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Hussain Z, A. Ibrahim M, M. El-Gohary N, A. Gabr Y, A. Allimony H, Badran AS. Utility of 6-Aminouracils for Building Substituted and Heteroannulated Pyrimidines: A Comprehensive Review. HETEROCYCLES 2023. [DOI: 10.3987/rev-23-1002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
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Ramesh D, Sarkar D, Joji A, Singh M, Mohanty AK, G Vijayakumar B, Chatterjee M, Sriram D, Muthuvel SK, Kannan T. First-in-class pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-diones against leishmaniasis and tuberculosis: Rationale, in vitro, ex vivo studies and mechanistic insights. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2022; 355:e2100440. [PMID: 35106845 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202100440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-diones were synthesized, for the first time, from indole chalcones and 6-aminouracil, and their ability to inhibit leishmaniasis and tuberculosis (Tb) infections was evaluated. The in vitro antileishmanial activity against promastigotes of Leishmania donovani revealed exceptional activities of compounds 3, 12 and 13, with IC50 values ranging from 10.23 ± 1.50 to 15.58 ± 1.67 µg/ml, which is better than the IC50 value of the standard drug pentostam of 500 μg/ml. The selectivity of the compounds towards Leishmania parasites was evaluated via ex vivo studies in Swiss albino mice. The efficiency of these compounds against Tb infection was then evaluated using the in vitro anti-Tb microplate Alamar Blue assay. Five compounds, 3, 7, 8, 9 and 12, showed MIC100 values against the Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37 Rv strain at 25 µg/ml, and compound 20 yielded an MIC100 value of 50 µg/ml. Molecular modelling of these compounds highlighted interactions with binding sites of dihydrofolate reductase, pteridine reductase and thymidylate kinase, thus establishing the rationale of their pharmacological activity against both pathogens, which is consistent with the in vitro results. From the above results, it is clear that compounds 3 and 12 are promising lead candidates for Leishmania and Mycobacterium infections and may be promising for coinfections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepthi Ramesh
- Department of Chemistry, Pondicherry University, Kalapet, Puducherry, India
| | - Deblina Sarkar
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education & Research (IPGME&R), Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Annu Joji
- Department of Chemistry, Pondicherry University, Kalapet, Puducherry, India
| | - Monica Singh
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology & Science Pilani, Hyderabad, India
| | - Amaresh K Mohanty
- Department of Bioinformatics, Pondicherry University, Kalapet, Puducherry, India
| | | | - Mitali Chatterjee
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education & Research (IPGME&R), Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Dharmarajan Sriram
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology & Science Pilani, Hyderabad, India
| | - Suresh K Muthuvel
- Department of Bioinformatics, Pondicherry University, Kalapet, Puducherry, India
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