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Hejtmánková A, Váňová J, Španielová H. Cell-penetrating peptides in the intracellular delivery of viral nanoparticles. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2021; 117:47-76. [PMID: 34420585 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2021.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) are a promising tool for the intracellular delivery of cargo. Due to their ability to cross membranes while also cotransporting various cargoes, they offer great potential for biomedical applications. Several CPPs have been derived from viral proteins with natural roles in the viral replication cycle that require them to breach or fuse to cellular membranes. Additionally, the ability of viruses to cross membranes makes viruses and virus-based particles a convenient model for research on nanoparticle delivery and nanoparticle-mediated gene therapy. In this chapter, we aim to characterize CPPs derived from both structural and nonstructural viral proteins. Their function as enhancers of viral infection and transduction by viral nanoparticles as well as the main features of viral CPPs employed in intracellular cargo delivery are summarized to emphasize their potential use in nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alžběta Hejtmánková
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Váňová
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Španielová
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the CAS, Prague, Czech Republic.
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2
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Shahriari M, Zahiri M, Abnous K, Taghdisi SM, Ramezani M, Alibolandi M. Enzyme responsive drug delivery systems in cancer treatment. J Control Release 2019; 308:172-189. [PMID: 31295542 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Recent technological approaches in drug delivery have attracted scientist interest for improving therapeutic index of medicines and drug compliance. One of the powerful strategies to control the transportation of drugs is implementation of intelligent stimuli-responsive drug delivery system (DDS). In this regard, tumor tissues with unique characteristics including leaky vasculature and diverse enzyme expression profiles facilitate the development of efficient enzyme-responsive nanoscale delivery systems. Based on the stimuli nature (physical, chemical and biological), these systems can be categorized into three groups according to the nature of trigger initiating the drug release. Enzymes are substantial constituents of the biotechnology toolbox offering promising capabilities and ideal characteristics to accelerate chemical reactions. Nanoparticles which have the ability to trigger their cargo release in the presence of specific enzymes are fabricated implementing fascinating physico-chemical properties of different materials in a nanoscale dimension. In order to reduce the adverse effects of the therapeutic agents, nanocarriers can be utilized and modified with enzyme-labile linkages to provide on-demand enzyme-responsive drug release. In the current review, we give an overview of drug delivery systems which can deliver drugs to the tumor microenvironment and initiate the drug release in response to specific enzymes highly expressed in particular tumor tissues. This strategy offers a versatile platform for intelligent drug release at the site of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Shahriari
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahsa Zahiri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Khalil Abnous
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Taghdisi
- Targeted Drug Delivery Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ramezani
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Mona Alibolandi
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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3
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Morais CM, Cardoso AM, Cunha PP, Aguiar L, Vale N, Lage E, Pinheiro M, Nunes C, Gomes P, Reis S, Castro MMCA, Pedroso de Lima MC, Jurado AS. Acylation of the S4 13-PV cell-penetrating peptide as a means of enhancing its capacity to mediate nucleic acid delivery: Relevance of peptide/lipid interactions. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2018; 1860:2619-2634. [PMID: 30291923 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 09/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) have been extensively exploited in gene therapy approaches as vectors for intracellular delivery of bioactive molecules. The ability of CPPs to be internalized into cells and their capacity to complex nucleic acids depend on their molecular structure, both primary and secondary, namely regarding hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity. CPP acylation has been used as a strategy to improve this structural feature. METHODS Acyl groups (from 6 to 18 carbon atoms) were attached to the S413-PV peptide and their effects on the peptide competence to complex siRNAs and to mediate gene silencing in glioblastoma (GBM) cells were studied. A systematic characterization of membrane interactions with S413-PV acyl-derivatives was also conducted, using different biophysical techniques (surface pressure-area isotherms in Langmuir monolayers, DSC and 31P NMR) to unravel a relationship between CPP biological activity and CPP effects on membrane stability and lipid organization. RESULTS A remarkable concordance was noticed between acylated-S413-PV peptide competence to promote gene silencing in GBM cells and disturbance induced in membrane models, the lauroyl- and myristoyl-S413-PV peptides being the most effective. A cut-off effect was described for the first time regarding the influence of acyl-chain length on CPP bioactivity. CONCLUSIONS C12-S413-PV showed high capacity to destabilize lipid bilayers, to escape from lysosomal degradation and to mediate gene silencing without promoting cytotoxicity. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Besides unraveling a new CPP with high potential to be employed as a gene delivery vector, this work emphasizes the benefit from allying biophysical and biological studies towards a proper CPP structural refinement for successful pre-clinical/clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina M Morais
