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Bedekovics J, Madarász K, Mokánszki A, Molnár S, Mester Á, Miltényi Z, Méhes G. Exploring p53 protein expression and its link to TP53 mutation in myelodysplasia-related malignancies-Interpretive challenges and potential field of applications. Histopathology 2024; 85:143-154. [PMID: 38571438 DOI: 10.1111/his.15185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
AIMS TP53 alterations have a significant prognostic effect in myeloid neoplasms. Our objective was to investigate the TP53 gene mutation status, p53 protein expression and their relationship in dysplasia-related myeloid neoplasms with varying levels of myeloblast counts. METHODS AND RESULTS A total of 76 bone marrow biopsy samples with different blast counts were analysed. Total and strong (3+) p53 expression was determined. Dual immunohistochemical staining was performed to determine the cell population associated with p53 expression. NGS analysis was performed using the Accel-Amplicon Comprehensive TP53 panel. Both p53 expression and TP53 VAF showed a significant correlation with the myeloblast ratio (P < 0.0001); however, p53 expression was also present in other cell lineages. The VAF value exhibited a significant correlation with p53 expression. A high specificity (0.9800) was observed for TP53 mutation using the ≥ 10% strong (3+) p53 cut-off value, although the sensitivity (0.4231) was low. CONCLUSIONS Strong (3+) p53 expression using a ≥ 10% cut-off value accurately predicts TP53 mutation but does not reveal the allelic state. The p53 expression is significantly influenced by myeloblast count, and histological interpretation should consider the presence of intermixed non-neoplastic marrow cells with varying physiological p53 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judit Bedekovics
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Kristóf Madarász
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Attila Mokánszki
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Sarolta Molnár
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ágnes Mester
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zsófia Miltényi
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Gábor Méhes
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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2
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Zhang L, Deeb G, Deeb KK, Vale C, Peker Barclift D, Papadantonakis N. Measurable (Minimal) Residual Disease in Myelodysplastic Neoplasms (MDS): Current State and Perspectives. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:1503. [PMID: 38672585 PMCID: PMC11048433 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16081503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Myelodysplastic Neoplasms (MDS) have been traditionally studied through the assessment of blood counts, cytogenetics, and morphology. In recent years, the introduction of molecular assays has improved our ability to diagnose MDS. The role of Measurable (minimal) Residual Disease (MRD) in MDS is evolving, and molecular and flow cytometry techniques have been used in several studies. In this review, we will highlight the evolving concept of MRD in MDS, outline the various techniques utilized, and provide an overview of the studies reporting MRD and the correlation with outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linsheng Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - George Deeb
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Kristin K. Deeb
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Colin Vale
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Deniz Peker Barclift
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Nikolaos Papadantonakis
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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3
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Campillo-Marcos I, Casado-Pelaez M, Davalos V, Ferrer G, Mata C, Mereu E, Roué G, Valcárcel D, Molero A, Zamora L, Xicoy B, Palomo L, Acha P, Manzanares A, Tobiasson M, Hellström-Lindberg E, Solé F, Esteller M. Single-cell Multiomics Analysis of Myelodysplastic Syndromes and Clinical Response to Hypomethylating Therapy. CANCER RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS 2024; 4:365-377. [PMID: 38300528 PMCID: PMC10860538 DOI: 10.1158/2767-9764.crc-23-0389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Alterations in epigenetic marks, such as DNA methylation, represent a hallmark of cancer that has been successfully exploited for therapy in myeloid malignancies. Hypomethylating agents (HMA), such as azacitidine, have become standard-of-care therapy to treat myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), myeloid neoplasms that can evolve into acute myeloid leukemia. However, our capacity to identify who will respond to HMAs, and the duration of response, remains limited. To shed light on this question, we have leveraged the unprecedented analytic power of single-cell technologies to simultaneously map the genome and immunoproteome of MDS samples throughout clinical evolution. We were able to chart the architecture and evolution of molecular clones in precious paired bone marrow MDS samples at diagnosis and posttreatment to show that a combined imbalance of specific cell lineages with diverse mutational profiles is associated with the clinical response of patients with MDS to hypomethylating therapy. SIGNIFICANCE MDS are myeloid clonal hemopathies with a low 5-year survival rate, and approximately half of the cases do not respond to standard HMA therapy. Our innovative single-cell multiomics approach offers valuable biological insights and potential biomarkers associated with the demethylating agent efficacy. It also identifies vulnerabilities that can be targeted using personalized combinations of small drugs and antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Campillo-Marcos
