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Liu H, Müller PE, Aszódi A, Klar RM. Osteochondrogenesis by TGF-β3, BMP-2 and noggin growth factor combinations in an ex vivo muscle tissue model: Temporal function changes affecting tissue morphogenesis. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1140118. [PMID: 37008034 PMCID: PMC10060664 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1140118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In the absence of clear molecular insight, the biological mechanism behind the use of growth factors applied in osteochondral regeneration is still unresolved. The present study aimed to resolve whether multiple growth factors applied to muscle tissue in vitro, such as TGF-β3, BMP-2 and Noggin, can lead to appropriate tissue morphogenesis with a specific osteochondrogenic nature, thereby revealing the underlying molecular interaction mechanisms during the differentiation process. Interestingly, although the results showed the typical modulatory effect of BMP-2 and TGF-β3 on the osteochondral process, and Noggin seemingly downregulated specific signals such as BMP-2 activity, we also discovered a synergistic effect between TGF-β3 and Noggin that positively influenced tissue morphogenesis. Noggin was observed to upregulate BMP-2 and OCN at specific time windows of culture in the presence of TGF-β3, suggesting a temporal time switch causing functional changes in the signaling protein. This implies that signals change their functions throughout the process of new tissue formation, which may depend on the presence or absence of specific singular or multiple signaling cues. If this is the case, the signaling cascade is far more intricate and complex than originally believed, warranting intensive future investigations so that regenerative therapies of a critical clinical nature can function properly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Musculoskeletal University Center Munich (MUM), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, The Fourth Medical College of Peking University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Heng Liu, ; Roland M. Klar,
| | - Peter E. Müller
- Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Musculoskeletal University Center Munich (MUM), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Attila Aszódi
- Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Musculoskeletal University Center Munich (MUM), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Roland M. Klar
- Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Musculoskeletal University Center Munich (MUM), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, United States
- *Correspondence: Heng Liu, ; Roland M. Klar,
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Hong OK, Kim ES, Son JW, Kim SR, Yoo SJ, Kwon HS, Lee SS. Alcohol-induced increase in BMP levels promotes fatty liver disease in male prediabetic stage Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty rats. J Cell Biochem 2023; 124:459-472. [PMID: 36791312 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.30385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol consumption exacerbates liver abnormalities in animal models, but whether it increases the severity of liver disease in early diabetic or prediabetic rats is unclear. To investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying alcohol-induced liver steatosis or hepatitis, we used a prediabetic animal model. Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) and Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty (LETO) rats were pair-fed with an ethanol-containing liquid diet for 6 weeks. Compared with controls, OLETF and LETO rats displayed more pronounced liver steatosis and higher plasma levels of serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) and serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SPGT), indicating liver injury. Ethanol-fed LETO (Pd-L-E) rats showed mild liver steatosis and no inflammation compared with ethanol-fed OLETF (Pd-O-E) rats. Although precursor and active SREBP-1 levels in the liver of ethanol-fed OLETF rats significantly increased compared with control diet-fed OLETF rats (Pd-O-C), those of Pd-L-E rats did not. Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) and TGF-β1 balance in Pd-O-E rats was significantly altered because BMP signaling was upregulated by inducing BMP2, BMP4, BMP7, BMP9, Smad1, and Smad4, whereas TGF-β1, Smad3, and Erk were downregulated. Activation of TGF-β/Smad signaling inhibited BMP2 and BMP9 expression and increased epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) marker levels (Hepcidin, Snail, and Twist) in the liver of LETO rats. Livers of ethanol-fed OLETF rats showed increased levels of vimentin, FSP-1, α-SMA, MMP1, MMP13, and collagen III compared with rats of other groups, whereas EMT marker levels did not change. Thus, BMP exerted anti- and/or pro-fibrotic effects in ethanol-fed rats. Therefore, BMP and TGF-β, two key members of the TGF-β superfamily, play important but diverse roles in liver steatosis in young LETO and OLETF rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oak-Kee Hong
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Sook Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Incheon St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jang-Won Son