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana M Cardoso
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Pedro P Cunha
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Luísa Aguiar
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Nuno Vale
- UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Emílio Lage
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemical Sciences, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Marina Pinheiro
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemical Sciences, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Nunes
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemical Sciences, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula Gomes
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Salette Reis
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemical Sciences, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - M Margarida C A Castro
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Coimbra Chemistry Center, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | | | - Amália S Jurado
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
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Anajafi T, Yu J, Sedigh A, Haldar MK, Muhonen WW, Oberlander S, Wasness H, Froberg J, Molla MS, Katti KS, Choi Y, Shabb JB, Srivastava DK, Mallik S. Nuclear Localizing Peptide-Conjugated, Redox-Sensitive Polymersomes for Delivering Curcumin and Doxorubicin to Pancreatic Cancer Microtumors. Mol Pharm 2017; 14:1916-1928. [PMID: 28493710 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.7b00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Improving the therapeutic index of anticancer agents is an enormous challenge. Targeting decreases the side effects of the therapeutic agents by delivering the drugs to the intended destination. Nanocarriers containing the nuclear localizing peptide sequences (NLS) translocate to the cell nuclei. However, the nuclear localization peptides are nonselective and cannot distinguish the malignant cells from the healthy counterparts. In this study, we designed a "masked" NLS peptide which is activated only in the presence of overexpressed matrix metalloproteinase-7 (MMP-7) enzyme in the pancreatic cancer microenvironment. This peptide is conjugated to the surface of redox responsive polymersomes to deliver doxorubicin and curcumin to the pancreatic cancer cell nucleus. We have tested the formulation in both two- and three-dimensional cultures of pancreatic cancer and normal cells. Our studies revealed that the drug-encapsulated polymeric vesicles are significantly more toxic toward the cancer cells (shrinking the spheroids up to 49%) compared to the normal cells (shrinking the spheroids up to 24%). This study can lead to the development of other organelle targeted drug delivery systems for various human malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Wallace W Muhonen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota , Grand Forks, North Dakota 58202, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - John B Shabb
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota , Grand Forks, North Dakota 58202, United States
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Munsell EV, Ross NL, Sullivan MO. Journey to the Center of the Cell: Current Nanocarrier Design Strategies Targeting Biopharmaceuticals to the Cytoplasm and Nucleus. Curr Pharm Des 2016; 22:1227-44. [PMID: 26675220 DOI: 10.2174/1381612822666151216151420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
New biopharmaceutical molecules, potentially able to provide more personalized and effective treatments, are being identified through the advent of advanced synthetic biology strategies, sophisticated chemical synthesis approaches, and new analytical methods to assess biological potency. However, translation of many of these structures has been significantly limited due to the need for more efficient strategies to deliver macromolecular therapeutics to desirable intracellular sites of action. Engineered nanocarriers that encapsulate peptides, proteins, or nucleic acids are generally internalized into target cells via one of several endocytic pathways. These nanostructures, entrapped within endosomes, must navigate the intracellular milieu to orchestrate delivery to the intended destination, typically the cytoplasm or nucleus. For therapeutics active in the cytoplasm, endosomal escape continues to represent a limiting step to effective treatment, since a majority of nanocarriers trapped within endosomes are ultimately marked for enzymatic degradation in lysosomes. Therapeutics active in the nucleus have the added challenges of reaching and penetrating the nuclear envelope, and nuclear delivery remains a preeminent challenge preventing clinical translation of gene therapy applications. Herein, we review cutting-edge peptide- and polymer-based design strategies with the potential to enable significant improvements in biopharmaceutical efficacy through improved intracellular targeting. These strategies often mimic the activities of pathogens, which have developed innate and highly effective mechanisms to penetrate plasma membranes and enter the nucleus of host cells. Understanding these mechanisms has enabled advances in synthetic peptide and polymer design that may ultimately improve intracellular trafficking and bioavailability, leading to increased access to new classes of biotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Millicent O Sullivan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, Newark, DE 19716, Delaware.