- Cancer Epigenetics Group, Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red Cancer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Casado-Pelaez
- Cancer Epigenetics Group, Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Veronica Davalos
- Cancer Epigenetics Group, Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Gerardo Ferrer
- Cancer Epigenetics Group, Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red Cancer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Caterina Mata
- Single Cell Unit, Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), Badalona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Elisabetta Mereu
- Cellular Systems Genomics Group, Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), Badalona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Gael Roué
- Lymphoma Translational Group, Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - David Valcárcel
- Department of Hematology, Experimental Hematology Group, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), University Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Antonieta Molero
- Department of Hematology, Experimental Hematology Group, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), University Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Lurdes Zamora
- Department of Hematology, ICO-IJC-Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, UAB, Badalona, Spain
- Myelodysplastic Syndromes Research Group, Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Blanca Xicoy
- Department of Hematology, ICO-IJC-Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, UAB, Badalona, Spain
- Myelodysplastic Syndromes Research Group, Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Laura Palomo
- Department of Hematology, Experimental Hematology Group, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), University Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Myelodysplastic Syndromes Research Group, Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Pamela Acha
- Myelodysplastic Syndromes Research Group, Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Ana Manzanares
- Myelodysplastic Syndromes Research Group, Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Magnus Tobiasson
- Department of Medicine, Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Medical Unit Hematology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eva Hellström-Lindberg
- Department of Medicine, Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Medical Unit Hematology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Francesc Solé
- Myelodysplastic Syndromes Research Group, Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Manel Esteller
- Cancer Epigenetics Group, Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red Cancer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
- Institucio Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Physiological Sciences Department, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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4
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Xiu NN, Yang XD, Xu J, Ju B, Sun XY, Zhao XC. Leukemic transformation during anti-tuberculosis treatment in aplastic anemia-paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria syndrome: A case report and review of literature. World J Clin Cases 2023; 11:6908-6919. [PMID: 37901004 PMCID: PMC10600849 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v11.i28.6908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accumulating evidence demonstrates that autoimmune hematopoietic failure and myeloid neoplasms have an intrinsic relationship with regard to clonal hematopoiesis and disease evolution. In approximately 10%-15% of patients with severe aplastic anemia (SAA), the disease phenotype is transformed into myeloid neoplasms following antithymocyte globulin plus cyclosporine-based immunosuppressive therapy. In some of these patients, myeloid neoplasms appear during or shortly after immunosuppressive therapy. Leukemic transformation in SAA patients during anti-tuberculosis treatment has not been reported. CASE SUMMARY A middle-aged Chinese female had a 6-year history of non-SAA and a 2-year history of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH). With aggravation of systemic inflammatory symptoms, severe pancytopenia developed, and her hemoglobinuria disappeared. Laboratory findings in cytological, immunological and cytogenetic analyses of bone marrow samples met the diagnostic criteria for "SAA." Definitive diagnosis of disseminated tuberculosis was made in the search for infectious niches. Remarkable improvement in hematological parameters was achieved within 1 mo of anti-tuberculosis treatment, and complete hematological remission was achieved within 4 mo of treatment. Frustratingly, the hematological response lasted for only 3 mo, and pancytopenia reemerged. At this time, cytological findings (increased bone marrow cellularity