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Bucheon St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Rae Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Bucheon St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon Jib Yoo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Bucheon St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyuk-Sang Kwon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Yeouido St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Su Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Bucheon St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Liu Z, Wei P, Cui Q, Mu Y, Zhao Y, Deng J, Zhi M, Wu Y, Jing W, Liu X, Zhao J, Zhao B. Guided bone regeneration with extracellular matrix scaffold of small intestinal submucosa membrane. J Biomater Appl 2022; 37:805-813. [PMID: 35924456 DOI: 10.1177/08853282221114450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Guided bone regeneration (GBR) is a promising strategy for repairing bone defects using bioactive membranes. In this study, a new type of GBR membrane based on the small intestinal submucosa (SIS) was created, and its surface structure, cytological characteristics, and bone defect repair ability were compared with commonly used membranes. Our results show that compared to the Heal-all and Dentium membranes, the SIS membrane has an asymmetric structure that does not affect the proliferation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). Instead, it increased their formation of calcium nodules and expression of bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2), and osteopontin (OPN). Six weeks after their insertion into a rat calvarial defect model, increased bone growth was observed in the SIS membrane group. Our results indicate that the SIS membrane has good biocompatibility and is more effective in promoting early bone formation than existing membranes. Given the wide range of source materials and simple preparation processes available, SIS membrane is a promising candidate for guided bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihao Liu
- Tianjin Nankai Zhongnuo Stomatological Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Pengfei Wei
- Beijing Biosis Healing Biological Technology Co, Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Qingying Cui
- School of Stomatology Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Yuzhu Mu
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yifan Zhao
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jiayin Deng
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Min Zhi
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yi Wu
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Wei Jing
- Beijing Biosis Healing Biological Technology Co, Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Xian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, ChengDu, China
| | - Jihong Zhao
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School &Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Bo Zhao
- Beijing Biosis Healing Biological Technology Co, Ltd, Beijing, China
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Wu R, Gao G, Zhang S, Liu R, Dong H, Xu Y. BMP-2 Modified Electrospun Scaffold for Acetabular Labral Reconstruction Promotes Collagen Fiber Regeneration in a Porcine Model. Am J Sports Med 2022; 50:757-768. [PMID: 35112595 DOI: 10.1177/03635465211066948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acetabular labral tear is one of the contributing factors to early hip osteoarthritis. Patients with symptomatic labral tears may require surgical treatment, and labral reconstruction is indicated in cases of irreparable tears. PURPOSE The purpose of the study was to construct the bone morphogenic protein 2 (BMP-2) electrospun scaffold for acetabular labral reconstruction and analyze the composition of the labrum and the influence of collagen fiber distribution in regenerated tissue on the biomechanical properties of labrum. STUDY DESIGN Controlled laboratory study. METHODS Eighteen mature male miniature pigs were selected for labral reconstruction in vivo. The animals were divided into 3 groups, including the autologous tendon group (T group), dopamine/polylactic acid-polyethylene glycol (PELA) electrospun group (DP group), and dopamine/PELA electrospun/BMP-2 group (DPB group), and the native labra were used as the control group. The microstructure of the reconstructed labrum was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. Histologic and immunohistochemistry sections were used to evaluate the composition and structure of reconstructed labrum. The related gene expression was tested via quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction test. The compressive and tensile properties of tissues were evaluated using the elasticity test device. RESULTS Hematoxylin and eosin staining showed that the DP group and the T group were mainly composed of fibroblasts. The alignment of fibers was irregular. In the DPB group, the reconstructed tissues were composed of fibroblasts and chondrocytes, with parallel fibers and denser structure. The native labrum was composed of a large number of fibroblasts, which were arranged orderly and parallel, and there was almost no vascular proliferation. Under scanning electron microscopy, the reconstructed tissue of the DBP group was more similar to the native labral structure, forming a denser, clear-layered collagen fibrous structure, while the fiber alignment of the DP and T groups was irregular. The contents of type I, II, and III collagen (COL1, COL2, and COL3, respectively) were upregulated in labrum reconstructed with the DPB scaffold, while the gene expressions did not increase in the DP and T groups. The tensile and compressive properties of the implants in the DPB group were significantly enhanced. CONCLUSION BMP-2 modified electrospun scaffold promotes collagen regeneration and osteogenic differentiation and is associated with better biomechanical performance of the reconstructed labrum. CLINICAL RELEVANCE This study demonstrated that BMP-2 modified electrospun scaffold could induce the regeneration of collagen and osteogenic differentiation and provide better biomechanical performance in labral reconstruction. This scaffold could be used in clinical practice after further improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqi Wu