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6
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Enhancing Anticancer Effect of Gefitinib across the Blood-Brain Barrier Model Using Liposomes Modified with One α-Helical Cell-Penetrating Peptide or Glutathione and Tween 80. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17121998. [PMID: 27916828 PMCID: PMC5187798 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17121998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI), such as gefitinib, have been demonstrated to effectively treat the patients of extracranial non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, these patients often develop brain metastasis (BM) during their disease course. The major obstacle to treat BM is the limited penetration of anticancer drugs across the blood-brain barrier (BBB). In the present study, we utilized gefitinib-loaded liposomes with different modifications to improve gefitinib delivery across the in vitro BBB model of bEnd.3 cells. Gefitinib was encapsulated in small unilamellar liposomes modified with glutathione (GSH) and Tween 80 (SUV-G+T; one ligand plus one surfactant) or RF (SUV-RF; one α-helical cell-penetrating peptide). GSH, Tween 80, and RF were tested by the sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay to find their non-cytotoxic concentrations on bEnd.3 cells. The enhancement on gefitinib across the BBB was evaluated by cytotoxicity assay on human lung adenocarcinoma PC9 cells under the bEnd.3 cells grown on the transwell inserts. Our findings showed that gefitinib incorporated in SUV-G+T or SUV-RF across the bEnd.3 cells significantly reduced the viability of PC9 cells more than that of free gefitinib. Furthermore, SUV-RF showed no cytotoxicity on bEnd.3 cells and did not affect the transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) and transendothelial permeability of sodium fluorescein across the BBB model. Moreover, flow cytometry and confocal laser scanning microscopy were employed to evaluate the endocytosis pathways of SUV-RF. The results indicated that the uptake into bEnd.3 cells was mainly through adsorptive-mediated mechanism via electrostatic interaction and partially through clathrin-mediated endocytosis. In conclusion, cell penetrating peptide-conjugated SUV-RF shed light on improving drug transport across the BBB via modulating the transcytosis pathway(s).
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7
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Sun Y, Xian L, Xing H, Yu J, Yang Z, Yang T, Yang L, Ding P. Factors influencing the nuclear targeting ability of nuclear localization signals. J Drug Target 2016; 24:927-933. [DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2016.1184273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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8
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Reissmann S. Cell penetration: scope and limitations by the application of cell-penetrating peptides. J Pept Sci 2014; 20:760-84. [DOI: 10.1002/psc.2672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Siegmund Reissmann
- Friedrich Schiller University, Biological and Pharmaceutical Faculty; Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics; Dornburger Strasse 25 07743 Jena Germany
- Jena Bioscience GmbH; Loebstedter Strasse 80 07749 Jena Germany
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9
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Cardoso AM, Morais CM, Silva SG, Marques EF, de Lima MCP, Jurado MAS. Bis-quaternary gemini surfactants as components of nonviral gene delivery systems: a comprehensive study from physicochemical properties to membrane interactions. Int J Pharm 2014; 474:57-69. [PMID: 25111434 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Gemini surfactants have been successfully used as components of gene delivery systems. In the present work, a family of gemini surfactants, represented by the general structure [CmH2m+1(CH3)2N(+)(CH2)sN(+)(CH3)2CmH2m+1]2Br(-), or simply m-s-m, was used to prepare cationic gene carriers, aiming at their application in transfection studies. An extensive characterization of the gemini surfactant-based complexes, produced with and without the helper lipids cholesterol and DOPE, was carried out in order to correlate their physico-chemical properties with transfection efficiency. The most efficient complexes were those containing helper lipids, which, combining amphiphiles with propensity to form structures with different intrinsic curvatures, displayed a morphologically labile architecture, putatively implicated in the efficient DNA release upon complex interaction with membranes. While complexes lacking helper lipids were translocated directly across the lipid bilayer, complexes containing helper lipids were taken up by cells also by macropinocytosis. This study contributes to shed light on the relationship between important physico-chemical properties of surfactant-based DNA vectors and their efficiency to promote gene transfer, which may represent a step forward to the rational design of gene delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Cardoso
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Catarina M Morais
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sandra G Silva
- Centro de Investigação em Química, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Eduardo F Marques
- Centro de Investigação em Química, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria C Pedroso de Lima
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maria Amália S Jurado
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
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10
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Cardoso AM, Trabulo S, Cardoso AL, Maia S, Gomes P, Jurado AS, Pedroso de Lima MC. Comparison of the Efficiency of Complexes Based on S413-PV Cell-Penetrating Peptides in Plasmid DNA and siRNA Delivery. Mol Pharm 2013; 10:2653-66. [DOI: 10.1021/mp400078h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana M. Cardoso
- CNC - Centre for Neuroscience
and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sara Trabulo
- CNC - Centre for Neuroscience
and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana L. Cardoso
- CNC - Centre for Neuroscience
