xuanhao Zhang
- Parallel Robot and Mechatronic System Laboratory of Hebei Province, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Chunjie Wei
- Parallel Robot and Mechatronic System Laboratory of Hebei Province, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Jiantao Yao
- Parallel Robot and Mechatronic System Laboratory of Hebei Province, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China
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Liu R, Ren X, Wang J, Chen T, Sun X, Lin T, Huang J, Guo Z, Luo L, Ren C, Luo P, Hu C, Cao X, Yan A, Yuan L. Transcriptomic analysis reveals the early body wall regeneration mechanism of the sea cucumber Holothuria leucospilota after artificially induced transverse fission. BMC Genomics 2023; 24:766. [PMID: 38087211 PMCID: PMC10714614 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09808-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sea cucumbers exhibit a remarkable ability to regenerate damaged or lost tissues and organs, making them an outstanding model system for investigating processes and mechanisms of regeneration. They can also reproduce asexually by transverse fission, whereby the anterior and posterior bodies can regenerate independently. Despite the recent focus on intestinal regeneration, the molecular mechanisms underlying body wall regeneration in sea cucumbers still remain unclear. RESULTS In this study, transverse fission was induced in the tropical sea cucumber, Holothuria leucospilota, through constrainment using rubber bands. Histological examination revealed the degradation and loosening of collagen fibers on day-3, followed by increased density but disorganization of the connective tissue on day-7 of regeneration. An Illumina transcriptome analysis was performed on the H. leucospilota at 0-, 3- and 7-days after artificially induced fission. The differential expression genes were classified and enriched by GO terms and KEGG database, respectively. An upregulation of genes associated with extracellular matrix remodeling was observed, while a downregulation of pluripotency factors Myc, Klf2 and Oct1 was detected, although Sox2 showed an upregulation in expression. In addition, this study also identified progressively declining expression of transcription factors in the Wnt, Hippo, TGF-β, and MAPK signaling pathways. Moreover, changes in genes related to development, stress response, apoptosis, and cytoskeleton formation were observed. The localization of the related genes was further confirmed through in situ hybridization. CONCLUSION The early regeneration of H. leucospilota body wall is associated with the degradation and subsequent reconstruction of the extracellular matrix. Pluripotency factors participate in the regenerative process. Multiple transcription factors involved in regulating cell proliferation were found to be gradually downregulated, indicating reduced cell proliferation. Moreover, genes related to development, stress response, apoptosis, and cell cytoskeleton formation were also involved in this process. Overall, this study provides new insights into the mechanisms of whole-body regeneration and uncover potential cross-species regenerative-related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renhui Liu
- School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyue Ren
- School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Junyan Wang
- School of Medicine, Foshan University, Foshan, 528000, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Chen
- Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology (LMB), South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyu Sun
- School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Tiehao Lin
- Guangdong Institute for Drug Control, Guangzhou, 510301, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiasheng Huang
- Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology (LMB), South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengyan Guo
- School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Luo
- School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunhua Ren
- Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology (LMB), South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Luo
- Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology (LMB), South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, People's Republic of China
| | - Chaoqun Hu
- Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology (LMB), South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, People's Republic of China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Guangxi Beibu Gulf Marine Research Center, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, 530007, People's Republic of China
| | - Xudong Cao
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, 999040, Canada
| | - Aifen Yan
- School of Medicine, Foshan University, Foshan, 528000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lihong Yuan
- School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China.
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Tupitsyna AV, Grigorieva AE, Soboleva SE, Maltseva NA, Sedykh SE, Poletaeva J, Dmitrenok PS, Ryabchikova EI, Nevinsky GA. Isolation of Extracellular Vesicles of Holothuria (Sea Cucumber Eupentacta fraudatrix). Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12907. [PMID: 37629088 PMCID: PMC10454321 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), carriers of molecular signals, are considered a critical link in maintaining homeostasis in mammals. Currently, there is growing interest in studying the role of EVs, including exosomes (subpopulation of EVs), in animals of other evolutionary levels, including marine invertebrates. We have studied the possibility of obtaining appropriate preparations of EVs from whole-body extract of holothuria Eupentacta fraudatrix using a standard combination of centrifugation and ultracentrifugation. However, the preparations were heavily polluted, which did not allow us to conclude that they contained vesicles. Subsequent purification by FLX gel filtration significantly reduced the pollution but did not increase vesicle concentration to a necessary level. To detect EVs presence in the body of holothurians, we used transmission electron microscopy of ultrathin sections. Late endosomes, producing the exosomes, were found in the cells of the coelom epithelium covering the gonad, digestive tube and respiratory tree, as well as in the parenchyma cells of these organs. The study of purified homogenates of these organs revealed vesicles (30-100 nm) morphologically corresponding to exosomes. Thus, we can say for sure that holothurian cells produce EVs including exosomes, which can be isolated from homogenates of visceral organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasiya V. Tupitsyna
- Siberian Division of Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Lavrentiev Ave. 8, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Alina E. Grigorieva
- Siberian Division of Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Lavrentiev Ave. 8, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Svetlana E. Soboleva
- Siberian Division of Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Lavrentiev Ave. 8, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Nadezhda A. Maltseva
- Siberian Division of Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Lavrentiev Ave. 8, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Sergey E. Sedykh
- Siberian Division of Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Lavrentiev Ave. 8, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Julia Poletaeva
- Siberian Division of Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Lavrentiev Ave. 8, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Pavel S. Dmitrenok
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Division of Russian Academy of Sciences, 159 100 let Vladivostoku Ave., 690022 Vladivostok, Russia;
| | - Elena I. Ryabchikova
- Siberian Division of Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Lavrentiev Ave. 8, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Georgy A. Nevinsky
- Siberian Division of Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Lavrentiev Ave. 8, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
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