- Department of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Institute of Sports Medicine of Peking University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Beijing, China
| | - Guanying Gao
- Department of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Institute of Sports Medicine of Peking University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Beijing, China
| | - Siqi Zhang
- Department of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Institute of Sports Medicine of Peking University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Beijing, China
| | - Rongge Liu
- Department of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Institute of Sports Medicine of Peking University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Beijing, China
| | - Hanmei Dong
- Department of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Institute of Sports Medicine of Peking University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Xu
- Department of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Institute of Sports Medicine of Peking University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Beijing, China
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Osteogenic Differentiation of Human Adipose-Derived Stem Cells Seeded on a Biomimetic Spongiosa-like Scaffold: Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 Delivery by Overexpressing Fascia. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052712. [PMID: 35269855 PMCID: PMC8911081 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Human adipose-derived stem cells (hADSCs) have the capacity for osteogenic differentiation and, in combination with suitable biomaterials and growth factors, the regeneration of bone defects. In order to differentiate hADSCs into the osteogenic lineage, bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) have been proven to be highly effective, especially when expressed locally by route of gene transfer, providing a constant stimulus over an extended period of time. However, the creation of genetically modified hADSCs is laborious and time-consuming, which hinders clinical translation of the approach. Instead, expedited single-surgery gene therapy strategies must be developed. Therefore, in an in vitro experiment, we evaluated a novel growth factor delivery system, comprising adenoviral BMP-2 transduced fascia tissue in terms of BMP-2 release kinetics and osteogenic effects, on hADSCs seeded on an innovative biomimetic spongiosa-like scaffold. As compared to direct BMP-2 transduction of hADSCs or addition of recombinant BMP-2, overexpressing fascia provided a more uniform, constant level of BMP-2 over 30 days. Despite considerably higher BMP-2 peak levels in the comparison groups, delivery by overexpressing fascia led to a strong osteogenic response of hADSCs. The use of BMP-2 transduced fascia in combination with hADSCs may evolve into an expedited single-surgery gene transfer approach to bone repair.
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Effects of Coculture Fibroblasts and Vascular Endothelial Cells on Proliferation and Osteogenesis of Adipose Stem Cells. COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN MEDICINE 2022; 2022:6288695. [PMID: 35069787 PMCID: PMC8776444 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6288695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background The development of tissue engineering provides a new method for the clinical treatment of bone defects, but the problems of slow formation and slow vascularization of tissue engineered bone have always existed. Studies have shown that the combined culture system of vascular endothelial cells and adipose stem cells is superior to single cell in repairing bone defects. With the excellent proliferation ability, secretion of synthetic collagen and a variety of regulatory factors and fibroblasts can differentiate into osteoblasts and have the potential to be excellent seed cells involved in tissue engineering bone construction. Objective To investigate the effects of combined culture of fibroblasts, vascular endothelial cells, and adipose stem cells on proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of adipose stem cells. Methods The cells were divided into 4 groups: adipose stem cell group, adipose stem cell+vascular endothelial cell coculture group, adipose stem cell+fibroblast coculture group, and adipose stem cell+vascular endothelial cell+fibroblast coculture group. The morphological changes of the cells were observed under an inverted microscope. After 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9 days of coculture, the proliferation of adipose stem cells in each group was detected by a CCK-8 method and the growth curve was plotted. Adipose stem cells in each