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Escolano M, Gaviña D, Alzuet-Piña G, Díaz-Oltra S, Sánchez-Roselló M, Pozo CD. Recent Strategies in the Nucleophilic Dearomatization of Pyridines, Quinolines, and Isoquinolines. Chem Rev 2024; 124:1122-1246. [PMID: 38166390 PMCID: PMC10902862 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2024]
Abstract
Dearomatization reactions have become fundamental chemical transformations in organic synthesis since they allow for the generation of three-dimensional complexity from two-dimensional precursors, bridging arene feedstocks with alicyclic structures. When those processes are applied to pyridines, quinolines, and isoquinolines, partially or fully saturated nitrogen heterocycles are formed, which are among the most significant structural components of pharmaceuticals and natural products. The inherent challenge of those transformations lies in the low reactivity of heteroaromatic substrates, which makes the dearomatization process thermodynamically unfavorable. Usually, connecting the dearomatization event to the irreversible formation of a strong C-C, C-H, or C-heteroatom bond compensates the energy required to disrupt the aromaticity. This aromaticity breakup normally results in a 1,2- or 1,4-functionalization of the heterocycle. Moreover, the combination of these dearomatization processes with subsequent transformations in tandem or stepwise protocols allows for multiple heterocycle functionalizations, giving access to complex molecular skeletons. The aim of this review, which covers the period from 2016 to 2022, is to update the state of the art of nucleophilic dearomatizations of pyridines, quinolines, and isoquinolines, showing the extraordinary ability of the dearomative methodology in organic synthesis and indicating their limitations and future trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Escolano
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Daniel Gaviña
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Gloria Alzuet-Piña
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Santiago Díaz-Oltra
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - María Sánchez-Roselló
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Carlos Del Pozo
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
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Hajinasiri R. Acetylenic Esters in Organic Synthesis. Synlett 2022. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1719916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
AbstractActivated acetylenic substrates such as acetylenic esters and alkyl propiolates are very important in organic synthesis. Due to their electron deficiency, these compounds are widely used in combinatorial and multicomponent reactions, enabling the synthesis of a large variety of novel compounds. In addition, these substrates are powerful Michael acceptors and convenient dienophiles and dipolarophiles in Diels–Alder and 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions. The addition of different nucleophiles, primarily phosphorus, nitrogen or sulfur, to the triple bonds of these substrates produces key intermediates, such as Tebby and Huisgen zwitterions, which can lead to designing pathways toward the generation of spirocyclic and polycyclic compounds. This account highlights recent studies on the chemistry of acetylenic esters and their applications in organic synthesis.1 Introduction2 Synthesis of Acyclic and Monocyclic Compounds3 Synthesis of Spirocyclic Compounds4 Synthesis of Polycyclic Compounds5 Conclusion
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Fang H, Sun J, Yan C. Convenient Construction of Spiro[pyrazole‐4,1′‐pyrido[2,1‐
a
]isoquinoline] and Spiro[pyrazole‐4,4′‐pyrido[1,2‐
a
]quinoline] via Three‐Component Reaction. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202102255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui‐Ling Fang
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering Yangzhou University Yangzhou 225002 China
| | - Jing Sun
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering Yangzhou University Yangzhou 225002 China
| | - Chao‐Guo Yan
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering Yangzhou University Yangzhou 225002 China
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Parhami A, Yavari I. A consecutive synthesis of spirocyclopentanes from 2,4-dioxo-arylbutanoates, malononitrile and vicinal dicarbonyl compounds. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2021.1955269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Azadeh Parhami
- Department of Chemistry, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Issa Yavari
- Department of Chemistry, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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Hu Y, Ye L, Chen J, Zhang H, Deng H, Lin J, Cao W. An Efficient Construction of CF
3
‐Substituted Spirooxindole‐Fused Benzo[a]quinolizidines by a Three‐Component Cyclization. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202100809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yijie Hu
- Department of Chemistry Shanghai University Shanghai 200444 P. R. China
| | - Liufeiyang Ye
- Department of Chemistry Shanghai University Shanghai 200444 P. R. China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Chemistry Shanghai University Shanghai 200444 P. R. China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Laboratory for Microstructures and Instrumental Analysis and Research Center Shanghai University Shanghai 200444 P. R. China