and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sílvia Maia
- CIQUP, Department
of Chemistry
and Biochemistry, University of Porto,
Portugal
| | - Paula Gomes
- CIQUP, Department
of Chemistry
and Biochemistry, University of Porto,
Portugal
| | - Amália S. Jurado
- CNC - Centre for Neuroscience
and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Portugal
- Department of Life
Sciences, University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maria C. Pedroso de Lima
- CNC - Centre for Neuroscience
and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Portugal
- Department of Life
Sciences, University of Coimbra, Portugal
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11
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Qu W, Qin SY, Ren S, Jiang XJ, Zhuo RX, Zhang XZ. Peptide-Based Vector of VEGF Plasmid for Efficient Gene Delivery in Vitro and Vessel Formation in Vivo. Bioconjug Chem 2013; 24:960-7. [DOI: 10.1021/bc300677n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Qu
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education & Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Si-Yong Qin
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education & Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Shan Ren
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060,
P. R. China
| | - Xue-Jun Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060,
P. R. China
| | - Ren-Xi Zhuo
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education & Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Xian-Zheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education & Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
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12
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Bastos M, Alves N, Maia S, Gomes P, Inaba A, Miyazaki Y, Zanotti JM. Hydration water and peptide dynamics – two sides of a coin. A neutron scattering and adiabatic calorimetry study at low hydration and cryogenic temperatures. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2013; 15:16693-703. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp51937f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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13
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Qu W, Qin SY, Kuang Y, Zhuo RX, Zhang XZ. Peptide-based vectors mediated by avidin–biotin interaction for tumor targeted gene delivery. J Mater Chem B 2013; 1:2147-2154. [DOI: 10.1039/c3tb00226h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Veiman KL, Mäger I, Ezzat K, Margus H, Lehto T, Langel K, Kurrikoff K, Arukuusk P, Suhorutšenko J, Padari K, Pooga M, Lehto T, Langel Ü. PepFect14 peptide vector for efficient gene delivery in cell cultures. Mol Pharm 2012. [PMID: 23186360 DOI: 10.1021/mp3003557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The successful applicability of gene therapy approaches will heavily rely on the development of efficient and safe nonviral gene delivery vectors, for example, cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs). CPPs can condense oligonucleotides and plasmid DNA (pDNA) into nanoparticles, thus allowing the transfection of genetic material into cells. However, despite few promising attempts, CPP-mediated pDNA delivery has been relatively inefficient due to the unfavorable nanoparticle characteristics or the nanoparticle entrapment to endocytic compartments. In many cases, both of these drawbacks could be alleviated by modifying CPPs with a stearic acid residue, as demonstrated in the delivery of both the pDNA and the short oligonucleotides. In this study, PepFect14 (PF14) peptide, previously used for the transport of shorter oligonucleotides, is demonstrated to be suited also for the delivery of pDNA. It is shown that PF14 forms stable nanoparticles with pDNA with a negative surface charge and size of around 130-170 nm. These nanoparticles facilitate efficient gene delivery and expression in a variety of regular adherent cell lines and also in difficult-to-transfect primary cells. Uptake studies indicate that PF14/pDNA nanoparticles are utilizing class A scavenger receptors (SCARA) and caveolae-mediated endocytosis as the main route for cellular internalization. Conclusively, PF14 is an efficient nonviral vector for gene delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kadi-Liis Veiman
- Laboratory of Molecular Biotechnology, Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
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15
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Lehto T, Kurrikoff K, Langel Ü. Cell-penetrating peptides for the delivery of nucleic acids. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2012; 9:823-36. [PMID: 22594635 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2012.689285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Different gene therapy approaches have gained extensive interest lately and, after many initial hurdles, several promising approaches have reached to the clinics. Successful implementation of gene therapy is heavily relying on finding efficient measures to deliver genetic material to cells. Recently, non-viral delivery of nucleic acids and their analogs has gained significant interest. Among non-viral vectors, cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) have been extensively used for the delivery of nucleic acids both in vitro and in vivo. AREAS COVERED In this review we will discuss recent advances of CPP-mediated delivery of nucleic acid-based cargo, concentrating on the delivery of plasmid DNA, splice-correcting ONs, and small-interfering RNAs. EXPERT OPINION CPPs have proved their potential as carriers for nucleic acids. However, similarly to other non-viral vectors, CPPs require further development, as efficient systemic delivery is still seldom achieved. To achieve this, CPPs should be modified with entities that would allow better endosomal escape, targeting of specific tissues and cells, and shielding agents that increase the half-life of the vehicles. Finally, to understand the clinical potential of CPPs, they require more thorough investigations in clinically relevant disease models and in pre-clinical and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taavi Lehto
- University of Tartu, Institute of Technology, Laboratory of Molecular Biotechnology, Tartu, Estonia.
