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Barnett KC, Coronas-Serna JM, Zhou W, Ernandes MJ, Cao A, Kranzusch PJ, Kagan JC. Phosphoinositide Interactions Position cGAS at the Plasma Membrane to Ensure Efficient Distinction between Self- and Viral DNA. Cell 2019; 176:1432-1446.e11. [PMID: 30827685 PMCID: PMC6697112 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.01.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The presence of DNA in the cytosol of mammalian cells is an unusual event that is often associated with genotoxic stress or viral infection. The enzyme cGAS is a sensor of cytosolic DNA that induces interferon and inflammatory responses that can be protective or pathologic, depending on the context. Along with other cytosolic innate immune receptors, cGAS is thought to diffuse throughout the cytosol in search of its DNA ligand. Herein, we report that cGAS is not a cytosolic protein but rather localizes to the plasma membrane via the actions of an N-terminal phosphoinositide-binding domain. This domain interacts selectively with PI(4,5)P2, and cGAS mutants defective for lipid binding are mislocalized to the cytosolic and nuclear compartments. Mislocalized cGAS induces potent interferon responses to genotoxic stress, but weaker responses to viral infection. These data establish the subcellular positioning of a cytosolic innate immune receptor as a mechanism that governs self-nonself discrimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine C Barnett
- Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Julia M Coronas-Serna
- Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia. Universidad Complutense de Madrid e Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IRYCIS), Plaza de Ramón y Cajal sn, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Wen Zhou
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael J Ernandes
- Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Anh Cao
- Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Philip J Kranzusch
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA; Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy at Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jonathan C Kagan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Borroto A, Arellano I, Blanco R, Fuentes M, Orfao A, Dopfer EP, Prouza M, Suchànek M, Schamel WW, Alarcón B. Relevance of Nck-CD3 epsilon interaction for T cell activation in vivo. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:2042-53. [PMID: 24470497 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1203414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
On TCR ligation, the adaptor Nck is recruited through its src homology 3.1 domain to a proline-rich sequence (PRS) in CD3ε. We have studied the relevance of this interaction for T cell activation in vitro and in vivo by targeting the interaction sites in both partners. The first approach consisted of studying a knockin (KI) mouse line (KI-PRS) bearing a conservative mutation in the PRS that makes the TCR incompetent to recruit Nck. This deficiency prevents T cell activation by Ag in vitro and inhibited very early TCR signaling events including the tyrosine phosphorylation of CD3ζ. Most important, KI-PRS mice are partly protected against the development of neurological symptoms in an experimental autoimmune encephalitis model, and show a deficient antitumoral response after vaccination. The second approach consisted of using a high-affinity peptide that specifically binds the src homology 3.1 domain and prevents the interaction of Nck with CD3ε. This peptide inhibits T cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo. These data suggest that Nck recruitment to the TCR is fundamental to mount an efficient T cell response in vivo, and that the Nck-CD3ε interaction may represent a target for pharmacological modulation of the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldo Borroto
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain
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Weiss R, Scheiblhofer S, Roesler E, Weinberger E, Thalhamer J. mRNA vaccination as a safe approach for specific protection from type I allergy. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 11:55-67. [DOI: 10.1586/erv.11.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Bohnen C, Wangorsch A, Schülke S, Nakajima-Adachi H, Hachimura S, Burggraf M, Süzer Y, Schwantes A, Sutter G, Waibler Z, Reese G, Toda M, Scheurer S, Vieths S. Vaccination with recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara prevents the onset of intestinal allergy in mice. Allergy 2013; 68:1021-8. [PMID: 23909913 DOI: 10.1111/all.12192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA)-encoding antigens are considered as safe vaccine candidates for various infectious diseases in humans. Here, we investigated the immune-modulating properties of MVA-encoding ovalbumin (MVA-OVA) on the allergen-specific immune response. METHODS The immune-modulating properties of MVA-OVA were investigated using GM-CSF-differentiated BMDCs from C57BL/6 mice. OVA expression upon MVA-OVA infection of BMDCs was monitored. Activation and maturation markers on viable MVA-OVA-infected mDCs were analyzed by flow cytometry. Secretion of INF-γ, IL-2, and IL-10 was determined in a co-culture of BMDCs infected with wtMVA or MVA-OVA and OVA-specific OT-I CD8(+) and OT-II CD4(+ ) T cells. BALB/c mice were vaccinated with wtMVA, MVA-OVA, or PBS, sensitized to OVA/alum and challenged with a diet containing chicken egg white. OVA-specific IgE, IgG1, and IgG2a and cytokine secretion from mesenteric lymph node (MLN) cells were analyzed. Body weight, body temperature, food uptake, intestinal inflammation, and health condition of mice were monitored. RESULTS Infection with wtMVA and MVA-OVA induced comparable activation of mDCs. MVA-OVA-infected BMDCs expressed OVA and induced enhanced IFN-γ and IL-2 secretion from OVA-specific CD8(+ ) T cells in comparison with OVA, wtMVA, or OVA plus wtMVA. Prophylactic vaccination with MVA-OVA significantly repressed OVA-specific IgE, whereas OVA-specific IgG2a was induced. MVA-OVA vaccination suppressed TH 2 cytokine production in MLN cells and prevented the onset of allergic symptoms and inflammation in a mouse model of OVA-induced intestinal allergy. CONCLUSION Modified vaccinia virus Ankara-ovalbumin (MVA-OVA) vaccination induces a strong OVA-specific TH 1- immune response, likely mediated by the induction of IFN-γ and IgG2a. Finally, MVA-based vaccines need to be evaluated for their therapeutic potential in established allergy models.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Bohnen
