Importance of Hybrid Catalysts toward the Synthesis of 5H-Pyrano[2,3-d]pyrimidine-2-ones/2,4-diones (Thiones)

The pyranopyrimidine core is a key precursor for medicinal and pharmaceutical industries due to its broader synthetic applications as well as its bioavailability. Among its four possible isomers, we found that 5H-pyrano[2,3-d]pyrimidine scaffolds have a wide range of applicability, and in recent years, they have been intensively investigated, but the development of the main core is found to be more challenging due to its structural existence. In this review article, we cover all of the synthetic pathways that are employed for the development of substituted 4-aryl-octahydropyrano/hexahydrofuro[2,3-d]pyrimidin-2-one (thiones) and 5-aryl-substituted pyrano[2,3-d]pyrimidindione (2-thiones) derivatives through a one-pot multicomponent reaction using diversified hybrid catalysts such as organocatalysts, metal catalysts, ionic liquid catalysts, nanocatalysts, green solvents, catalyst-/solvent-free conditions, and miscellaneous catalysts as well as the mechanism and recyclability of the catalysts. This review mainly focuses on the application of hybrid catalysts (from 1992 to 2022) for the synthesis of 5H-pyrano[2,3-d]pyrimidine scaffolds. This review will definitely attract the world's leading researchers to utilize broader catalytic applications for the development of lead molecules.

Magnetic nanocatalysts as multifunctional platforms in cancer therapy through the synthesis of anticancer drugs and facilitated Fenton reaction

Background

Heterocyclic compounds have always been used as a core portion in the development of anticancer drugs. However, there is a pressing need for developing inexpensive and simple alternatives to high-cost and complex chemical agents-based catalysts for large-scale production of heterocyclic compounds. Also, development of some smart platforms for cancer treatment based on nanoparticles (NPs) which facilitate Fenton reaction have been widely explored by different scientists. Magnetic NPs not only can serve as catalysts in the synthesis of heterocyclic compounds with potential anticancer properties, but also are widely used as smart agents in targeting cancer cells and inducing Fenton reactions.

Aim of Review

Therefore, in this review we aim to present an updated summary of the reports related to the main clinical or basic application and research progress of magnetic NPs in cancer as well as their application in the synthesis of heterocyclic compounds as potential anticancer drugs. Afterwards, specific tumor microenvironment (TME)-responsive magnetic nanocatalysts for cancer treatment through triggering Fenton-like reactions were surveyed. Finally, some ignored factors in the design of magnetic nanocatalysts- triggered Fenton-like reaction, challenges and future perspective of magnetic nanocatalysts-assisted synthesis of heterocyclic compounds and selective cancer therapy were discussed.Key Scientific Concepts of Review:This review may pave the way for well-organized translation of magnetic nanocatalysts in cancer therapy from the bench to the bedside.

Barbiturates: A Review of Synthesis and Antimicrobial Research Progress

BACKGROUND

Barbituric acid and its derivatives have turned heads for several years as an indispensable class of compounds in the pharmaceutical industry because of their vast assortment of biological activities such as anticonvulsants, hypnotics, anti-diabetic, antiviral, anti-AIDS, anti-cancer, anti-microbial and anti-oxidant etc. Plethoras of studies have shed light on the properties, synthesis, and reactivity of these compounds. The depiction of multiple biological activities by barbiturates compelled us and by virtue of which herein we have mediated over the progress of synthesis of numerous kinds of compounds derived from barbituric acid with well-known and typical examples from 2016 to the present.

OBJECTIVE

The review focuses on the advancements in methods of synthesis of barbituric acid derivatives and their applications as antimicrobial agents.

CONCLUSION

This review will help future researchers to analyze the previous studies and to explore new compounds for the development of efficient antimicrobial drugs.