and an increased percentage of myeloblasts that accounted for 16.0% of all nucleated hematopoietic cells), immunological findings (increased percentage of cluster of differentiation 34+ cells that accounted for 12.28% of all nucleated hematopoietic cells) and molecular biological findings (identification of somatic mutations in nucleophosmin-1 and casitas B-lineage lymphoma genes) revealed that "SAA" had transformed into acute myeloid leukemia with mutated nucleophosmin-1. The transformation process suggested that the leukemic clones were preexistent but were suppressed in the PNH and SAA stages, as development of symptomatic myeloid neoplasm through acquisition and accumulation of novel oncogenic mutations is unlikely in an interval of only 7 mo. Aggravation of inflammatory stressors due to disseminated tuberculosis likely contributed to the repression of normal and leukemic hematopoiesis, and the relief of inflammatory stressors due to anti-tuberculosis treatment contributed to penetration of neoplastic hematopoiesis. The concealed leukemic clones in the SAA and PNH stages raise the possibility of an inflammatory stress-fueled antileukemic mechanism. CONCLUSION Aggravated inflammatory stressors can repress normal and leukemic hematopoiesis, and relieved inflammatory stressors can facilitate penetration of neoplastic hematopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuan-Nuan Xiu
- Department of Hematology, The Central Hospital of Qingdao West Coast New Area, Qingdao 266555, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Yang
- Department of Hematology, The Central Hospital of Qingdao West Coast New Area, Qingdao 266555, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jia Xu
- Department of Hematology, The Central Hospital of Qingdao West Coast New Area, Qingdao 266555, Shandong Province, China
| | - Bo Ju
- Department of Hematology, The Central Hospital of Qingdao West Coast New Area, Qingdao 266555, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xiao-Yun Sun
- Department of Hematology, The Central Hospital of Qingdao West Coast New Area, Qingdao 266555, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xi-Chen Zhao
- Department of Hematology, The Central Hospital of Qingdao West Coast New Area, Qingdao 266555, Shandong Province, China
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5
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Sun XY, Yang XD, Xu J, Xiu NN, Ju B, Zhao XC. Tuberculosis-induced aplastic crisis and atypical lymphocyte expansion in advanced myelodysplastic syndrome: A case report and review of literature. World J Clin Cases 2023; 11:4713-4722. [PMID: 37469724 PMCID: PMC10353497 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v11.i19.4713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) is caused by malignant proliferation and ineffective hematopoiesis. Oncogenic somatic mutations and increased apoptosis, necroptosis and pyroptosis lead to the accumulation of earlier hematopoietic progenitors and impaired productivity of mature blood cells. An increased percentage of myeloblasts and the presence of unfavorable somatic mutations are signs of leukemic hematopoiesis and indicators of entrance into an advanced stage. Bone marrow cellularity and myeloblasts usually increase with disease progression. However, aplastic crisis occasionally occurs in advanced MDS.
CASE SUMMARY A 72-year-old male patient was definitively diagnosed with MDS with excess blasts-1 (MDS-EB-1) based on an increase in the percentages of myeloblasts and cluster of differentiation (CD)34+ hematopoietic progenitors and the identification of myeloid neoplasm-associated somatic mutations in bone marrow samples. The patient was treated with hypomethylation therapy and was able to maintain a steady disease state for 2 years. In the treatment process, the advanced MDS patient experienced an episode of progressive pancytopenia and bone marrow aplasia. During the aplastic crisis, the bone marrow was infiltrated with sparsely distributed atypical lymphocytes. Surprisingly, the leukemic cells disappeared. Immunological analysis revealed that the atypical lymphocytes expressed a high frequency of CD3, CD5, CD8, CD16, CD56 and CD57, suggesting the activation of autoimmune cytotoxic T-lymphocytes and natural killer (NK)/NKT cells that suppressed both normal and leukemic hematopoiesis. Elevated serum levels of inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-6, interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), confirmed the deranged type I immune responses. This morphological and immunological signature led to the diagnosis of severe aplastic anemia secondary to large granule lymphocyte leukemia. Disseminated tuberculosis was suspected upon radiological examinations in the search for an inflammatory niche. Antituberculosis treatment led to reversion of the aplastic crisis, disappearance of the atypical lymphocytes, increased marrow cellularity and 2 mo of hematological remission, providing strong evidence that disseminated tuberculosis was responsible for the development of the aplastic crisis, the regression of leukemic cells and the activation of CD56+ atypical lymphocytes. Reinstitution of hypomethylation therapy in the following 19 mo allowed the patient to maintain a steady disease state. However, the patient transformed the disease phenotype into acute myeloid leukemia and eventually died of disease progression and an overwhelming infectious episode.