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16
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Enhanced cell uptake of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles through direct chemisorption of FITC-Tat-PEG₆₀₀-b-poly(glycerol monoacrylate). Int J Pharm 2012; 430:372-80. [PMID: 22531849 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2012.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2011] [Revised: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 04/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) functionalized with specific ligands are emerging as a highly integrated platform for cancer targeting, drug delivery, and magnetic resonance imaging applications. In this study, we describe a multifunctional magnetic nanoparticle system (FITC-Tat MNPs) consisting of a fluorescently labeled cell penetrating peptide (FITC-Tat peptide), a biocompatible block copolymer PEG(600)-b-poly(glycerol monoacrylate) (PEG(600)-b-PGA), and a superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) nanoparticle core. The particles were prepared by direct chemisorption of PEG(600)-b-PGA conjugated with FITC-Tat peptide on the SPIO nanoparticles. FITC-MNPs without Tat were prepared for comparison. Flow cytometry assays revealed significantly higher uptake of FITC-Tat MNPs compared to FITC-MNPs in Caco-2 cells. These results were confirmed using confocal laser scanning microscopy (LSCM), which further demonstrated that the FITC-Tat MNPs accumulated in the cytoplasm and nucleus while the FITC-MNPs were localized in the cell membrane compartments. The FITC-Tat MNPs did not exhibit observable cytotoxicity in MTS assays.
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17
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Cardoso AM, Trabulo S, Cardoso AL, Lorents A, Morais CM, Gomes P, Nunes C, Lúcio M, Reis S, Padari K, Pooga M, Pedroso de Lima MC, Jurado AS. S4(13)-PV cell-penetrating peptide induces physical and morphological changes in membrane-mimetic lipid systems and cell membranes: Implications for cell internalization. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2012; 1818:877-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2011.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2011] [Revised: 12/05/2011] [Accepted: 12/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Trabulo S, Cardoso AL, Cardoso AMS, Düzgüneş N, Jurado AS, de Lima MCP. Cell-penetrating peptide-based systems for nucleic acid delivery: a biological and biophysical approach. Methods Enzymol 2012; 509:277-300. [PMID: 22568911 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-391858-1.00014-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The increasing knowledge on the genetic basis of disease provides a platform for the development of promising gene-targeted therapies that can be applied to numerous pathological conditions, including cancer. Such genetic-based approaches involve the use of nucleic acids as therapeutic agents, either for the insertion or for the repair and regulation of specific genes. However, despite the huge pharmacological potential of these molecules, their application remains highly dependent on the development of delivery systems capable of mediating efficient cellular uptake. The discovery of a class of small peptides, the so-called cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs), which are able to very efficiently cross cell membranes through a mechanism that is independent of membrane receptors or transporters and avoids lysosomal enzymatic degradation, has been enthusiastically considered of key interest to improve noninvasive cellular delivery of therapeutic molecules. A large number of CPPs have been applied successfully to mediate the intracellular delivery of nucleic acids, including the S4(13)PV peptide for which interactions with membranes and resulting biological effects are illustrated in this chapter. Here, we provide a description of the experimental procedures for the preparation of CPP-based nucleic acid complexes and assessment of their formation, the selection of those protocols leading to the most efficient complexes, the biophysical characterization of CPP membrane interactions, and the evaluation of the biological and cytotoxic activity of the complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Trabulo
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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Duarte S, Faneca H, Lima MCPD. Folate-associated lipoplexes mediate efficient gene delivery and potent antitumoral activity in vitro and in vivo. Int J Pharm 2011; 423:365-77. [PMID: 22209825 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2011] [Revised: 12/14/2011] [Accepted: 12/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The lack of suitable vectors for efficient nucleic acid delivery into target cells represents a major hurdle for the successful application of gene therapy. Cationic liposomes exhibit attractive features for gene delivery, but their efficacy is still unsatisfactory, particularly for in vivo applications, which justifies the drive to further improve their performance by developing novel and efficient formulations. In the present study, we generated a new formulation of lipoplexes through electrostatic association of folate (FA) to 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-ethylphosphocholine (EPOPC):cholesterol (Chol) liposomes, prepared at different lipid/DNA charge ratios, and explored their potential to mediate gene delivery. The optimal FA-lipoplex formulation was evaluated for its efficacy to mediate antitumoral activity upon application of HSV-tk suicide gene therapy, both in vitro and in an animal model of oral cancer. Our results demonstrate that FA-EPOPC:Chol/DNA lipoplexes were able to promote a great enhancement of transfection and high in vitro antitumoral activity compared to plain lipoplexes in two different cancer cell lines. Most importantly, a considerable reduction of tumor growth was achieved with the developed FA-lipoplexes as compared to that observed for control FA-lipoplexes or plain lipoplexes. Overall, our study shows that FA-EPOPC:Chol/DNA lipoplexes constitute a promising system for the successful application of suicide gene therapy aiming at treating solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sónia Duarte