- Division of Allergology; Paul-Ehrlich-Institut; Langen; Germany
| | - A. Wangorsch
- Division of Allergology; Paul-Ehrlich-Institut; Langen; Germany
| | - S. Schülke
- Division of Allergology; Paul-Ehrlich-Institut; Langen; Germany
| | - H. Nakajima-Adachi
- Research Center for Food Safety; Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences; The University of Tokyo; Tokyo; Japan
| | - S. Hachimura
- Research Center for Food Safety; Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences; The University of Tokyo; Tokyo; Japan
| | - M. Burggraf
- Junior Research Group ‘Experimental Allergy Models’; Paul-Ehrlich-Institut; Langen; Germany
| | - Y. Süzer
- President's Research Group ‘Recombinant Measles Virus and Vaccines’; Paul-Ehrlich-Institut; Langen; Germany
| | - A. Schwantes
- President's Research Group ‘Recombinant Measles Virus and Vaccines’; Paul-Ehrlich-Institut; Langen; Germany
| | - G. Sutter
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität; München; Germany
| | - Z. Waibler
- Junior Research Group ‘Novel vaccination strategies and early immune responses’; Paul-Ehrlich-Institut; Langen; Germany
| | - G. Reese
- Division of Allergology; Paul-Ehrlich-Institut; Langen; Germany
| | - M. Toda
- Junior Research Group ‘Experimental Allergy Models’; Paul-Ehrlich-Institut; Langen; Germany
| | - S. Scheurer
- Division of Allergology; Paul-Ehrlich-Institut; Langen; Germany
| | - S. Vieths
- Division of Allergology; Paul-Ehrlich-Institut; Langen; Germany
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Mooney AJ, Tompkins SM. Experimental vaccines against potentially pandemic and highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses. Future Virol 2013; 8:25-41. [PMID: 23440999 PMCID: PMC3579652 DOI: 10.2217/fvl.12.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Influenza A viruses continue to emerge and re-emerge, causing outbreaks, epidemics and occasionally pandemics. While the influenza vaccines licensed for public use are generally effective against seasonal influenza, issues arise with production, immunogenicity, and efficacy in the case of vaccines against pandemic and emerging influenza viruses, and highly pathogenic avian influenza virus in particular. Thus, there is need of improved influenza vaccines and vaccination strategies. This review discusses advances in alternative influenza vaccines, touching briefly on licensed vaccines and vaccine antigens; then reviewing recombinant subunit vaccines, virus-like particle vaccines and DNA vaccines, with the main focus on virus-vectored vaccine approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaina J Mooney
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, 111 Carlton St, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - S Mark Tompkins
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, 111 Carlton St, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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Employing Live Microbes for Vaccine Delivery. DEVELOPMENT OF NOVEL VACCINES 2012. [PMCID: PMC7123214 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-0709-6_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/29/2022]
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Luker KE, Luker GD. Bioluminescence imaging of reporter mice for studies of infection and inflammation. Antiviral Res 2010; 86:93-100. [PMID: 20417377 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2010.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2009] [Revised: 02/01/2010] [Accepted: 02/01/2010] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In vivo bioluminescence imaging offers the opportunity to study biological processes in living animals, and the study of viral infections and host immune responses can be enhanced substantially through this imaging modality. For most studies of viral pathogenesis and effects of anti-viral therapies, investigators have used recombinant viruses engineered to express a luciferase enzyme. This strategy requires stable insertion of an imaging reporter gene into the viral genome, which is not feasible for many RNA viruses, and provides data on the viral component of pathogenesis but not on the host. Genetically engineered mice with luciferase reporters for specific viral or host genes provide opportunities to overcome these limitations and expand applications of bioluminescence imaging in viral infection and therapy. We review several different types of reporter mice for bioluminescence imaging, including animals that permit in vivo detection of viral replication, trafficking of immune cells, activation of key genes in host immunity to viral infection, and response to tissue damage. By utilizing luciferase enzymes with different emission spectra and/or substrates, it is possible to monitor two different biologic processes in the same animal, such as pathogen replication and sites of tissue injury. Combining imaging reporter viruses with genetically engineered reporter mice is expected to substantially enhance the power of bioluminescence imaging for quantitative studies of viral and host factors that control disease outcome and effects of established and new therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn E Luker
- Center for Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48019-2200, USA.