CONCLUSION Disseminated tuberculosis can induce CD56+ lymphocyte infiltration in the bone marrow and in turn suppress both normal and leukemic hematopoiesis, resulting in the development of aplastic crisis and leukemic cell regression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yun Sun
- Department of Hematology, The Central Hospital of Qingdao West Coast New Area, Qingdao 266555, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Yang
- Department of Hematology, The Central Hospital of Qingdao West Coast New Area, Qingdao 266555, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jia Xu
- Department of Hematology, The Central Hospital of Qingdao West Coast New Area, Qingdao 266555, Shandong Province, China
| | - Nuan-Nuan Xiu
- Department of Hematology, The Central Hospital of Qingdao West Coast New Area, Qingdao 266555, Shandong Province, China
| | - Bo Ju
- Department of Hematology, The Central Hospital of Qingdao West Coast New Area, Qingdao 266555, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xi-Chen Zhao
- Department of Hematology, The Central Hospital of Qingdao West Coast New Area, Qingdao 266555, Shandong Province, China
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6
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Ju B, Xiu NN, Xu J, Yang XD, Sun XY, Zhao XC. Flared inflammatory episode transforms advanced myelodysplastic syndrome into aplastic pancytopenia: A case report and literature review. World J Clin Cases 2023; 11:4105-4116. [PMID: 37388797 PMCID: PMC10303598 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v11.i17.4105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) is a hematological neoplasm, and an increase in myeloblasts is representative of leukemic hematopoiesis in advanced MDS. Low-risk MDS usually exhibits deranged autoimmunity resembling that of aplastic anemia (AA), whereas advanced MDS is characterized by a phenotype of immune exhaustion. MDS can be normo/hyperplastic or hypoplastic. Generally, bone marrow cellularity and myeloblasts increase with disease progression. Transformation from advanced MDS to AA-like syndrome with leukemic cell regression has not previously been reported.
CASE SUMMARY A middle-aged Chinese woman had a 4-year history of leukocytopenia. Six months prior to admission, the patient developed gradually worsening fatigue and performance status. The leukocytopenia further progressed. She was diagnosed with MDS with excess blasts-2 based on increased bone marrow cellularity and an increased percentage of myeloblasts on marrow and blood smears, an increased percentage of cluster of differentiation (CD)34+CD33+ progenitors in immunotyping analysis, a normal karyotype in cytogenetic analysis, and the identification of somatic mutations in CBL, KMT2D and NF1 in molecular analysis. Initially, neutropenia was the predominant hematological abnormality, with mild anemia and thrombocytosis, and the degree of fatigue was far more severe than the degree of anemia. In the following months, the patient experienced several febrile episodes. Intravenous antibiotic treatments were able to control the febrile episodes, but the elevated inflammatory indices persisted. The hematological parameters dramatically fluctuated with the waxing and waning of the inflammatory episodes. With recurrent flares of the inflammatory condition, agranulocytosis and severe anemia developed, with mild thrombocytopenia. During the patient’s hospitalization, computed tomography (CT) scans revealed the presence of extensive inflammatory lesions involving the lungs, mediastinum, pleura, gastrointestinal tract, peritoneum and urinary tract, with imaging features suggestive of the reactivation of disseminated tuberculosis. Reevaluation of the bone marrow smears revealed that the cellularity became hypoplastic, and the leukemic cells regressed, suggesting that both normal and leukemic hematopoiesis had been heavily suppressed. Immunological analysis of the bone marrow samples revealed a decreased percentage of CD34+ cells and an immunological signature resembling that of severe AA (SAA), confirming the regression of the leukemic cells by autoimmune-mediated attacks. The patient demonstrated resistance to multiple drugs, including antituberculotics, recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, broad-spectrum antibiotics, voriconazole, ganciclovir, immune suppressants, eltrombopag and intravenous immunoglobulin, which further worsened the hematological injury and patient’s performance status. The patient eventually died of overwhelming infection and multidrug resistance.