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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Yi WJ, Yang J, Li C, Wang HY, Liu CW, Tao L, Cheng SX, Zhuo RX, Zhang XZ. Enhanced Nuclear Import and Transfection Efficiency of TAT Peptide-Based Gene Delivery Systems Modified by Additional Nuclear Localization Signals. Bioconjug Chem 2011; 23:125-34. [DOI: 10.1021/bc2005472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jie Yi
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education & Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Juan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education & Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Cao Li
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education & Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Hui-Yuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education & Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Chen-Wei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education & Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Li Tao
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education & Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Si-Xue Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education & Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Ren-Xi Zhuo
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education & Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Xian-Zheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education & Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
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van Gaal EVB, Oosting RS, van Eijk R, Bakowska M, Feyen D, Kok RJ, Hennink WE, Crommelin DJA, Mastrobattista E. DNA nuclear targeting sequences for non-viral gene delivery. Pharm Res 2011; 28:1707-22. [PMID: 21424159 PMCID: PMC3109246 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-011-0407-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2010] [Accepted: 02/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To evaluate if introduction of DNA nuclear Targeting Sequences (DTS; i.e. recognition sequences for endogenous DNA-binding proteins) in plasmid DNA (pDNA) leads to increased transfection efficiency of non-viral gene delivery by virtue of enhanced nuclear import of the pDNA. Methods A set of DTS was identified and cloned into EGFP-reporter plasmids controlled by the CMV-promoter. These pDNA constructs were delivered into A431 and HeLa cells using standard electroporation, pEI-based polyfection or lipofection methods. The amount of pDNA delivered into the nucleus was determined by qPCR; transfection efficiency was determined by flow cytometry. Results Neither of these DTS increased transgene expression. We varied several parameters (mitotic activity, applied dose and delivery strategy), but without effect. Although upregulated transgene expression was observed after stimulation with TNF-α, this effect could be ascribed to non-specific upregulation of transcription rather than enhanced nuclear import. Nuclear copy numbers of plasmids containing or lacking a DTS did not differ significantly after lipofectamine-based transfection in dividing and non-dividing cells. Conclusion No beneficial effects of DTS on gene expression or nuclear uptake were observed in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethlinn V B van Gaal
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CA, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs), in particular TATp, have been widely used for intracellular delivery of various cargoes, both in vitro and in vivo. Modifications of nanoparticles with CPPs require either covalent or noncovalent approach. Here we describe various methods to attach CPP, such as TATp to surface of nanocarriers (such as liposomes and micelles), loading with drug or DNA and characterization of same for in vitro and in vivo applications. Due to nonselectivity of CPPs and wide distribution in nontarget areas, method for preparation of "smart" nanocarrier with hidden TATp function is also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupa Sawant
- Research Associate Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
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Duarte S, Faneca H, de Lima MCP. Non-covalent association of folate to lipoplexes: a promising strategy to improve gene delivery in the presence of serum. J Control Release 2010; 149:264-72. [PMID: 21044650 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2010.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2010] [Revised: 10/18/2010] [Accepted: 10/22/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The success of gene therapy depends on the efficient delivery of therapeutic genes into target cells in vitro and in vivo. Non-viral vectors, such as cationic liposome-DNA complexes (lipoplexes), have been used for numerous gene delivery applications, although their efficacy is still limited, particularly when compared to that of viral vectors. In this work, we assessed the efficacy of a new gene delivery system generated by non-covalent association of folate to lipoplexes (FA-associated lipoplexes) in two different cancer cell lines (SCC-VII and TSA cells). Association of FA with liposomes composed of DOTAP and cholesterol, and subsequent complexation with DNA greatly increased transfection efficiency above that obtained with plain lipoplexes in both cell lines. The addition of 40μg of FA to lipoplexes was optimal for transfection and allowed to overcome the inhibitory effect induced by the presence of serum. Notably, the biological activity of the FA-associated complexes was even significantly improved under these conditions. Transfection activity mediated by FA-associated lipoplexes was compared with that by FA-conjugated lipoplexes, and the results showed that electrostatic association of FA to the lipoplexes led to considerably higher levels of biological activity than that involving covalent coupling of FA. Moreover, FA-associated lipoplexes confer greater DNA protection than FA-conjugated lipoplexes. To our knowledge, this is the first study reporting the characterization and application of FA-associated lipoplexes in gene delivery and showing their greater efficacy than that of FA-conjugated lipoplexes. Overall, the results obtained in the present work constitute a strong indication that the developed FA-associated lipoplexes are promising candidates for in vivo gene delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sónia Duarte