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Prime‐boost vaccinations using recombinant flavivirus replicon and vaccinia virus vaccines: an ELISPOT analysis. Immunol Cell Biol 2010; 89:426-36. [DOI: 10.1038/icb.2010.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Recombinant vaccinia virus (rVV) strains expressing the immunomodulatory cholera toxin B subunit (CTB) fused to the autoantigen glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) or the immunosuppressive cytokine interleukin-10 (IL-10) were independently able to generate only low levels of immune suppression of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Here we suggest that a vaccinia virus (VV)-mediated combination of CTB::GAD fusion and IL-10 proteins promises a effective and durable immunotherapeutic strategy for T1DM. METHODS To explore this hypothesis, a CTB::GAD fusion gene was co-delivered with a gene encoding IL-10 by rVV infection (rVV-CTB::GAD + rVV-IL10) into 5-7-week-old non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice. The mice were assessed for vaccine protection against development of hyperglycemia from 12 to 64 weeks of age by assessment of pancreatic inflammation (insulitis) and splenocyte-secreted interferon-gamma and IL-10 cytokine levels. RESULTS By 36 weeks of age, from 54% to 80% of the mice in the negative control animal groups (either mock-infected or inoculated with unrelated plasmid or VV) had developed hyperglycemia. Similarly, no statistically significant improvement in protection against diabetes onset was achieved by inoculation with VV expressing CTB::GAD or IL-10 independently. Surprisingly, only 20% of mice co-inoculated with rVV-CTB::GAD + rVV-IL10 developed hyperglycemia by 28 weeks of age. Other treatment groups developed hyperglycemia by 32-36 weeks. After 36 weeks, diabetes incidence no longer increased in any groups until the end of experiment at 64 weeks of age. Histological analysis of pancreatic tissues of hyperglycemic mice revealed high levels of intra-islet insulitis. Analysis of insulitis at termination of the experiment showed that euglycemic mice co-inoculated with VV expressing CTB::GAD and IL-10 had more effectively reduced inflammation in comparison with the other groups. CONCLUSIONS A combinatorial vaccination strategy based on VV co-delivery of genes encoding the immunoenhanced autoantigen CTB::GAD and the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 can maintain effective and durable euglycemia and immunological homeostasis in NOD mice with prediabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Béla Dénes
- Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California
- Department of Immunology, Central Veterinary Institute, Budapest, Hungary
| | - István Fodor
- Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California
| | - William H.R. Langridge
- Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California
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Halle S, Dujardin HC, Bakocevic N, Fleige H, Danzer H, Willenzon S, Suezer Y, Hämmerling G, Garbi N, Sutter G, Worbs T, Förster R. Induced bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue serves as a general priming site for T cells and is maintained by dendritic cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 206:2593-601. [PMID: 19917776 PMCID: PMC2806625 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20091472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Mucosal vaccination via the respiratory tract can elicit protective immunity in animal infection models, but the underlying mechanisms are still poorly understood. We show that a single intranasal application of the replication-deficient modified vaccinia virus Ankara, which is widely used as a recombinant vaccination vector, results in prominent induction of bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT). Although initial peribronchiolar infiltrations, characterized by the presence of dendritic cells (DCs) and few lymphocytes, can be found 4 d after virus application, organized lymphoid structures with segregated B and T cell zones are first observed at day 8. After intratracheal application, in vitro–differentiated, antigen-loaded DCs rapidly migrate into preformed BALT and efficiently activate antigen-specific T cells, as revealed by two-photon microscopy. Furthermore, the lung-specific depletion of DCs in mice that express the diphtheria toxin receptor under the control of the CD11c promoter interferes with BALT maintenance. Collectively, these data identify BALT as tertiary lymphoid structures supporting the efficient priming of T cell responses directed against unrelated airborne antigens while crucially requiring DCs for its sustained presence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Halle
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
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Rimmelzwaan GF, Sutter G. Candidate influenza vaccines based on recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara. Expert Rev Vaccines 2009; 8:447-54. [PMID: 19348560 DOI: 10.1586/erv.09.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) is attractive and promising as a novel viral vector for the expression of foreign genes of interest because it possesses unique properties. In particular, its excellent safety profile and the availability of versatile vector technologies have frequently made MVA the vaccinia virus of choice for preclinical and clinical studies. Owing to its avirulence and deficiency to productively replicate after in vivo inoculation, MVA can be used under biosafety level 1 conditions. In addition to a better safety profile than replication competent vaccinia viruses, the use of MVA leads to similar levels of gene expression and has better immunostimulatory properties and improved efficacy as a recombinant vaccine. In animal models, recombinant MVA vaccines were immunogenic and induced protective immunity against various infectious agents, including viruses, bacteria and parasites. Here we review the progress that has been made in the development of recombinant MVA as a viral vector and candidate pandemic influenza H5N1 vaccine. Specifically, we will focus on the preclinical evaluation of recombinant MVA vector as pandemic influenza A/H5N1 vaccine candidates and discuss the possible future approaches for the use of these novel MVA-based vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guus F Rimmelzwaan
- Erasmus Medical Center, Department of Virology, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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