| | - Hongmei Deng
- Laboratory for Microstructures and Instrumental Analysis and Research Center Shanghai University Shanghai 200444 P. R. China
| | - Jin‐Hong Lin
- Department of Chemistry Shanghai University Shanghai 200444 P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 200032 P. R. China
| | - Weiguo Cao
- Department of Chemistry Shanghai University Shanghai 200444 P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 200032 P. R. China
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Liu D, Sun J, Xie J, Shi H, Yan CG. Construction of Polyfunctionalized 2,4-Dioxa-8-azaspiro[5.5]undec-9-enes and 2,4,8-Triazaspiro[5.5]undec-9-enes via a Domino [2+2+2] Cycloaddition Reaction. J Org Chem 2021; 86:1827-1842. [PMID: 33390007 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c02645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The three-component reaction of α,β-unsaturated N-arylaldimines, dialkyl but-2-ynedioates, and 2-arylidene Meldrum acids in DCM at room temperature gave mixtures of cis/trans-11-aryl-7-styryl-2,4-dioxa-8-azaspiro[5.5]undec-9-enes in satisfactory yields. The similar three-component reaction with 2-arylidene-N,N'-dimethylbarbituric acids afforded cis-11-phenyl-7-styryl-2,4,8-triazaspiro[5.5]undec-9-enes as major products. On the other hand, the three-component reaction of N-arylaldimines, dialkyl but-2-ynedioates, and 2-arylidene Meldrum acids or 2-arylidene-N,N'-dimethylbarbituric acids afforded cis/trans-isomeric spirocompounds in satisfactory yields with high diastereoselectivity. This domino [2+2+2] cycloaddition reaction proceeded with sequential nucleophilic addition of N-arylaldimine to an electron-deficient alkyne, Michael addition, and annulation process. The stereochemistry of all cis/trans isomeric spirocompounds was clearly elucidated by the determination of 33 single-crystal structures. The diastereoselectivity of the three-component reaction was correlated by DFT calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Liu
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, China
| | - Jing Sun
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, China
| | - Ju Xie
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, China
| | - Huizhong Shi
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, China
| | - Chao-Guo Yan
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, China
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Pattarawarapan M, Wiriya N, Hongsibsong S, Phakhodee W. Divergent Synthesis of Methylisatoid and Tryptanthrin Derivatives by Ph 3P-I 2-Mediated Reaction of Isatins with and without Alcohols. J Org Chem 2020; 85:15743-15751. [PMID: 33226811 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c02403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A novel phosphonium-mediated reaction of isatins is described. In the presence of alcohol, the reaction proceeds to furnish C-12 modified tryptanthrin derivatives. Without alcohol, self-dimerization of isatins gives rise to tryptanthrin and its analogs. This divergent and step-economic approach provides a facile access to diverse indoloquinazoline structures including the natural alkaloids, methylisatoid and cephalanthrin B, in high yields from simple precursors under mild and metal-free reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mookda Pattarawarapan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.,Research Center on Chemistry for Development of Health Promoting Products from Northern Resources, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Nittaya Wiriya
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Surat Hongsibsong
- School of Health Science Research, Research Institute for Health Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Wong Phakhodee
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.,Research Center on Chemistry for Development of Health Promoting Products from Northern Resources, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
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Trofimov BA, Belyaeva KV. Zwitterionic adducts of N-heterocycles to electrophilic acetylenes as a master key to diversity and complexity of fundamental nitrogen heterocycles. Tetrahedron Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2020.151991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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9
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Yavari I, Safaei M. Synthesis of functionalized γ-spiroiminolactones from isocyanides, acetylenic esters, and cyclopenta[ a]acenaphthylen-8-ones. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2020.1765389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Issa Yavari
- Department of Chemistry, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Safaei
- Department of Chemistry, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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Yavari I, Safaei M, Halvagar MR, Bayat M, Nasri S. Synthesis and dynamic NMR study of spiroheterocycles containing a 1,2,4-triazolidine moiety. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-020-02607-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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