CONCLUSION Advanced MDS can transform to aplastic cytopenia with leukemic cell regression and an immunological signature of SAA during inflammatory flare-ups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Ju
- Department of Hematology, The Central Hospital of Qingdao West Coast New Area, Qingdao 266555, Shandong Province, China
| | - Nuan-Nuan Xiu
- Department of Hematology, The Central Hospital of Qingdao West Coast New Area, Qingdao 266555, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jia Xu
- Department of Hematology, The Central Hospital of Qingdao West Coast New Area, Qingdao 266555, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Yang
- Department of Hematology, The Central Hospital of Qingdao West Coast New Area, Qingdao 266555, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xiao-Yun Sun
- Department of Hematology, The Central Hospital of Qingdao West Coast New Area, Qingdao 266555, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xi-Chen Zhao
- Department of Hematology, The Central Hospital of Qingdao West Coast New Area, Qingdao 266555, Shandong Province, China
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The Genetic Landscape of Myelodysplastic Neoplasm Progression to Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065734. [PMID: 36982819 PMCID: PMC10058431 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Myelodysplastic neoplasm (MDS) represents a heterogeneous group of myeloid disorders that originate from the hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells that lead to the development of clonal hematopoiesis. MDS was characterized by an increased risk of transformation into acute myeloid leukemia (AML). In recent years, with the aid of next-generation sequencing (NGS), an increasing number of molecular aberrations were discovered, such as recurrent mutations in FLT3, NPM1, DNMT3A, TP53, NRAS, and RUNX1 genes. During MDS progression to leukemia, the order of gene mutation acquisition is not random and is important when considering the prognostic impact. Moreover, the co-occurrence of certain gene mutations is not random; some of the combinations of gene mutations seem to have a high frequency (ASXL1 and U2AF1), while the co-occurrence of mutations in splicing factor genes is rarely observed. Recent progress in the understanding of molecular events has led to MDS transformation into AML and unraveling the genetic signature has paved the way for developing novel targeted and personalized treatments. This article reviews the genetic abnormalities that increase the risk of MDS transformation to AML, and the impact of genetic changes on evolution. Selected therapies for MDS and MDS progression to AML are also discussed.