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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Hoare M, Greiser U, Schu S, Mashayekhi K, Aydogan E, Murphy M, Barry F, Ritter T, O'Brien T. Enhanced lipoplex-mediated gene expression in mesenchymal stem cells using reiterated nuclear localization sequence peptides. J Gene Med 2010; 12:207-18. [PMID: 20082426 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.1426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are widely regarded as a promising tool for cellular therapy applications, and genetic modification by safe, liposome-based vectors may enhance their therapeutic potential. METHODS The present study describes the use of a cationic lipid vector (Lipofectamine 2000) to deliver genes to MSC isolated from a number of species in vitro and determined the characteristics of this vector system in terms of dose, toxicity and the time course of expression. In addition, the optimal use of a nuclear localization sequence (NLS) to enhance gene expression was explored. RESULTS Lipofection of human MSC did not adversely affect their ability to differentiate into osteogenic- and adipogenic lineages. Although human and rat MSC were found to take up lipoplexes with relative efficiency, lower levels of gene expression were detected in rabbit MSC, demonstrating a crucial effect of species. Peptides containing reiterated motifs of NLS were found to significantly improve on the level of transgene expression. Optimal gene delivery was observed when a three-fold reiterated NLS sequence was included in the liposome formulation. CONCLUSIONS Thus, nonviral gene delivery to MSC is feasible with efficiency being species dependent and can be enhanced by use of a three-fold reiterated NLS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Hoare
- Regenerative Medicine Institute, National Centre for Biomedical Engineering Science & Department of Medicine, National University of Ireland, Galway, Republic of Ireland
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Trabulo S, Cardoso AL, Mano M, De Lima MCP. Cell-Penetrating Peptides-Mechanisms of Cellular Uptake and Generation of Delivery Systems. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2010; 3:961-993. [PMID: 27713284 PMCID: PMC4034016 DOI: 10.3390/ph3040961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2009] [Revised: 02/20/2010] [Accepted: 03/29/2010] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The successful clinical application of nucleic acid-based therapeutic strategies has been limited by the poor delivery efficiency achieved by existing vectors. The development of alternative delivery systems for improved biological activity is, therefore, mandatory. Since the seminal observations two decades ago that the Tat protein, and derived peptides, can translocate across biological membranes, cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) have been considered one of the most promising tools to improve non-invasive cellular delivery of therapeutic molecules. Despite extensive research on the use of CPPs for this purpose, the exact mechanisms underlying their cellular uptake and that of peptide conjugates remain controversial. Over the last years, our research group has been focused on the S413-PV cell-penetrating peptide, a prototype of this class of peptides that results from the combination of 13-amino-acid cell penetrating sequence derived from the Dermaseptin S4 peptide with the SV40 large T antigen nuclear localization signal. By performing an extensive biophysical and biochemical characterization of this peptide and its analogs, we have gained important insights into the mechanisms governing the interaction of CPPs with cells and their translocation across biological membranes. More recently, we have started to explore this peptide for the intracellular delivery of nucleic acids (plasmid DNA, siRNA and oligonucleotides). In this review we discuss the current knowledge of the mechanisms responsible for the cellular uptake of cell-penetrating peptides, including the S413-PV peptide, and the potential of peptide-based formulations to mediate nucleic acid delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Trabulo
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology of Coimbra, Department of Zoology, University of Coimbra, Portugal
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Coimbra, Apartado 3126, 3001-401 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Luísa Cardoso
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology of Coimbra, Department of Zoology, University of Coimbra, Portugal
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Coimbra, Apartado 3126, 3001-401 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Miguel Mano
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology of Coimbra, Department of Zoology, University of Coimbra, Portugal
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Coimbra, Apartado 3126, 3001-401 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maria C Pedroso De Lima
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology of Coimbra, Department of Zoology, University of Coimbra, Portugal.