group were stained with alizarin red and alkaline phosphatase at days 7, 14, 21, and 28. At the third week of coculture, Western blot was used to detect the expression level of bone morphogenetic protein 2 of adipose stem cells in each group. Results and Conclusions. (1) After 14 days of culture, some cells in the adipose stem cell+vascular endothelial cell+fibroblast coculture group fused into clumps and distributed in nests, while the adipose stem cells in the adipose stem cell group had a single cell morphology and no cell clusters were observed. (2) The cell growth curves were basically the same in each group, and the absorbance value increased gradually. The absorbance value of the adipocyte+vascular endothelial cell+fibroblast coculture group was the highest, followed by the adipocyte+fibroblast coculture group and then the adipocyte+fibroblast coculture group. (3) Alizarin red staining showed negative reaction in each group on the 7th day, and a small number of red positive cells gradually appeared in each group as time went on. On the 28th day, red positive cells were found in all groups, and most of them were in the coculture group of adipose stem cells+vascular endothelial cells+fibroblasts, showing red focal. The coculture group of adipose stem cells+vascular endothelial cells and adipose stem cells+fibroblasts was less, and the adipose stem cell group was the least. On day 28 of alkaline phosphatase staining, cells in each group had red positive particles, and the adipose stem cell+vascular endothelial cell+fibroblast coculture group and adipose stem cell+fibroblast coculture group had the most, followed by the adipose stem cell+vascular endothelial cell coculture group and then the adipose stem cell group. (4) Bone morphogenetic protein 2 was expressed in all groups, especially in adipose stem cell+fibroblast coculture group and adipose stem cell+vascular endothelial cell+ fibroblast coculture group. (5) Fibroblast could promote adipose stem cell osteogenic differentiation better than vascular endothelial cells, but the proliferation effect was not as good as vascular endothelial cells. The coculture system of fibroblast combined with vascular endothelial cells and adipose stem cells promoted the proliferation of adipose stem cells and the rapid and efficient differentiation of adipose stem cells into osteoblasts.
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Betz VM, Ren B, Betz OB, Jansson V, Müller PE. Osteoinduction within adipose tissue fragments by heterodimeric bone morphogenetic Proteins-2/6 and -2/7 versus homodimeric bone morphogenetic protein-2: Therapeutic implications for bone regeneration. J Gene Med 2021; 23:e3311. [PMID: 33527563 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.3311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fragments of subcutaneous adipose tissue that have been genetically modified to express bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) regenerate large segmental osseous lesions in rodents. Gene-activated adipose tissue can be implanted into osseous defects without prior cell extraction and cell culture. The present study aimed to explore whether the heterodimers BMP-2/6 or BMP-2/7 exceed the osteoinductive effect of BMP-2 on adipose tissue. METHODS In an in vitro tissue culture system, freshly harvested rat subcutaneous adipose tissue was cultivated in the presence of either BMP-2 or BMP-2/6 or BMP-2/7 at a high (200 ng/ml) and low (50 ng/ml) concentration. Gene expression analysis as well as histological and immunohistochemical methods were applied to test for osteoinduction. RESULTS A concentration of 200 ng/ml of homodimeric BMP-2 induced osteogenic differentiation most potently, showing more calcification and a higher expression level of bone markers than both concentrations of BMP-2/6 or -2/7. A concentration of 50 ng/ml of BMP-2 was a significantly stronger osteogenic inducer than both concentrations of BMP-2/6 and the low concentration of BMP-2/7. The most potent heterodimeric driver of osteoinduction was BMP-2/7 at a high concentration, demonstrating effects similar to those of BMP-2 at a low concentration. CONCLUSIONS Homodimeric BMP-2 evoked osteoinduction within adipose tissue more potently and at a lower concentration than heterodimeric BMP-2/6 or BMP-2/7. This result agrees well with the fact that it might be easier to translate adipose grafts activated by homodimeric BMP-2 clinically. Preclinical in vivo gene transfer studies are necessary to confirm the results of the present study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker M Betz
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University Hospital Munich, Campus Grosshadern, LMU, Munich, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Bin Ren
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University Hospital Munich, Campus Grosshadern, LMU, Munich, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Oliver B Betz
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University Hospital Munich, Campus Grosshadern, LMU, Munich, Bavaria, Germany.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Volkmar Jansson
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University Hospital Munich, Campus Grosshadern, LMU, Munich, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Peter E Müller
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University Hospital Munich, Campus Grosshadern, LMU, Munich, Bavaria, Germany
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