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NAD+-consuming enzymes in immune defense against viral infection. Biochem J 2021; 478:4071-4092. [PMID: 34871367 PMCID: PMC8718269 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20210181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic reminds us that in spite of the scientific progress in the past century, there is a lack of general antiviral strategies. In analogy to broad-spectrum antibiotics as antibacterial agents, developing broad spectrum antiviral agents would buy us time for the development of vaccines and treatments for future viral infections. In addition to targeting viral factors, a possible strategy is to understand host immune defense mechanisms and develop methods to boost the antiviral immune response. Here we summarize the role of NAD+-consuming enzymes in the immune defense against viral infections, with the hope that a better understanding of this process could help to develop better antiviral therapeutics targeting these enzymes. These NAD+-consuming enzymes include PARPs, sirtuins, CD38, and SARM1. Among these, the antiviral function of PARPs is particularly important and will be a focus of this review. Interestingly, NAD+ biosynthetic enzymes are also implicated in immune responses. In addition, many viruses, including SARS-CoV-2 contain a macrodomain-containing protein (NSP3 in SARS-CoV-2), which serves to counteract the antiviral function of host PARPs. Therefore, NAD+ and NAD+-consuming enzymes play crucial roles in immune responses against viral infections and detailed mechanistic understandings in the future will likely facilitate the development of general antiviral strategies.
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Hareendran S, Ramakrishna B, Jayandharan GR. Synergistic inhibition of PARP-1 and NF-κB signaling downregulates immune response against recombinant AAV2 vectors during hepatic gene therapy. Eur J Immunol 2015; 46:154-66. [PMID: 26443873 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201545867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Host immune response remains a key obstacle to widespread application of adeno-associated virus (AAV) based gene therapy. Thus, targeted inhibition of the signaling pathways that trigger such immune responses will be beneficial. Previous studies have reported that DNA damage response proteins such as poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) negatively affect the integration of AAV in the host genome. However, the role of PARP-1 in regulating AAV transduction and the immune response against these vectors has not been elucidated. In this study, we demonstrate that repression of PARP-1 improves the transduction of single-stranded AAV vectors both in vitro (∼174%) and in vivo (two- to 3.4-fold). Inhibition of PARP-1, also significantly downregulated the expression of several proinflammatory and cytokine markers such as TLRs, ILs, NF-κB subunit proteins associated with the host innate response against self-complementary AAV2 vectors. The suppression of the inflammatory response targeted against these vectors was more effective upon combined inhibition of PARP-1 and NF-κB signaling. This strategy also effectively attenuated the AAV capsid-specific cytotoxic T-cell response, with minimal effect on vector transduction, as demonstrated in normal C57BL/6 and hemophilia B mice. These data suggest that targeting specific host cellular proteins could be useful to attenuate the immune barriers to AAV-mediated gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangeetha Hareendran
- Centre for Stem Cell Research, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Banumathi Ramakrishna
- Department of General Pathology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Giridhara R Jayandharan
- Centre for Stem Cell Research, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India.,Department of Hematology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India.,Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Millet R, Jolinon N, Nguyen XN, Berger G, Cimarelli A, Greco A, Bertrand P, Odenthal M, Büning H, Salvetti A. Impact of the MRN Complex on Adeno-Associated Virus Integration and Replication during Coinfection with Herpes Simplex Virus 1. J Virol 2015; 89:6824-34. [PMID: 25903339 PMCID: PMC4468484 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00171-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Adeno-associated virus (AAV) is a helper-dependent parvovirus that requires coinfection with adenovirus (AdV) or herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) to replicate. In the absence of the helper virus, AAV can persist in an episomal or integrated form. Previous studies have analyzed the DNA damage response (DDR) induced upon AAV replication to understand how it controls AAV replication. In particular, it was shown that the Mre11-Rad50-Nbs1 (MRN) complex, a major player of the DDR induced by double-stranded DNA breaks and stalled replication forks, could negatively regulate AdV and AAV replication during coinfection. In contrast, MRN favors HSV-1 replication and is recruited to AAV replication compartments that are induced in the presence of HSV-1. In this study, we examined the role of MRN during AAV replication induced by HSV-1. Our results indicated that knockdown of MRN significantly reduced AAV DNA replication after coinfection with wild-type (wt) HSV-1 or HSV-1 with the polymerase deleted. This effect was specific to wt AAV, since it did not occur with recombinant AAV vectors. Positive regulation of AAV replication by MRN was dependent on its DNA tethering activity but did not require its nuclease activities. Importantly, knockdown of MRN also negatively regulated AAV integration within the human AAVS1 site, both in the presence and in the absence of HSV-1. Altogether, this work identifies a new function of MRN during integration of the AAV genome and demonstrates that this DNA repair complex positively regulates AAV replication in the presence of HSV-1. IMPORTANCE Viral DNA genomes trigger a DNA damage response (DDR), which can be either detrimental or beneficial for virus