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Coimbra, Apartado 3126, 3001-401 Coimbra, Portugal.
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A non-covalent strategy combining cationic lipids and CPPs to enhance the delivery of splice correcting oligonucleotides. J Control Release 2010; 145:149-58. [PMID: 20362021 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2010.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2009] [Revised: 02/23/2010] [Accepted: 03/25/2010] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Modulation of pre-mRNA splicing by steric-block oligonucleotides constitutes a promising strategy for the treatment of many diseases, but requires efficient delivery to cell nuclei. In the present study, we evaluated the efficacy of a non-covalent strategy that combines a cell penetrating peptide with a lipoplex-based formulation to mediate the delivery of splice-switching oligonucleotides. The splice correcting ability of these new formulations was assessed using splice-switching oligonucleotides targeted towards the mutated splicing site of human beta-globin pre-mRNA in the HeLa pLuc/705 splice correction model. Importantly, the optimal splice correcting activity was exhibited by the formulation containing both lipid and peptide components, the order of component addition in these formulations being crucial for their efficacy. Our results demonstrate that the inclusion of cationic liposomes in the formulation provides the ability to improve release from endocytic vesicles, a barrier that severely limits the efficiency of oligonucleotide delivery by cell penetrating peptides. On the other hand, cell penetrating peptides potentiate the cellular uptake and delivery of the oligonucleotides by the lipoplexes. Moreover, when combining cell penetrating peptides with the lipoplex formulations, a significant reduction in the amount of required cationic lipid could be achieved, while maintaining or even enhancing biological activity.
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Padari K, Koppel K, Lorents A, Hällbrink M, Mano M, Pedroso de Lima MC, Pooga M. S413-PV Cell-Penetrating Peptide Forms Nanoparticle-Like Structures to Gain Entry Into Cells. Bioconjug Chem 2010; 21:774-83. [DOI: 10.1021/bc900577e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kärt Padari
- Department of Developmental Biology, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, EE51010 Tartu, Estonia, Department of Neurochemistry, Stockholm University, SE10691 Stockholm, Sweden, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology and Department of Biochemistry, University of Coimbra, 3001-401 Coimbra, Portugal, and Estonian Biocentre, EE51010 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kaida Koppel
- Department of Developmental Biology, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, EE51010 Tartu, Estonia, Department of Neurochemistry, Stockholm University, SE10691 Stockholm, Sweden, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology and Department of Biochemistry, University of Coimbra, 3001-401 Coimbra, Portugal, and Estonian Biocentre, EE51010 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Annely Lorents
- Department of Developmental Biology, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, EE51010 Tartu, Estonia, Department of Neurochemistry, Stockholm University, SE10691 Stockholm, Sweden, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology and Department of Biochemistry, University of Coimbra, 3001-401 Coimbra, Portugal, and Estonian Biocentre, EE51010 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mattias Hällbrink
- Department of Developmental Biology, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, EE51010 Tartu, Estonia, Department of Neurochemistry, Stockholm University, SE10691 Stockholm, Sweden, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology and Department of Biochemistry, University of Coimbra, 3001-401 Coimbra, Portugal, and Estonian Biocentre, EE51010 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Miguel Mano
- Department of Developmental Biology, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, EE51010 Tartu, Estonia, Department of Neurochemistry, Stockholm University, SE10691 Stockholm, Sweden, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology and Department of Biochemistry, University of Coimbra, 3001-401 Coimbra, Portugal, and Estonian Biocentre, EE51010 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Maria C. Pedroso de Lima
- Department of Developmental Biology, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, EE51010 Tartu, Estonia, Department of Neurochemistry, Stockholm University, SE10691 Stockholm, Sweden, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology and Department of Biochemistry, University of Coimbra, 3001-401 Coimbra, Portugal, and Estonian Biocentre, EE51010 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Margus Pooga
- Department of Developmental Biology, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, EE51010 Tartu, Estonia, Department of Neurochemistry, Stockholm University, SE10691 Stockholm, Sweden, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology and Department of Biochemistry, University of Coimbra, 3001-401 Coimbra, Portugal, and Estonian Biocentre, EE51010 Tartu, Estonia
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Opanasopit P, Rojanarata T, Apirakaramwong A, Ngawhirunpat T, Ruktanonchai U. Nuclear localization signal peptides enhance transfection efficiency of chitosan/DNA complexes. Int J Pharm 2009; 382:291-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2009.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2009] [Revised: 08/04/2009] [Accepted: 08/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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