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8
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Accorsi Buttini E, Farina M, Lorenzi L, Polverelli N, Radici V, Morello E, Colnaghi F, Almici C, Ferrari E, Bianchetti A, Leoni A, Re F, Bosio K, Bernardi S, Malagola M, Re A, Russo D. High risk-myelodysplastic syndrome following CAR T-cell therapy in a patient with relapsed diffuse large B cell lymphoma: A case report and literature review. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1036455. [PMID: 36741006 PMCID: PMC9897055 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1036455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy represents the most advanced immunotherapy against relapsed/refractory B cell malignancies. While cytokine release syndrome and immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome are distinctive, known CAR T-cell acute adverse events, hematological toxicity has been increasingly reported. Cytopenia following CAR T-cell treatment is attributed in most cases to lymphodepletion regimens, bridging chemotherapy, or radiotherapy. However, when cytopenia becomes prolonged, the development of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) should be considered. Case presentation We report a case of high risk (HR)-MDS following CAR T-cell therapy in a patient with relapsed diffuse large B cell lymphoma. Eight months after CAR T-cell infusion, the blood count showed progressive, worsening cytopenia and the bone marrow biopsy revealed multilineage dysplasia without excess of blasts associated with chromosome 7 deletion and RUNX1 mutation. Next generation sequencing analysis, retrospectively performed on stored samples, showed a germ line CSF3R mutation, CEBPA clonal hematopoiesis, but no RUNX1 lesion. Conclusion We describe a case of HR-MDS, with deletion of chromosome 7 and acquisition of RUNX1 mutation, developing after CAR T-cell therapy in a patient with clonal hematopoiesis (CH). Previous chemotherapy favored MDS onset; however, we could not exclude the fact that the impairment of immunosurveillance related to either lymphodepletion or CAR T-cell infusion may play a role in MDS development. Thus, we designed a multicenter prospective study (ClonHema-CAR-T-Study) to investigate if cytopenia after CAR T-cell treatment may be due to underling CH as well as the presence of secondary myeloid malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Accorsi Buttini
- Unit of Blood Diseases and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Cell Therapies and Hematology Research Program, Department of Clinical and Experimental Science, University of Brescia, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy,*Correspondence: Eugenia Accorsi Buttini,
| | - Mirko Farina
- Unit of Blood Diseases and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Cell Therapies and Hematology Research Program, Department of Clinical and Experimental Science, University of Brescia, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Luisa Lorenzi
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Section of Pathology, University of Brescia, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Nicola Polverelli
- Unit of Blood Diseases and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Cell Therapies and Hematology Research Program, Department of Clinical and Experimental Science, University of Brescia, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Vera Radici
- Unit of Blood Diseases and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Cell Therapies and Hematology Research Program, Department of Clinical and Experimental Science, University of Brescia, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Enrico Morello
- Unit of Blood Diseases and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Cell Therapies and Hematology Research Program, Department of Clinical and Experimental Science, University of Brescia, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Federica Colnaghi
- Unit of Blood Diseases and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Cell Therapies and Hematology Research Program, Department of Clinical and Experimental Science, University of Brescia, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Camillo Almici
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Section of Hematology and Blood Coagulation, Clinical Chemistry Laboratory, Diagnostics Department, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Emilio Ferrari
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Section of Hematology and Blood Coagulation, Clinical Chemistry Laboratory, Diagnostics Department, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Andrea Bianchetti
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Section of Hematology and Blood Coagulation, Clinical Chemistry Laboratory, Diagnostics Department, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Alessandro Leoni
- Unit of Blood Diseases and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Cell Therapies and Hematology Research Program, Department of Clinical and Experimental Science, University of Brescia, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy,Research Center Ail (CREA), Chair of Hematology Department of Clinical and Experimental Science, University of Brescia, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Federica Re
- Unit of Blood Diseases and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Cell Therapies and Hematology Research Program, Department of Clinical and Experimental Science, University of Brescia, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy,Research Center Ail (CREA), Chair of Hematology Department of Clinical and Experimental Science, University of Brescia, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Katia Bosio
- Unit of Blood Diseases and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Cell Therapies and Hematology Research Program, Department of Clinical and Experimental Science, University of Brescia, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy,Research Center Ail (CREA), Chair of Hematology Department of Clinical and Experimental Science, University of Brescia, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Simona Bernardi
- Unit of Blood Diseases and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Cell Therapies and Hematology Research Program, Department of Clinical and Experimental Science, University of Brescia, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy,Research Center Ail (CREA), Chair of Hematology Department of Clinical and Experimental Science, University of Brescia, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Michele Malagola
- Unit of Blood Diseases and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Cell Therapies and Hematology Research Program, Department of Clinical and Experimental Science, University of Brescia, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Alessandro Re
- Hematology Unit, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Domenico Russo
- Unit of Blood Diseases and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Cell Therapies and Hematology Research Program, Department of Clinical and Experimental Science, University of Brescia, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
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