replication. Adeno-associated virus (AAV) is a defective parvovirus that requires the help of an unrelated virus such as adenovirus (AdV) or herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) for productive replication. Previous studies have demonstrated that the cellular Mre11-Rad50-Nbs1 (MRN) complex, a sensor and regulator of the DDR, negatively regulates AAV replication during coinfection with AdV, which counteracts this effect by inactivating the complex. Here, we demonstrate that MRN positively regulates AAV replication during coinfection with HSV-1. Importantly, our study also indicates that MRN also favors integration of AAV genomes within the human AAVS1 site. Altogether, this work indicates that MRN differentially regulates AAV replication depending on the helper virus which is present and identifies a new function of this DNA repair complex during AAV integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Millet
- International Center for Research in Infectiology, INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR5308, Lyon, France Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France Université de Lyon, UCB-Lyon 1, Lyon, France LabEx Ecofect, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Nelly Jolinon
- International Center for Research in Infectiology, INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR5308, Lyon, France Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France Université de Lyon, UCB-Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Xuan-Nhi Nguyen
- International Center for Research in Infectiology, INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR5308, Lyon, France Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France Université de Lyon, UCB-Lyon 1, Lyon, France LabEx Ecofect, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Gregory Berger
- International Center for Research in Infectiology, INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR5308, Lyon, France Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France Université de Lyon, UCB-Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Andrea Cimarelli
- International Center for Research in Infectiology, INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR5308, Lyon, France Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France Université de Lyon, UCB-Lyon 1, Lyon, France LabEx Ecofect, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Anna Greco
- International Center for Research in Infectiology, INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR5308, Lyon, France Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France Université de Lyon, UCB-Lyon 1, Lyon, France LabEx Ecofect, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Pascale Bertrand
- INSERM U967, CEA, Université Paris Diderot, Université Paris Sud, CEA DSV, Institut de Radiobiologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Margarete Odenthal
- Institute for Pathology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany Center for Molecular Medicine of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Hildegard Büning
- Center for Molecular Medicine of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany German Center for Infection Research, Bonn-Cologne Partner Site, Bonn-Cologne, Germany
| | - Anna Salvetti
- International Center for Research in Infectiology, INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR5308, Lyon, France Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France Université de Lyon, UCB-Lyon 1, Lyon, France LabEx Ecofect, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
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Seo SJ, Kim TH, Choi SJ, Park JH, Wall IB, Kim HW. Gene delivery techniques for adult stem cell-based regenerative therapy. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2013; 8:1875-91. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm.13.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade, stem cells have been considered to be a promising resource to cure and regenerate damaged or diseased tissues with research extending from basic studies to clinical application. Furthermore, genetically modified stem cells have the potential to reduce tumorigenic risks and achieve safe tissue formation. Recent advances in genetic modification of stem cells have rendered these cells more accessible and stable. The successful genetic modification of stem cells relies heavily on designing vector systems, either viral or nonviral vectors, which can efficiently deliver therapeutic genes to the cells with minimum toxicity. Currently, viral vectors showing high transfection efficiencies still raise safety issues, whereas safer nonviral vectors exhibit extremely poor transfection in stem cells. Here, we attempt to review and discuss the main factors raising concern in previous reports, and devise strategies to solve the issues in gene delivery systems for successful stem cell-targeting regenerative therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seog-Jin Seo
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering, Dankook University, Cheonan 330–714, South Korea
| | - Tae-Hyun Kim
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering, Dankook University, Cheonan 330–714, South Korea
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science & BK21 plus NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 330–714, South Korea
| | - Seong-Jun Choi
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering, Dankook University, Cheonan 330–714, South Korea
| | - Jeong-Hui Park
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science & BK21 plus NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 330–714, South Korea
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, UK
| | - Ivan B Wall
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science & BK21 plus NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 330–714, South Korea
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, UK
| | - Hae-Won Kim
- Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Dentistry, Dankook University Cheonan 330–714, South Korea
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